1
|
Lazarević J, Milanović S, Šešlija Jovanović D, Janković-Tomanić M. Temperature- and Diet-Induced Plasticity of Growth and Digestive Enzymes Activity in Spongy Moth Larvae. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050821. [PMID: 37238690 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature and food quality are the most important environmental factors determining the performance of herbivorous insects. The objective of our study was to evaluate the responses of the spongy moth (formerly known as the gypsy moth) [Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)] to simultaneous variation in these two factors. From hatching to the fourth instar, larvae were exposed to three temperatures (19 °C, 23 °C, and 28 °C) and fed four artificial diets that differed in protein (P) and carbohydrate (C) content. Within each temperature regime, the effects of the nutrient content (P+C) and ratio (P:C) on development duration, larval mass, growth rate, and activities of digestive proteases, carbohydrases, and lipase were examined. It was found that temperature and food quality had a significant effect on the fitness-related traits and digestive physiology of the larvae. The greatest mass and highest growth rate were obtained at 28 °C on a high-protein low-carbohydrate diet. A homeostatic increase in activity was observed for total protease, trypsin, and amylase in response to low substrate levels in the diet. A significant modulation of overall enzyme activities in response to 28 °C was detected only with a low diet quality. A decrease in the nutrient content and P:C ratio only affected the coordination of enzyme activities at 28 °C, as indicated by the significantly altered correlation matrices. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that variation in fitness traits in response to different rearing conditions could be explained by variation in digestion. Our results contribute to the understanding of the role of digestive enzymes in post-ingestive nutrient balancing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelica Lazarević
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Milanović
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemĕdĕlská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Darka Šešlija Jovanović
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Janković-Tomanić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Johnson DM, Haynes KJ. Spatiotemporal dynamics of forest insect populations under climate change. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 56:101020. [PMID: 36906142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Effects of climate on forest insect populations are complex, often involving drivers that are opposing, nonlinear, and nonadditive. Overall, climate change is driving an increase in outbreaks and range shifts. Links between climate and forest insect dynamics are becoming clearer; however, the underlying mechanisms remain less clear. Climate alters forest insect population dynamics directly through life history, physiology, and voltinism, and indirectly through effects on host trees and natural enemies. Climatic effects on bark beetles, wood-boring insects, and sap-suckers are often indirect, through effects on host-tree susceptibility, whereas climatic effects on defoliators are comparatively more direct. We recommend process-based approaches to global distribution mapping and population models to identify the underlying mechanisms and enable effective management of forest insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle J Haynes
- University of Virginia, Blandy Experimental Farm, Boyce, VA 22620, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Daly EZ, Chabrerie O, Massol F, Facon B, Hess MC, Tasiemski A, Grandjean F, Chauvat M, Viard F, Forey E, Folcher L, Buisson E, Boivin T, Baltora‐Rosset S, Ulmer R, Gibert P, Thiébaut G, Pantel JH, Heger T, Richardson DM, Renault D. A synthesis of biological invasion hypotheses associated with the introduction–naturalisation–invasion continuum. OIKOS 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ella Z. Daly
- Univ. of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - Olivier Chabrerie
- Univ. de Picardie Jules Verne, UMR 7058 CNRS EDYSAN Amiens Cedex 1 France
| | - Francois Massol
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Inst. Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – CIIL – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille Lille France
| | - Benoit Facon
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier Institut Agro, Univ. Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Manon C.M. Hess
- Inst. Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), UMR: Aix Marseille Univ., Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD France
- Inst. de Recherche pour la Conservation des zones Humides Méditerranéennes Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc Arles France
| | - Aurélie Tasiemski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Inst. Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – CIIL – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille Lille France
| | - Frédéric Grandjean
- Univ. de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI‐Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe EES Poitiers Cedex 09 France
| | | | | | - Estelle Forey
- Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, INRAE, USC ECODIV Rouen France
| | - Laurent Folcher
- ANSES – Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux – Unité de Nématologie Le Rheu France
| | - Elise Buisson
- Inst. Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), UMR: Aix Marseille Univ., Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD France
| | - Thomas Boivin
- INRAE, UR629 Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, Centre de Recherche Provence‐Alpes‐Côte d'Azur Avignon France
| | | | - Romain Ulmer
- Univ. de Picardie Jules Verne, UMR 7058 CNRS EDYSAN Amiens Cedex 1 France
| | - Patricia Gibert
- UMR 5558 CNRS – Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Bât. Gregor Mendel Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Gabrielle Thiébaut
- Univ. of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - Jelena H. Pantel
- Ecological Modelling, Faculty of Biology, Univ. of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Tina Heger
- Leibniz Inst. of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) Berlin Germany
- Technical Univ. of Munich, Restoration Ecology Freising Germany
| | - David M. Richardson
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept. Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
- Inst. of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - David Renault
- Univ. of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), UMR 6553 Rennes France
- Inst. Universitaire de France Paris Cedex 05 France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Boukouvala MC, Kavallieratos NG, Skourti A, Pons X, Alonso CL, Eizaguirre M, Fernandez EB, Solera ED, Fita S, Bohinc T, Trdan S, Agrafioti P, Athanassiou CG. Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): Current Status of Biology, Ecology, and Management in Europe with Notes from North America. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13090854. [PMID: 36135555 PMCID: PMC9506003 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The European Spongy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is an abundant species found in oak woods in Central and Southern Europe, the Near East, and North Africa and is an important economic pest. It is a voracious eater and can completely defoliate entire trees; repeated severe defoliation can add to other stresses, such as weather extremes or human activities. Lymantria dispar is most destructive in its larval stage (caterpillars), stripping away foliage from a broad variety of trees (>500 species). Caterpillar infestation is an underestimated problem; medical literature reports that established populations of caterpillars may cause health problems to people and animals. Inflammatory reactions may occur in most individuals after exposure to setae, independent of previous exposure. Currently, chemical and mechanical methods, natural predators, and silvicultural practices are included for the control of this species. Various insecticides have been used for its control, often through aerial sprayings, which negatively affect biodiversity, frequently fail, and are inappropriate for urban/recreational areas. However, bioinsecticides based on various microorganisms (e.g., entomopathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi) as well as technologies such as mating disruption using sex pheromone traps have replaced insecticides for the management of L. dispar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Boukouvala
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (M.C.B.); (N.G.K.); Tel.: +30-2105294569 (M.C.B.)
| | - Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (M.C.B.); (N.G.K.); Tel.: +30-2105294569 (M.C.B.)
| | - Anna Skourti
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Xavier Pons
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, Agrotecnio Centre, Universitat de Lleida, Av Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Carmen López Alonso
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, Agrotecnio Centre, Universitat de Lleida, Av Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Matilde Eizaguirre
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, Agrotecnio Centre, Universitat de Lleida, Av Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Elena Domínguez Solera
- AIMPLAS, Plastics Technology Centre, València Parc Tecnològic, Gustave Eiffel 4, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Sergio Fita
- AIMPLAS, Plastics Technology Centre, València Parc Tecnològic, Gustave Eiffel 4, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Tanja Bohinc
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Trdan
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paraskevi Agrafioti
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
| | - Christos G. Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Walter JA, Thompson LM, Powers SD, Parry D, Agosta SJ, Grayson KL. Growth and development of an invasive forest insect under current and future projected temperature regimes. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9017. [PMID: 35784073 PMCID: PMC9204848 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature and its impact on fitness are fundamental for understanding range shifts and population dynamics under climate change. Geographic climate heterogeneity, behavioral and physiological plasticity, and thermal adaptation to local climates make predicting the responses of species to climate change complex. Using larvae from seven geographically distinct wild populations in the eastern United States of the non‐native forest pest Lymantria dispar dispar (L.), we conducted a simulated reciprocal transplant experiment in environmental chambers using six custom temperature regimes representing contemporary conditions near the southern and northern extremes of the US invasion front and projections under two climate change scenarios for the year 2050. Larval growth and development rates increased with climate warming compared with current thermal regimes and tended to be greater for individuals originally sourced from southern rather than northern populations. Although increases in growth and development rates with warming varied somewhat by region of the source population, there was not strong evidence of local adaptation, southern populations tended to outperform those from northern populations in all thermal regimes. Our study demonstrates the utility of simulating thermal regimes under climate change in environmental chambers and emphasizes how the impacts from future increases in temperature can vary based on geographic differences in climate‐related performance among populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Walter
- Department of Biology University of Richmond Richmond Virginia USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Lily M. Thompson
- Department of Biology University of Richmond Richmond Virginia USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Sean D. Powers
- Integrative Life Sciences Doctoral Program Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA
| | - Dylan Parry
- Department of Environmental Biology SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse New York USA
| | - Salvatore J. Agosta
- Center for Environmental Studies Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Metz R, Tobin PC. Effects of temperature and host plant fragmentation on Lymantria dispar population growth along its expanding population front. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
7
|
Nunez‐Mir GC, Walter JA, Grayson KL, Johnson DM. Assessing drivers of localized invasive spread to inform large-scale management of a highly damaging insect pest. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2538. [PMID: 35044021 PMCID: PMC9286796 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Studies of biological invasions at the macroscale or across multiple scales can provide important insights for management, particularly when localized information about invasion dynamics or environmental contexts is unavailable. In this study, we performed a macroscale analysis of the roles of invasion drivers on the local scale dynamics of a high-profile pest, Lymantria dispar dispar L., with the purpose of improving the prioritization of vulnerable areas for treatment. Specifically, we assessed the relative effects of various anthropogenic and environmental variables on the establishment rate of 8010 quadrats at a localized scale (5 × 5 km) across the entire L. dispar transition zone (the area encompassing the leading population edge, currently from Minnesota to North Carolina). We calculated the number of years from first detection of L. dispar in a quadrat to the year when probability of establishment of L. dispar was greater than 99% (i.e., waiting time to establishment after first detection). To assess the effects of environmental and anthropogenic variables on each quadrat's waiting time to establishment, we performed linear mixed-effects regression models for the full transition zone and three subregions within the zone. Seasonal temperatures were found to be the primary drivers of local establishment rates. Winter temperatures had the strongest effects, especially in the northern parts of the transition zone. Furthermore, the effects of some factors on waiting times to establishment varied across subregions. Our findings contribute to identifying especially vulnerable areas to further L. dispar spread and informing region-specific criteria by invasion managers for the prioritization of areas for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C. Nunez‐Mir
- Department of BiologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Jonathan A. Walter
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Derek M. Johnson
- Department of BiologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Skendžić S, Zovko M, Pajač Živković I, Lešić V, Lemić D. Effect of Climate Change on Introduced and Native Agricultural Invasive Insect Pests in Europe. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12110985. [PMID: 34821786 PMCID: PMC8619401 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Invasive insects, along with climate change, are among the two most important environmental problems facing the world today. They pose a threat to many ecosystems worldwide, especially agriculture. As a result, there is a serious risk of economic losses to crops and a challenge to human food security. The aim of this review is to examine the relationship between climate change and the process of invasion of economically important insects in Europe. In recent decades, globalization has led to an increase in the worldwide movement of people and goods, resulting in an increase in the number of insects introduced into areas outside their original range. The harmful effects of invasive insects may be exacerbated by climate change as barriers to their successful establishment and dispersal decrease. To limit economic and environmental damage, it is important to understand the biotic and abiotic factors that influence the process of insect invasion in the context of climate change. We highlight the main biotic factors that influence the biological invasion process. Finally, we present the adaptive management strategies for invasion of non-native insect pests’ invasion that include prevention, eradication and assessment of biological invasion in the form of predictive modelling. Abstract Climate change and invasive species are major environmental issues facing the world today. They represent the major threats for various types of ecosystems worldwide, mainly managed ecosystems such as agriculture. This study aims to examine the link between climate change and the biological invasion of insect pest species. Increased international trade systems and human mobility have led to increasing introduction rates of invasive insects while climate change could decrease barriers for their establishment and distribution. To mitigate environmental and economic damage it is important to understand the biotic and abiotic factors affecting the process of invasion (transport, introduction, establishment, and dispersal) in terms of climate change. We highlight the major biotic factors affecting the biological invasion process: diet breadth, phenological plasticity, and lifecycle strategies. Finally, we present alien insect pest invasion management that includes prevention, eradication, and assessment of the biological invasion in the form of modelling prediction tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Skendžić
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.Ž.); (D.L.)
- Department of Soil Amelioration, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-998563990
| | - Monika Zovko
- Department of Soil Amelioration, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivana Pajač Živković
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.Ž.); (D.L.)
| | - Vinko Lešić
- Innovation Centre Nikola Tesla, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Darija Lemić
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.Ž.); (D.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Socio-environmental drivers of establishment of Lymantria dispar, a nonnative forest pest, in the United States. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10
|
Couper LI, Farner JE, Caldwell JM, Childs ML, Harris MJ, Kirk DG, Nova N, Shocket M, Skinner EB, Uricchio LH, Exposito-Alonso M, Mordecai EA. How will mosquitoes adapt to climate warming? eLife 2021; 10:69630. [PMID: 34402424 PMCID: PMC8370766 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for adaptive evolution to enable species persistence under a changing climate is one of the most important questions for understanding impacts of future climate change. Climate adaptation may be particularly likely for short-lived ectotherms, including many pest, pathogen, and vector species. For these taxa, estimating climate adaptive potential is critical for accurate predictive modeling and public health preparedness. Here, we demonstrate how a simple theoretical framework used in conservation biology-evolutionary rescue models-can be used to investigate the potential for climate adaptation in these taxa, using mosquito thermal adaptation as a focal case. Synthesizing current evidence, we find that short mosquito generation times, high population growth rates, and strong temperature-imposed selection favor thermal adaptation. However, knowledge gaps about the extent of phenotypic and genotypic variation in thermal tolerance within mosquito populations, the environmental sensitivity of selection, and the role of phenotypic plasticity constrain our ability to make more precise estimates. We describe how common garden and selection experiments can be used to fill these data gaps. Lastly, we investigate the consequences of mosquito climate adaptation on disease transmission using Aedes aegypti-transmitted dengue virus in Northern Brazil as a case study. The approach outlined here can be applied to any disease vector or pest species and type of environmental change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa I Couper
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | | | - Jamie M Caldwell
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, United States
| | - Marissa L Childs
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Mallory J Harris
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Devin G Kirk
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicole Nova
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Marta Shocket
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Eloise B Skinner
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lawrence H Uricchio
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Moises Exposito-Alonso
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, United States
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Potential Differences and Methods of Determining Gypsy Moth Female Flight Capabilities: Implications for the Establishment and Spread in Novel Habitats. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of the Asian gypsy moth into novel environments continues with frequent interceptions in North America. There is a concern that these subspecies will pose a greater threat to the forests and urban environments of North America than the established gypsy moths (Lymantria dispardispar L.), due to their greater capacity for female flight. Asian gypsy moth populations vary in many key traits, including female flight capabilities. The potential impacts of female flight, in combination with the other key traits, on the ecology and spread of this insect are first discussed in this communication. This also provides the first review of most of the current literature on the variations in flight capability and flight distance of gypsy moth populations, as well as variation in other traits of concern and the potential methods of identification, with special attention paid to the Asian subspecies Lymantria dispar japonica Motschulsky and Lymantria dispar asiatica Vinkovskij. There are currently good tools for identifying the general origin of introduced gypsy moth populations, but these do not provide enough information to effectively manage introductions. Gypsy moth key traits differ among populations, even within each subspecies of the gypsy moth, so introduction of gypsy moths from other world areas into locations where the gypsy moth is already present could result in unwanted changes in gypsy moth biology. It also appears that the introduction of flight-capable females could enhance a population’s dispersal capability and require modifications to management protocols used for flightless females. Therefore, rapid tools to assess key traits in introduced populations are needed to adequately plan for, or deal with, new introductions into novel habitats.
Collapse
|
12
|
Gervais JA, Kovach R, Sepulveda A, Al-Chokhachy R, Joseph Giersch J, Muhlfeld CC. Climate-induced expansions of invasive species in the Pacific Northwest, North America: a synthesis of observations and projections. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Frank SD, Just MG. Can Cities Activate Sleeper Species and Predict Future Forest Pests? A Case Study of Scale Insects. INSECTS 2020; 11:E142. [PMID: 32106554 PMCID: PMC7142728 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sleeper species are innocuous native or naturalized species that exhibit invasive characteristics and become pests in response to environmental change. Climate warming is expected to increase arthropod damage in forests, in part, by transforming innocuous herbivores into severe pests: awakening sleeper species. Urban areas are warmer than natural areas due to the urban heat island effect and so the trees and pests in cities already experience temperatures predicted to occur in 50-100 years. We posit that arthropod species that become pests of urban trees are those that benefit from warming and thus should be monitored as potential sleeper species in forests. We illustrate this with two case studies of scale insects that are important pests of urban trees in parts of the US. Melanaspis tenebricosa and Parthenolecanium quercifex are geographically native to the US but take on invasive characteristics such as higher survival and reproduction and become disconnected from natural enemies on urban trees due to the urban heat island effect. This allows them to reach high densities and damage their host trees. Parthenolecanium quercifex density increases up to 12 times on urban willow oaks with just 2 °C of warming due to higher survival and adaptation to warmer temperatures. The urban heat island effect also creates a phenological mismatch between P. quercifex and its parasitoid complex, and so egg production is higher. Melanaspis tenebricosa density can increase 300 times on urban red maples with 2.5 °C of warming. This too is due to direct effects of warmer temperatures on survival and fecundity but M. tenebricosa also benefits from the drought stress incurred by warmer urban trees. These effects combine to increase M. tenebricosa density in forests as well as on urban trees at latitudes higher than its native range. We illustrate how cities provide a unique opportunity to study the complex effects of warming on insect herbivores. Studying pestilent urban species could be a pragmatic approach for identifying and preparing for sleeper species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Frank
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Campus Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Just MG, Frank SD. Thermal Tolerance of Gloomy Scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in the Eastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:104-114. [PMID: 31904081 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An insect species' geographic distribution is probably delimited in part by physiological tolerances of environmental temperatures. Gloomy scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock)) is a native insect herbivore in eastern U.S. forests. In eastern U.S. cities, where temperatures are warmer than nearby natural areas, M. tenebricosa is a primary pest of red maple (Acer rubrum L.; Sapindales: Sapindaceae) With warming, M. tenebricosa may spread to new cities or become pestilent in forests. To better understand current and future M. tenebricosa distribution boundaries, we examined M. tenebricosa thermal tolerance under laboratory conditions. We selected five hot and five cold experimental temperatures representative of locations in the known M. tenebricosa distribution. We built models to predict scale mortality based on duration of exposure to warm or cold experimental temperatures. We then used these models to estimate upper and lower lethal durations, i.e., temperature exposure durations that result in 50% mortality. We tested the thermal tolerance for M. tenebricosa populations from northern, mid, and southern locations of the species' known distribution. Scales were more heat and cold tolerant of temperatures representative of the midlatitudes of their distribution where their densities are the greatest. Moreover, the scale population from the northern distribution boundary could tolerate cold temperatures from the northern boundary for twice as long as the population collected near the southern boundary. Our results suggest that as the climate warms the M. tenebricosa distribution may expand poleward, but experience a contraction at its southern boundary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Just
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Steven D Frank
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hudgins EJ, Liebhold AM, Leung B. Comparing generalized and customized spread models for nonnative forest pests. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e01988. [PMID: 31361929 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While generality is often desirable in ecology, customized models for individual species are thought to be more predictive by accounting for context specificity. However, fully customized models require more information for focal species. We focus on pest spread and ask: How much does predictive power differ between generalized and customized models? Further, we examine whether an intermediate "semi-generalized" model, combining elements of a general model with species-specific modifications, could yield predictive advantages. We compared predictive power of a generalized model applied to all forest pest species (the generalized dispersal kernel or GDK) to customized spread models for three invasive forest pests (beech bark disease [Cryptococcus fagisuga], gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar], and hemlock woolly adelgid [Adelges tsugae]), for which time-series data exist. We generated semi-generalized dispersal kernel models (SDK) through GDK correction factors based on additional species-specific information. We found that customized models were more predictive than the GDK by an average of 17% for the three species examined, although the GDK still had strong predictive ability (57% spatial variation explained). However, by combining the GDK with simple corrections into the SDK model, we attained a mean of 91% of the spatial variation explained, compared to 74% for the customized models. This is, to our knowledge, the first comparison of general and species-specific ecological spread models' predictive abilities. Our strong predictive results suggest that general models can be effectively synthesized with context-specific information for single species to respond quickly to invasions. We provided SDK forecasts to 2030 for all 63 United States pests in our data set.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Hudgins
- Biology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Brian Leung
- Biology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
- School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2A7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Friedline CJ, Faske TM, Lind BM, Hobson EM, Parry D, Dyer RJ, Johnson DM, Thompson LM, Grayson KL, Eckert AJ. Evolutionary genomics of gypsy moth populations sampled along a latitudinal gradient. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2206-2223. [PMID: 30834645 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) was first introduced to Massachusetts in 1869 and within 150 years has spread throughout eastern North America. This large-scale invasion across a heterogeneous landscape allows examination of the genetic signatures of adaptation potentially associated with rapid geographical spread. We tested the hypothesis that spatially divergent natural selection has driven observed changes in three developmental traits that were measured in a common garden for 165 adult moths sampled from six populations across a latitudinal gradient covering the entirety of the range. We generated genotype data for 91,468 single nucleotide polymorphisms based on double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing and used these data to discover genome-wide associations for each trait, as well as to test for signatures of selection on the discovered architectures. Genetic structure across the introduced range of gypsy moth was low in magnitude (FST = 0.069), with signatures of bottlenecks and spatial expansion apparent in the rare portion of the allele frequency spectrum. Results from applications of Bayesian sparse linear mixed models were consistent with the presumed polygenic architectures of each trait. Further analyses indicated spatially divergent natural selection acting on larval development time and pupal mass, with the linkage disequilibrium component of this test acting as the main driver of observed patterns. The populations most important for these signals were two range-edge populations established less than 30 generations ago. We discuss the importance of rapid polygenic adaptation to the ability of non-native species to invade novel environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Trevor M Faske
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Brandon M Lind
- Integrative Life Sciences Ph.D. Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Erin M Hobson
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Dylan Parry
- Department of Environmental & Forest Biology, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York
| | - Rodney J Dyer
- Center for Environmental Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Derek M Johnson
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Lily M Thompson
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Andrew J Eckert
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Faske TM, Thompson LM, Banahene N, Levorse A, Quiroga Herrera M, Sherman K, Timko SE, Yang B, Gray DR, Parry D, Tobin PC, Eckert AJ, Johnson DM, Grayson KL. Can gypsy moth stand the heat? A reciprocal transplant experiment with an invasive forest pest across its southern range margin. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
19
|
Banahene N, Salem SK, Faske TM, Byrne HM, Glackin M, Agosta SJ, Eckert AJ, Grayson KL, Thompson LM. Thermal Sensitivity of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) During Larval and Pupal Development. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:1623-1631. [PMID: 30272116 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As global temperatures rise, thermal limits play an increasingly important role in determining the persistence and spread of invasive species. Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L. Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in North America provides an ideal system for studying the effect of high temperatures on invasive species performance. Here, we used fluctuating temperature regimes and exposed gypsy moth at specific points in development (first-fourth instar, pupa) to cycles of favorable (22-28°C) or high-temperature treatments (30-36°C, 32-38°C, 34-40°C) for either 2 or 7 d. We measured survival, growth, and prolonged effects of exposure on development time and pupal mass. Survival generally decreased as the experimental temperature treatment and duration of exposure increased for all instars and pupae, with a narrow threshold for lethal effects. In response to increasing temperature and magnified by longer exposure times, growth abruptly declined for third instars and development time increased for pupae. For those surviving the 2-d exposure treatment, development time to pupation increased for all instars, but we did not find consistent effects on final pupal mass. These negative effects of high temperature provide important data on the susceptibility of gypsy moth to heat at different points in development. This work improves our understanding of thermal limits to growth and development in gypsy moth and can aid in determining invasion potential under current and future climates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Banahene
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA
| | - Salem K Salem
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA
| | - Trevor M Faske
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Hannah M Byrne
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Madison Glackin
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Salvatore J Agosta
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Center for Environmental Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Andrew J Eckert
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Age-Dependent Developmental Response to Temperature: An Examination of the Rarely Tested Phenomenon in Two Species (Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar) and Winter Moth (Operophtera brumata)). INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9020041. [PMID: 29641450 PMCID: PMC6023285 DOI: 10.3390/insects9020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pervading paradigm in insect phenology models is that the response to a given temperature does not vary within a life stage. The developmental rate functions that have been developed for general use, or for specific insects, have for the most part been temperature-dependent but not age-dependent, except where age is an ordinal variable designating the larval instar. Age dependence, where age is a continuous variable, is not often reported (or investigated), and is rarely included in phenology models. I provide a short review of the seldom-investigated phenomenon of age dependence in developmental response to temperature, and compare the derivation of the winter moth egg phenology model by Salis et al. to the derivation of another egg phenology model with age-dependent responses to temperature I discuss some probable reasons for the discrepancies (acknowledged by Salis et al.) between modelled and observed developmental rates of the winter moth, and discuss the contribution that geographically robust phenology models can make to estimates of species distributions.
Collapse
|
21
|
Grayson KL, Johnson DM. Novel insights on population and range edge dynamics using an unparalleled spatiotemporal record of species invasion. J Anim Ecol 2017; 87:581-593. [PMID: 28892141 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the complex spatial dynamics taking place at range edges is critical for understanding future distributions of species, yet very few systems have sufficient data or the spatial resolution to empirically test these dynamics. This paper reviews how data from a large-scale pest management programme have provided important contributions to the fields of population dynamics and invasion biology. The invasion of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is well-documented from its introduction near Boston, Massachusetts USA in 1869 to its current extent of over 900,000 km2 in Eastern North America. Over the past two decades, the USDA Forest Service Slow the Spread (STS) programme for managing the future spread of gypsy moth has produced unrivalled spatiotemporal data across the invasion front. The STS programme annually deploys a grid of 60,000-100,000 pheromone-baited traps, currently extending from Minnesota to North Carolina. The data from this programme have provided the foundation for investigations of complex population dynamics and the ability to examine ecological hypotheses previously untestable outside of theoretical venues, particularly regarding invasive spread and Allee effects. This system provides empirical data on the importance of long-distance dispersal and time-lags on population establishment and spatial spread. Studies showing high rates of spatiotemporal variation of the range edge, from rapid spread to border stasis and even retraction, highlight future opportunities to test mechanisms that influence both invasive and native species ranges. The STS trap data have also created a unique opportunity to study low-density population dynamics and quantify Allee effects with empirical data. Notable contributions include evidence for spatiotemporal variation in Allee effects, demonstrating empirical links between Allee effects and spatial spread, and testing mechanisms of population persistence and growth rates at range edges. There remain several outstanding questions in spatial ecology and population biology that can be tested within this system, such as the scaling of local ecological processes to large-scale dynamics across landscapes. The gypsy moth is an ideal model of how important ecological questions can be answered by thinking more broadly about monitoring data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek M Johnson
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mech AM, Tobin PC, Teskey RO, Rhea JR, Gandhi KJK. Increases in summer temperatures decrease the survival of an invasive forest insect. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
23
|
Agosta SJ, Hulshof CM, Staats EG. Organismal responses to habitat change: herbivore performance, climate and leaf traits in regenerating tropical dry forests. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:590-604. [PMID: 28146325 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore J. Agosta
- Center for Environmental Studies Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284‐9067 USA
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284‐9067 USA
| | | | - Ethan G. Staats
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284‐9067 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Egonyu JP, Ahumuza G, Ogari I. Population dynamics of Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) on Coffea canephora in the Lake Victoria Crescent agroecological zone of Uganda. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2016.1215262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James P Egonyu
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Isaac Ogari
- National Coffee Research Institute, Mukono, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Grayson KL, Parry D, Faske TM, Hamilton A, Tobin PC, Agosta SJ, Johnson DM. Performance of Wild and Laboratory-Reared Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): A Comparison between Foliage and Artificial Diet. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:864-873. [PMID: 26313993 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of long-term mass rearing of laboratory insects on ecologically relevant traits is an important consideration when applying research conclusions to wild populations or developing management strategies. Laboratory strains of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), an invasive forest pest in North America, have been continuously reared since 1967. Selection on these strains has enhanced a variety of traits, resulting in faster development, shorter diapause, and greater fecundity. As in many mass-reared insects, laboratory strains of the gypsy moth are also reared exclusively on artificial diets that lack much of the phytochemical and nutritional complexity associated with natural foliage. We tested for differences in growth and development of wild gypsy moth populations from across the invasive range in comparison to laboratory strains when reared on artificial diet and a preferred foliage host species, northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). Overall, caterpillars reared on foliage had higher survival and faster development rates, with smaller differences among populations. When reared on artificial diet, laboratory strains had the highest performance as expected. The response from the wild populations was mixed, with two populations performing poorly on artificial diet and another performing nearly as well as the laboratory strains. Performance on diet was enhanced when larvae received cubed portions changed regularly, as opposed to filled cups. Understanding these relationships between food source and population performance is important for informing studies that examine population comparisons using wild and laboratory-reared strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine L Grayson
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, VA 23284. Present address: Department of Biology, University of Richmond, 28 Westhampton Way, Richmond, VA 23173.
| | - Dylan Parry
- Department of Environmental and Forest, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Trevor M Faske
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Audrey Hamilton
- Department of Environmental and Forest, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Patrick C Tobin
- University of Washington, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Anderson Hall, 4000 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Salvatore J Agosta
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, VA 23284. Center for Environmental Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Derek M Johnson
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, VA 23284
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hajek AE, Tobin PC, Haynes KJ. Replacement of a dominant viral pathogen by a fungal pathogen does not alter the collapse of a regional forest insect outbreak. Oecologia 2014; 177:785-797. [PMID: 25510217 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural enemies and environmental factors likely both influence the population cycles of many forest-defoliating insect species. Previous work suggests precipitation influences the spatiotemporal patterns of gypsy moth outbreaks in North America, and it has been hypothesized that precipitation could act indirectly through effects on pathogens. We investigated the potential role of climatic and environmental factors in driving pathogen epizootics and parasitism at 57 sites over an area of ≈72,300 km(2) in four US mid-Atlantic states during the final year (2009) of a gypsy moth outbreak. Prior work has largely reported that the Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdNPV) was the principal mortality agent responsible for regional collapses of gypsy moth outbreaks. However, in the gypsy moth outbreak-prone US mid-Atlantic region, the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga has replaced the virus as the dominant source of mortality in dense host populations. The severity of the gypsy moth population crash, measured as the decline in egg mass densities from 2009 to 2010, tended to increase with the prevalence of E. maimaiga and larval parasitoids, but not LdNPV. A significantly negative spatial association was detected between rates of fungal mortality and parasitism, potentially indicating displacement of parasitoids by E. maimaiga. Fungal, viral, and parasitoid mortality agents differed in their associations with local abiotic and biotic conditions, but precipitation significantly influenced both fungal and viral prevalence. This study provides the first spatially robust evidence of the dominance of E. maimaiga during the collapse of a gypsy moth outbreak and highlights the important role played by microclimatic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Hajek
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-2601, USA.
| | - Patrick C Tobin
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.,School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2100, USA
| | - Kyle J Haynes
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Blandy Experimental Farm, University of Virginia, Boyce, VA, 22620, USA
| |
Collapse
|