1
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Gougherty AV, Klapwijk M, Liebhold AM, Mech A, Trombik J, Fei S. Identifying the generalizable controls on insect associations of native and non-native trees. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11265. [PMID: 38742186 PMCID: PMC11089089 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Trees growing outside their native geographic ranges often exhibit exceptional growth and survival due in part to the lack of co-evolved natural enemies that may limit their spread and suppress population growth. While most non-native trees tend to accumulate natural enemies over time, it remains uncertain which host and insect characteristics affect these novel associations and whether novel associations follow patterns of assembly similar to those of native hosts. Here, we used a dataset of insect-host tree associations in Europe to model which native insect species are paired with which native tree species, and then tested the model on its ability to predict which native insects are paired with which non-native trees. We show that native and non-native tree species closely related to known hosts are more likely to be hosts themselves, but that native host geographic range size, insect feeding guild, and sampling effort similarly affect insect associations. Our model had a strong ability to predict which insect species utilize non-native trees as hosts, but evolutionarily isolated tree species posed the greatest challenge to the model. These results demonstrate that insect-host associations can be reliably predicted, regardless of whether insect and host trees have co-evolved, and provide a framework for predicting future pest threats using a select number of easily attainable tree and insect characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maartje Klapwijk
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Andrew M. Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research StationMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Angela Mech
- School of Biology and EcologyUniversity of MaineOronoMaineUSA
| | - Jiří Trombik
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Songlin Fei
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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2
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Nguyen HTM, Chu L, Liebhold AM, Epanchin-Niell R, Kean JM, Kompas T, Robinson AP, Brockerhoff EG, Moore JL. Optimal allocation of resources among general and species-specific tools for plant pest biosecurity surveillance. Ecol Appl 2024; 34:e2955. [PMID: 38379349 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
This paper proposes a surveillance model for plant pests that can optimally allocate resources among survey tools with varying properties. While some survey tools are highly specific for the detection of a single pest species, others are more generalized. There is considerable variation in the cost and sensitivity of these tools, but there are no guidelines or frameworks for identifying which tools are most cost-effective when used in surveillance programs that target the detection of newly invaded populations. To address this gap, we applied our model to design a trapping surveillance program in New Zealand for bark- and wood-boring insects, some of the most serious forest pests worldwide. Our findings show that exclusively utilizing generalized traps (GTs) proves to be highly cost-effective across a wide range of scenarios, particularly when they are capable of capturing all pest species. Implementing surveillance programs that only employ specialized traps (ST) is cost-effective only when these traps can detect highly damaging pests. However, even in such cases, they significantly lag in cost-effectiveness compared to GT-only programs due to their restricted coverage. When both GTs and STs are used in an integrated surveillance program, the total expected cost (TEC) generally diminishes when compared to programs relying on a single type of trap. However, this relative reduction in TEC is only marginally larger than that achieved with GT-only programs, as long as highly damaging species can be detected by GTs. The proportion of STs among the optimal required traps fluctuates based on several factors, including the relative pricing of GTs and STs, pest arrival rates, potential damage, and, more prominently, the coverage capacity of GTs. Our analysis suggests that deploying GTs extensively across landscapes appears to be more cost-effective in areas with either very high or very low levels of relative risk density, potential damage, and arrival rate. Finally, STs are less likely to be required when the pests that are detected by those tools have a higher likelihood of successful eradication because delaying detection becomes less costly for these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa-Thi-Minh Nguyen
- Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Long Chu
- Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rebecca Epanchin-Niell
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - John M Kean
- AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Science Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Tom Kompas
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, School of Biosciences and School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew P Robinson
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, Schools of Biosciences and Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eckehard G Brockerhoff
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Joslin L Moore
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Huffmyer WL, Ji F, Blackwood JC, Hastings A, Koenig WD, Liebhold AM, Machta J, Abbott KC. Variation in Avian Predation Pressure as a Driver for the Diversification of Periodical Cicada Broods. Am Nat 2024; 203:E92-E106. [PMID: 38358808 DOI: 10.1086/728118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
AbstractPeriodical cicadas live 13 or 17 years underground as nymphs, then emerge in synchrony as adults to reproduce. Developmentally synchronized populations called broods rarely coexist, with one dominant brood locally excluding those that emerge in off years. Twelve modern 17-year cicada broods are believed to have descended from only three ancestral broods following the last glaciation. The mechanisms by which these daughter broods overcame exclusion by the ancestral brood to synchronously emerge in a different year, however, are elusive. Here, we demonstrate that temporal variation in the population density of generalist predators can allow intermittent opportunities for new broods to invade, even though a single brood remains dominant most of the time. We show that this mechanism is consistent, in terms of the type and frequency of brood replacements, with the distribution of periodical cicada broods throughout North America today. Although we investigate one particularly charismatic case study, the mechanisms involved (competitive exclusion, Allee effects, trait variation, predation, and temporal variability) are ubiquitous and could contribute to patterns of species diversity in a range of systems.
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4
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Goel N, Liebhold AM, Bertelsmeier C, Hooten MB, Korolev KS, Keitt TH. A mechanistic statistical approach to infer invasion characteristics of human-dispersed species with complex life cycle. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.09.578762. [PMID: 38405850 PMCID: PMC10888729 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.09.578762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The rising introduction of invasive species through trade networks threatens biodiversity and ecosystem services. Yet, we have a limited understanding of how transportation networks determine patterns of range expansion. This is partly because current analytical models fail to integrate the invader's life-history dynamics with heterogeneity in human-mediated dispersal patterns. And partly because classical statistical methods often fail to provide reliable estimates of model parameters due to spatial biases in the presence-only records and lack of informative demographic data. To address these gaps, we first formulate an age-structured metapopulation model that uses a probability matrix to emulate human-mediated dispersal patterns. The model reveals that an invader spreads along the shortest network path, such that the inter-patch network distances decrease with increasing traffic volume and reproductive value of hitchhikers. Next, we propose a Bayesian statistical method to estimate model parameters using presence-only data and prior demographic knowledge. To show the utility of the statistical approach, we analyze zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) expansion in North America through the commercial shipping network. Our analysis underscores the importance of correcting spatial biases and leveraging priors to answer questions, such as where and when the zebra mussels were introduced and what life-history characteristics make these mollusks successful invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj Goel
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712
| | - Andrew M. Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, West Virginia, 15349
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Forestry and Wood Sciences, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Cleo Bertelsmeier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015
| | - Mevin B. Hooten
- Department of Statistics and Data Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78705
| | - Kirill S. Korolev
- Department of Physics, Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, and Biological Design Center Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Timothy H. Keitt
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712
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5
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Rindos M, Liebhold AM. The spongy moth, Lymantria dispar. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R665-R668. [PMID: 37339589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Rindos and Leibhold introduce the invasive pest, the spongy moth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Rindos
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamycka 1176, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamycka 1176, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic; USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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6
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Bonnamour A, Blake RE, Liebhold AM, Nahrung HF, Roques A, Turner RM, Yamanaka T, Bertelsmeier C. Historical plant introductions predict current insect invasions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221826120. [PMID: 37276425 PMCID: PMC10268304 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221826120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thousands of insect species have been introduced outside of their native ranges, and some of them strongly impact ecosystems and human societies. Because a large fraction of insects feed on or are associated with plants, nonnative plants provide habitat and resources for invading insects, thereby facilitating their establishment. Furthermore, plant imports represent one of the main pathways for accidental nonnative insect introductions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that plant invasions precede and promote insect invasions. We found that geographical variation in current nonnative insect flows was best explained by nonnative plant flows dating back to 1900 rather than by more recent plant flows. Interestingly, nonnative plant flows were a better predictor of insect invasions than potentially confounding socioeconomic variables. Based on the observed time lag between plant and insect invasions, we estimated that the global insect invasion debt consists of 3,442 region-level introductions, representing a potential increase of 35% of insect invasions. This debt was most important in the Afrotropics, the Neotropics, and Indomalaya, where we expect a 10 to 20-fold increase in discoveries of new nonnative insect species. Overall, our results highlight the strong link between plant and insect invasions and show that limiting the spread of nonnative plants might be key to preventing future invasions of both plants and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Bonnamour
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrew M. Liebhold
- Northern Research Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Morgantown, WV26505
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helen F. Nahrung
- Forest Industries Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Buderim, QLD4556, Australia
| | - Alain Roques
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 0633, Zoologie Forestière, 4575Orléans, France
| | - Rebecca M. Turner
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Christchurch8440, New Zealand
| | - Takehiko Yamanaka
- Research Center for Agricultural Information Technology, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 305-8517Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cleo Bertelsmeier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Haynes KJ, Liebhold AM, Johnson DM. Editorial overview: Arthropod population dynamics at regional scales: Novel approaches and emerging insights. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2023; 57:101030. [PMID: 37019211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Haynes
- Blandy Experimental Farm, University of Virginia, Boyce, VA, 22620, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 21 Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Derek M Johnson
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
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8
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Raffa KF, Brockerhoff EG, Grégoire JC, Hamelin RC, Liebhold AM, Santini A, Venette RC, Wingfield MJ. Approaches to Forecasting Damage by Invasive Forest Insects and Pathogens: A Cross-Assessment. Bioscience 2023. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Nonnative insects and pathogens pose major threats to forest ecosystems worldwide, greatly diminishing the ecosystem services trees provide. Given the high global diversity of arthropod and microbial species, their often unknown biological features or even identities, and their ease of accidental transport, there is an urgent need to better forecast the most likely species to cause damage. Several risk assessment approaches have been proposed or implemented to guide preventative measures. However, the underlying assumptions of each approach have rarely been explicitly identified or critically evaluated. We propose that evaluating the implicit assumptions, optimal usages, and advantages and limitations of each approach could help improve their combined utility. We consider four general categories: using prior pest status in native and previously invaded regions; evaluating statistical patterns of traits and gene sequences associated with a high impact; sentinel and other plantings to expose trees to insects and pathogens in native, nonnative, or experimental settings; and laboratory assays using detached plant parts or seedlings under controlled conditions. We evaluate how and under what conditions the assumptions of each approach are best met and propose methods for integrating multiple approaches to improve our forecasting ability and prevent losses from invasive pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin–Madison , Madison, Wisconsin , United States
| | | | | | - Richard C Hamelin
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown , West Virginia, United States
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Science, Czech University of Life Science , Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Michael J Wingfield
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute and advisor to the executive, University of Pretoria , Pretoria, Gauteng , South Africa
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9
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Lampert A, Liebhold AM. Optimizing the use of suppression zones for containment of invasive species. Ecol Appl 2023; 33:e2797. [PMID: 36502293 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite efforts to prevent their establishment, many invasive species continue to spread and threaten food production, human health, and natural biodiversity. Slowing the spread of established species is often a preferred strategy; however, it is also expensive and necessitates treatment over large areas. Therefore, it is critical to examine how to distribute management efforts over space cost-effectively. Here we consider a continuous-space bioeconomic model and we develop a novel algorithm to find the most cost-effective allocation of treatment efforts throughout a landscape. We show that the optimal strategy often comprises eradication in the yet-uninvaded area, and under certain conditions, it also comprises maintaining a "suppression zone," an area between the invaded and the uninvaded areas, where treatment reduces the invading population but without eliminating it. We examine how the optimal strategy depends on the demographic characteristics of the species and reveal general criteria for deciding when a suppression zone is cost effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lampert
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
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10
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Uden DR, Mech AM, Havill NP, Schulz AN, Ayres MP, Herms DA, Hoover AM, Gandhi KJK, Hufbauer RA, Liebhold AM, Marsico TD, Raffa KF, Thomas KA, Tobin PC, Allen CR. Phylogenetic risk assessment is robust for forecasting the impact of European insects on North American conifers. Ecol Appl 2023; 33:e2761. [PMID: 36218183 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Some introduced species cause severe damage, although the majority have little impact. Robust predictions of which species are most likely to cause substantial impacts could focus efforts to mitigate those impacts or prevent certain invasions entirely. Introduced herbivorous insects can reduce crop yield, fundamentally alter natural and managed forest ecosystems, and are unique among invasive species in that they require certain host plants to succeed. Recent studies have demonstrated that understanding the evolutionary history of introduced herbivores and their host plants can provide robust predictions of impact. Specifically, divergence times between hosts in the native and introduced ranges of a nonnative insect can be used to predict the potential impact of the insect should it establish in a novel ecosystem. However, divergence time estimates vary among published phylogenetic datasets, making it crucial to understand if and how the choice of phylogeny affects prediction of impact. Here, we tested the robustness of impact prediction to variation in host phylogeny by using insects that feed on conifers and predicting the likelihood of high impact using four different published phylogenies. Our analyses ranked 62 insects that are not established in North America and 47 North American conifer species according to overall risk and vulnerability, respectively. We found that results were robust to the choice of phylogeny. Although published vascular plant phylogenies continue to be refined, our analysis indicates that those differences are not substantial enough to alter the predictions of invader impact. Our results can assist in focusing biosecurity programs for conifer pests and can be more generally applied to nonnative insects and their potential hosts by prioritizing surveillance for those insects most likely to be damaging invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Uden
- School of Natural Resources, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Resilience in Agricultural Working Landscapes, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Angela M Mech
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Nathan P Havill
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Hamden, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ashley N Schulz
- Department of Agricultural Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Matthew P Ayres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | - Angela M Hoover
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kamal J K Gandhi
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ruth A Hufbauer
- Department of Agricultural Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Travis D Marsico
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kenneth F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kathryn A Thomas
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Patrick C Tobin
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Craig R Allen
- School of Natural Resources, Center for Resilience in Agricultural Working Landscapes, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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11
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Abstract
The economic and environmental threats posed by non-native forest insects are ever increasing with the continuing globalization of trade and travel; thus, the need for mitigation through effective biosecurity is greater than ever. However, despite decades of research and implementation of preborder, border, and postborder preventative measures, insect invasions continue to occur, with no evidence of saturation, and are even predicted to accelerate. In this article, we review biosecurity measures used to mitigate the arrival, establishment, spread, and impacts of non-native forest insects and possible impediments to the successful implementation of these measures. Biosecurity successes are likely under-recognized because they are difficult to detect and quantify, whereas failures are more evident in the continued establishment of additional non-native species. There are limitations in existing biosecurity systems at global and country scales (for example, inspecting all imports is impossible, no phytosanitary measures are perfect, knownunknowns cannot be regulated against, and noncompliance is an ongoing problem). Biosecurity should be a shared responsibility across countries, governments, stakeholders, and individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen F Nahrung
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- US Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA;
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eckehard G Brockerhoff
- Forest Health and Biotic Interactions, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland;
| | - Davide Rassati
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padova, Italy;
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12
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Fenn‐Moltu G, Ollier S, Caton B, Liebhold AM, Nahrung H, Pureswaran DS, Turner RM, Yamanaka T, Bertelsmeier C. Alien insect dispersal mediated by the global movement of commodities. Ecol Appl 2023; 33:e2721. [PMID: 36372556 PMCID: PMC10078186 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Globalization and economic growth are recognized as key drivers of biological invasions. Alien species have become a feature of almost every biological community worldwide, and rates of new introductions continue to rise as the movement of people and goods accelerates. Insects are among the most numerous and problematic alien organisms, and are mainly introduced unintentionally with imported cargo or arriving passengers. However, the processes occurring prior to insect introductions remain poorly understood. We used a unique dataset of 1,902,392 border interception records from inspections at air, land, and maritime ports in Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Japan, USA, and Canada to identify key commodities associated with insect movement through trade and travel. In total, 8939 species were intercepted, and commodity association data were available for 1242 species recorded between 1960 and 2019. We used rarefaction and extrapolation methods to estimate the total species richness and diversity associated with different commodity types. Plant and wood products were the main commodities associated with insect movement across cargo, passenger baggage, and international mail. Furthermore, certain species were mainly associated with specific commodities within these, and other broad categories. More closely related species tended to share similar commodity associations, but this occurred largely at the genus level rather than within orders or families. These similarities within genera can potentially inform pathway management of new alien species. Combining interception records across regions provides a unique window into the unintentional movement of insects, and provides valuable information on establishment risks associated with different commodity types and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyda Fenn‐Moltu
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Sébastien Ollier
- Department of Ecology, Systematics and EvolutionUniversity Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Barney Caton
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServicesPlant Protection and QuarantineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Andrew M. Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research StationMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PragueSuchdolCzech Republic
| | - Helen Nahrung
- Forest Research InstituteUniversity of the Sunshine CoastMaroochydore DCQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Rebecca M. Turner
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute)ChristchurchNew Zealand
| | | | - Cleo Bertelsmeier
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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13
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Liebhold AM. Surprisingly, it’s not just about South Africa. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02980-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Koenig WD, Liebhold AM, LaMontagne JM, Pearse IS. Periodical Cicada Emergences Affect Masting Behavior of Oaks. Am Nat 2022; 201:755-762. [PMID: 37130235 DOI: 10.1086/723735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOaks (Quercus spp.) are masting species exhibiting highly variable and synchronized acorn production. We investigated the hypothesis that periodical cicadas (Magicada spp.), well known to have strong effects on the ecosystems in which they occur, affect acorn production of oaks through their xylem feeding habits as nymphs, the oviposition damage they inflict as adults during emergences, or the nutrient pulse resulting from the decomposition of their bodies following breeding. We found negative effects on acorn production during emergence years and the year following emergences and enhanced acorn production 2 years after emergence. We also found evidence indicating a significant effect of cicada emergences on spatial synchrony of acorn production by trees growing within the range of the same cicada brood compared with different broods. These results demonstrate that periodical cicadas act as a trophic environmental "veto" depressing acorn production during and immediately following emergences, after which the nutrient pulse associated with the cicada's demise enhances oak reproduction.
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15
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Chase KD, Kelly D, Liebhold AM, Brockerhoff EG. The role of propagule pressure in experimental bark beetle invasions. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Chase
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
- Bartlett Tree Research Lab Charlotte NC USA
| | - Dave Kelly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Andrew M. Liebhold
- US Forest Service Northern Research Station Morgantown WV USA
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Suchdol Czech Republic
| | - Eckehard G. Brockerhoff
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute) Christchurch New Zealand
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
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16
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Sendek A, Baity‐Jesi M, Altermatt F, Bader MK, Liebhold AM, Turner RM, Roques A, Seebens H, Spaak P, Vorburger C, Brockerhoff EG. Fewer non‐native insects in freshwater than in terrestrial habitats across continents. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sendek
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Department of Systems Analysis Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Marco Baity‐Jesi
- Department of Systems Analysis Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Martin K.‐F. Bader
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology Linnaeus University Växjö Sweden
| | - Andrew M. Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station Morgantown West Virginia USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha Czech Republic
| | - Rebecca M. Turner
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute) Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Alain Roques
- INRAE, UR0633, Zoologie Forestière Orléans France
| | - Hanno Seebens
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Frankfurt Germany
| | - Piet Spaak
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Eckehard G. Brockerhoff
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
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17
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Krivak-Tetley FE, Sullivan-Stack J, Garnas JR, Zylstra KE, Höger LO, Lombardero MJ, Liebhold AM, Ayres MP. Demography of an invading forest insect reunited with hosts and parasitoids from its native range. NB 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.72.75392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Sirex woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), a widespread invasive pest of pines in the Southern Hemisphere, was first detected in North America in 2004. This study assessed the impacts of life history traits, host resistance and species interactions on the demography of S. noctilio in New York, Pennsylvania and Vermont, then compared key metrics to those found in the native range in Galicia, Spain. Many trees naturally attacked by S. noctilio in North America produced no adult woodwasps, with 5 of 38 infested trees (13%) sampled across six sites yielding 64% of emerging insects. Reproductive success was highest in the introduced host scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, but native red pine, Pinus resinosa, produced larger insects. Sirex noctilio required one or sometimes two years to develop and sex ratios were male biased, 1:2.98 ♀:♂. Body size and fecundity were highly variable, but generally lower than observed in non-native populations in the Southern Hemisphere. Hymenopteran parasitoids killed approximately 20% of S. noctilio larvae and 63% of emerging adults were colonized by the parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola, although no nematodes entered eggs. Demographic models suggested that S. noctilio in the northeastern USA have a higher potential for population growth than populations in the native range: estimated finite factor of increase, λ, was 4.17–4.52 (depending on tree species colonized), compared to λ = 1.57 in Spain.
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18
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Haynes KJ, Liebhold AM, Lefcheck JS, Morin RS, Wang G. Climate affects the outbreaks of a forest defoliator indirectly through its tree hosts. Oecologia 2022; 198:407-418. [PMID: 35137254 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although spatial variation in climate can directly affect the survival and reproduction of forest insects and the tree species compositions of forests, little is known about the indirect effects of climate on outbreaks of forest insects through its effects on forest composition. In this study, we use structural equation modeling to examine the direct and indirect effects of climate, water capacity of the soil, host tree density, and non-host density on the spatial extent of Lymantria dispar outbreaks in the Eastern USA over a period of 44 years (1975-2018). Host species were subdivided into four taxonomic and ecologically distinct groups: red oaks (Lobatae), white oaks (Lepidobalanus), other preferred hosts, and intermediate (less preferred) hosts. We found that mean annual temperature had stronger effects than mean annual precipitation on the spatial extent of outbreaks, and that indirect effects of temperature (via its effects on oak density) on defoliation were stronger than direct effects. The density of non-host trees increased with increasing precipitation and, consistent with the 'associational resistance hypothesis', defoliation decreased with increasing density of non-host trees. This study offers quantitative evidence that geographic variation in climate can indirectly affect outbreaks of a forest insect through its effects on tree species composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Haynes
- The Blandy Experimental Farm, University of Virginia, Boyce, VA, 22620, USA.
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 180 Canfield Street, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00, Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jonathan S Lefcheck
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network, MarineGEO, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Randall S Morin
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 3460 Industrial Drive, York, PA, 17402, USA
| | - Guiming Wang
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Mail Stop 9690, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
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19
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Cook RT, Ward SF, Liebhold AM, Fei S. Spatial dynamics of spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula, invasion of the Northeastern United States. NB 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.70.67950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Spotted lanternfly (SLF), Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is a non-native planthopper that recently established in the Northeastern United States. Little is known about the spatial dynamics of its invasion and key drivers associated with its regional spread. Here, using field survey data from a total of 241,366 survey locations from 2014–2019 in the eastern USA, we quantified rates of SLF spread and modeled factors associated with the risk of SLF invasion. During the study period, SLF invasion appears to be associated with both short- and long-distance dispersal. On average, the number of newly invaded counties per year increased since initial discovery, with 0–14 long-distance dispersal events per year and median jump distances ranging from 55 to 92 km/year throughout the study period. Radial rates of spread, based on two of the three analysis methods applied, varied from 38.6 to 46.2 km/year. A Cox proportional hazards model suggested that risk of SLF invasion increased with a proxy for human-aided dispersal, human population per county. We anticipate that SLF will continue to spread via both long- and short-distance dispersals, especially via human activities. Efforts to manage SLF populations potentially could target human-mediated movement of SLF to reduce rates of spread.
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20
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Liebhold AM, Hajek AE, Walter JA, Haynes KJ, Elkinton J, Muzika RM. Historical change in the outbreak dynamics of an invading forest insect. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Mally R, Ward SF, Trombik J, Buszko J, Medzihorský V, Liebhold AM. Non-native plant drives the spatial dynamics of its herbivores: the case of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) in Europe. NB 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.69.71949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-native plants typically benefit from enemy release following their naturalization in non-native habitats. However, over time, herbivorous insects specializing on such plants may invade from the native range and thereby diminish the benefits of enemy release that these plants may experience. In this study, we compare rates of invasion spread across Europe of three North American insect folivores: the Lepidoptera leaf miners Macrosaccus robiniella and Parectopa robiniella, and the gall midge Obolodiplosis robiniae, that specialize on Robinia pseudoacacia. This tree species is one of the most widespread non-native trees in Europe. We find that spread rates vary among the three species and that some of this variation can be explained by differences in their life history traits. We also report that geographical variation in spread rates are influenced by distribution of Robinia pseudoacacia, human population and temperature, though Robinia pseudoacacia occurrence had the greatest influence. The importance of host tree occurrence on invasion speed can be explained by the general importance of hosts on the population growth and spread of invading species.
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22
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MacLachlan MJ, Liebhold AM, Yamanaka T, Springborn MR. Hidden patterns of insect establishment risk revealed from two centuries of alien species discoveries. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabj1012. [PMID: 34705509 PMCID: PMC8550319 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the socioeconomic drivers of biological invasion informs policy development for curtailing future invasions. While early 20th-century plant trade expansions preceded increased establishments of plant pests in Northern America, increased establishments did not follow accelerating imports later that century. To explore this puzzle, we estimate the historical establishment of plant-feeding Hemiptera in Northern America as a function of historical U.S. imports of live plants from seven world regions. Delays between establishment and discovery are modeled using a previously unused proxy for dynamic discovery effort. By recovering the timing of pest arrivals from their historical discoveries, we disentangle the joint establishment-discovery process. We estimate long delays to discovery, which are partially attributable to the low detectability of less economically important insect species. We estimate that many introduced species remain undiscovered, ranging from around one-fifth for Eurasian regions to two-fifths for Central and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew M. Liebhold
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
- Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Takehiko Yamanaka
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO (NIAES), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Michael R. Springborn
- Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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23
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Hajek AE, Diss-Torrance AL, Siegert NW, Liebhold AM. Inoculative Releases and Natural Spread of the Fungal Pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) into U.S. Populations of Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). Environ Entomol 2021; 50:1007-1015. [PMID: 34314499 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While emphasis with entomopathogens has often been on inundative releases, we describe here historic widespread inoculative releases of a fungal entomopathogen. Several U.S. states and municipalities conducted inoculative releases of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu et Soper (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) after 1993, as gypsy moth populations spread into the Midwest and North Carolina. This Japanese pathogen first caused epizootics in northeastern North America in 1989 and methods for its inoculative release were tested and proven to be effective from 1991 to 1993. After 1993, spores in soil or in late instar cadavers were collected during or after epizootics and were released inoculatively into newly established populations of this spreading invasive; the goal was that spores would overwinter and germinate the next spring to infect larvae, thus speeding pathogen spread and hastening the development of epizootics in newly established populations. The fungus was released in gypsy moth populations that were separated from areas where the fungus was already established. In particular, extensive releases by natural resource managers in Wisconsin and Michigan aided the spread of E. maimaiga throughout these states. Where it has become established, this acute pathogen has become the dominant natural enemy and has exerted considerable influence in reducing gypsy moth damage. While this pathogen most likely would have invaded these new regions eventually, releases accelerated the spread of E. maimaiga and helped to reduce impacts of initial outbreaks, while further outbreaks were reduced by the pathogen's subsequent persistence and activity in those areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Hajek
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601, USA
| | | | - Nathan W Siegert
- USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Eastern Region, Forest Health Protection, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Praha 6 - Suchdol, CZ 165 21, Czech Republic
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24
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Turner RM, Brockerhoff EG, Bertelsmeier C, Blake RE, Caton B, James A, MacLeod A, Nahrung HF, Pawson SM, Plank MJ, Pureswaran DS, Seebens H, Yamanaka T, Liebhold AM. Worldwide border interceptions provide a window into human-mediated global insect movement. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e02412. [PMID: 34255404 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As part of national biosecurity programs, cargo imports, passenger baggage, and international mail are inspected at ports of entry to verify compliance with phytosanitary regulations and to intercept potentially damaging nonnative species to prevent their introduction. Detection of organisms during inspections may also provide crucial information about the species composition and relative arrival rates in invasion pathways that can inform the implementation of other biosecurity practices such as quarantines and surveillance. In most regions, insects are the main taxonomic group encountered during inspections. We gathered insect interception data from nine world regions collected from 1995 to 2019 to compare the composition of species arriving at ports in these regions. Collectively, 8,716 insect species were intercepted in these regions over the last 25 yr, with the combined international data set comprising 1,899,573 interception events, of which 863,972 were identified to species level. Rarefaction analysis indicated that interceptions comprise only a small fraction of species present in invasion pathways. Despite differences in inspection methodologies, as well as differences in the composition of import source regions and imported commodities, we found strong positive correlations in species interception frequencies between regions, particularly within the Hemiptera and Thysanoptera. There were also significant differences in species frequencies among insects intercepted in different regions. Nevertheless, integrating interception data among multiple regions would be valuable for estimating invasion risks for insect species with high likelihoods of introduction as well as for identifying rare but potentially damaging species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Turner
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), P.O. Box 29237, Christchurch, 8440, New Zealand
| | | | - Cleo Bertelsmeier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Rachael E Blake
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, Annapolis, Maryland, 21401, USA
| | - Barney Caton
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA
| | - Alex James
- Te Pūnaha Matatini, a New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Alan MacLeod
- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Helen F Nahrung
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Stephen M Pawson
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), P.O. Box 29237, Christchurch, 8440, New Zealand
- School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Plank
- Te Pūnaha Matatini, a New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Deepa S Pureswaran
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Hanno Seebens
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
| | - Takehiko Yamanaka
- Research Center for Agricultural Information Technology, NARO, Tokyo, 3058604, Japan
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha 6-Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
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25
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Schulz AN, Mech AM, Ayres MP, Gandhi KJK, Havill NP, Herms DA, Hoover AM, Hufbauer RA, Liebhold AM, Marsico TD, Raffa KF, Tobin PC, Uden DR, Thomas KA. Predicting non-native insect impact: focusing on the trees to see the forest. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Liebhold AM, Turner RM, Blake RE, Bertelsmeier C, Brockerhoff EG, Nahrung HF, Pureswaran DS, Roques A, Seebens H, Yamanaka T. Invasion disharmony in the global biogeography of native and non‐native beetle species. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station Morgantown WV USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha 6 – Suchdol Czech Republic
| | - Rebecca M. Turner
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute) Christchurch New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hanno Seebens
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center Frankfurt Germany
| | - Takehiko Yamanaka
- Research Center for Agricultural Information TechnologyNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Japan
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27
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Welsh MJ, Turner JA, Epanchin‐Niell RS, Monge JJ, Soliman T, Robinson AP, Kean JM, Phillips C, Stringer LD, Vereijssen J, Liebhold AM, Kompas T, Ormsby M, Brockerhoff EG. Approaches for estimating benefits and costs of interventions in plant biosecurity across invasion phases. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e02319. [PMID: 33665918 PMCID: PMC8365635 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonnative plant pests cause billions of dollars in damages. It is critical to prevent or reduce these losses by intervening at various stages of the invasion process, including pathway risk management (to prevent pest arrival), surveillance and eradication (to counter establishment), and management of established pests (to limit damages). Quantifying benefits and costs of these interventions is important to justify and prioritize investments and to inform biosecurity policy. However, approaches for these estimations differ in (1) the assumed relationship between supply, demand, and prices, and (2) the ability to assess different types of direct and indirect costs at invasion stages, for a given arrival or establishment probability. Here we review economic approaches available to estimate benefits and costs of biosecurity interventions to inform the appropriate selection of approaches. In doing so, we complement previous studies and reviews on estimates of damages from invasive species by considering the influence of economic and methodological assumptions. Cost accounting is suitable for rapid decisions, specific impacts, and simple methodological assumptions but fails to account for feedbacks, such as market adjustments, and may overestimate long-term economic impacts. Partial equilibrium models consider changes in consumer and producer surplus due to pest impacts or interventions and can account for feedbacks in affected sectors but require specialized economic models, comprehensive data sets, and estimates of commodity supply and demand curves. More intensive computable general equilibrium models can account for feedbacks across entire economies, including capital and labor, and linkages among these. The two major considerations in choosing an approach are (1) the goals of the analysis (e.g., consideration of a single pest or intervention with a limited range of impacts vs. multiple interventions, pests or sectors), and (2) the resources available for analysis such as knowledge, budget and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Welsh
- Scion (NZ Forest Research Institute)P.O. Box 29237Christchurch8540New Zealand
- Better Border BiosecurityPrivate Bag 4704Christchurch8140New Zealand
| | | | | | - Juan J. Monge
- Market Economics Ltd. Digital Basecamp1132 Hinemoa StreetRotorua3010New Zealand
| | - Tarek Soliman
- Manaaki Whenua – Landcare ResearchPrivate Bag 92170Auckland1142New Zealand
| | - Andrew P. Robinson
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk AnalysisSchool of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria3010Australia
| | - John M. Kean
- Better Border BiosecurityPrivate Bag 4704Christchurch8140New Zealand
- AgResearch, Ruakura10 Bisley RoadHamiltonNew Zealand
| | - Craig Phillips
- Better Border BiosecurityPrivate Bag 4704Christchurch8140New Zealand
- AgResearchPrivate Bag 4749Christchurch8140New Zealand
| | - Lloyd D. Stringer
- Better Border BiosecurityPrivate Bag 4704Christchurch8140New Zealand
- NZ Institute for Plant and Food ResearchPrivate Bag 4704Christchurch8140New Zealand
| | - Jessica Vereijssen
- Better Border BiosecurityPrivate Bag 4704Christchurch8140New Zealand
- NZ Institute for Plant and Food ResearchPrivate Bag 4704Christchurch8140New Zealand
| | - Andrew M. Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research StationMorgantownWest Virginia26505USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life SciencesPraha 6 – SuchdolCZ 165 21Czech Republic
| | - Tom Kompas
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk AnalysisSchool of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria3010Australia
- School of Ecosystem and Forest SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria3010Australia
| | - Michael Ormsby
- Ministry for Primary Industries147 Lambton QuayWellington6011New Zealand
| | - Eckehard G. Brockerhoff
- Scion (NZ Forest Research Institute)P.O. Box 29237Christchurch8540New Zealand
- Better Border BiosecurityPrivate Bag 4704Christchurch8140New Zealand
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstrasse 111Birmensdorf8903Switzerland
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28
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Clarke DA, Palmer DJ, McGrannachan C, Burgess TI, Chown SL, Clarke RH, Kumschick S, Lach L, Liebhold AM, Roy HE, Saunders ME, Yeates DK, Zalucki MP, McGeoch MA. Options for reducing uncertainty in impact classification for alien species. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Clarke
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria3800Australia
| | - David J. Palmer
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria3800Australia
| | - Chris McGrannachan
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria3800Australia
| | - Treena I. Burgess
- Centre for Climate Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems Harry Butler Institute Murdoch University 90 South Street Murdoch6150Australia
| | - Steven L. Chown
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria3800Australia
| | - Rohan H. Clarke
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria3800Australia
| | - Sabrina Kumschick
- Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany & Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
- Cape Town Office South African National Biodiversity Institute Claremont South Africa
| | - Lori Lach
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University PO Box 6811 Cairns Queensland4870Australia
| | - Andrew M. Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station Morgantown West Virginia26505USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Praha 6 ‐ Suchdol CZ165 21Czech Republic
| | - Helen E. Roy
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology WallingfordOX10 8BBUK
| | - Manu E. Saunders
- School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Armidale New South Wales2351Australia
- UNE Business School University of New England Armidale New South Wales2351Australia
| | - David K. Yeates
- CSIRO Australian National Insect Collection PO Box 1700 Canberra Australian Capital Territory2601Australia
| | - Myron P. Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland4072Australia
| | - Melodie A. McGeoch
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria3800Australia
- Department of Ecology Environment and Evolution La Trobe University Bundoora, Melbourne Victoria30186Australia
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29
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Lampert A, Liebhold AM. Combining multiple tactics over time for cost-effective eradication of invading insect populations. Ecol Lett 2020; 24:279-287. [PMID: 33169526 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Because of the profound ecological and economic impacts of many non-native insect species, early detection and eradication of newly founded, isolated populations is a high priority for preventing damages. Though successful eradication is often challenging, the effectiveness of several treatment methods/tactics is enhanced by the existence of Allee dynamics in target populations. Historically, successful eradication has often relied on the application of two or more tactics. Here, we examine how to combine three treatment tactics in the most cost-effective manner, either simultaneously or sequentially in a multiple-annum process. We show that each tactic is most efficient across a specific range of population densities. Furthermore, we show that certain tactics inhibit the efficiency of other tactics and should therefore not be used simultaneously; but since each tactic is effective at specific densities, different combinations of tactics should be applied sequentially through time when a multiple-annum eradication programme is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lampert
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.,Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Science Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Suchdol, 165 21 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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30
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Abstract
Despite the enormous negative consequences of biological invasions, we have a limited understanding of how spatial demography during invasions creates population patterns observed at different spatial scales. Early stages of invasions, arrival and establishment, are considered distinct from the later stage of spread, but the processes of population growth and dispersal underlie all invasion phases. Here, we argue that the spread of invading species, to a first approximation, exhibits scale invariant spatial-dynamic patterns that transcend multiple spatial scales. Dispersal from a source population creates smaller satellite colonies, which in turn act as sources for secondary invasions; the scale invariant pattern of coalescing colonies can be seen at multiple scales. This self-similar pattern is referred to as “stratified diffusion” at landscape scales and the “bridgehead effect” at the global scale. The extent to which invasions exhibit such scale-invariant spatial dynamics may be limited by the form of the organisms’ dispersal kernel and by the connectivity of the habitat. Recognition of this self-similar pattern suggests that certain concepts for understanding and managing invasions might be widely transferable across spatial scales.
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31
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Seebens H, Bacher S, Blackburn TM, Capinha C, Dawson W, Dullinger S, Genovesi P, Hulme PE, van Kleunen M, Kühn I, Jeschke JM, Lenzner B, Liebhold AM, Pattison Z, Pergl J, Pyšek P, Winter M, Essl F. Projecting the continental accumulation of alien species through to 2050. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 27:970-982. [PMID: 33000893 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions have steadily increased over recent centuries. However, we still lack a clear expectation about future trends in alien species numbers. In particular, we do not know whether alien species will continue to accumulate in regional floras and faunas, or whether the pace of accumulation will decrease due to the depletion of native source pools. Here, we apply a new model to simulate future numbers of alien species based on estimated sizes of source pools and dynamics of historical invasions, assuming a continuation of processes in the future as observed in the past (a business-as-usual scenario). We first validated performance of different model versions by conducting a back-casting approach, therefore fitting the model to alien species numbers until 1950 and validating predictions on trends from 1950 to 2005. In a second step, we selected the best performing model that provided the most robust predictions to project trajectories of alien species numbers until 2050. Altogether, this resulted in 3,790 stochastic simulation runs for 38 taxon-continent combinations. We provide the first quantitative projections of future trajectories of alien species numbers for seven major taxonomic groups in eight continents, accounting for variation in sampling intensity and uncertainty in projections. Overall, established alien species numbers per continent were predicted to increase from 2005 to 2050 by 36%. Particularly, strong increases were projected for Europe in absolute (+2,543 ± 237 alien species) and relative terms, followed by Temperate Asia (+1,597 ± 197), Northern America (1,484 ± 74) and Southern America (1,391 ± 258). Among individual taxonomic groups, especially strong increases were projected for invertebrates globally. Declining (but still positive) rates were projected only for Australasia. Our projections provide a first baseline for the assessment of future developments of biological invasions, which will help to inform policies to contain the spread of alien species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Seebens
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Bacher
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tim M Blackburn
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - César Capinha
- Centro de Estudos Geográficos, Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território - IGOT, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Wayne Dawson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Stefan Dullinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Piero Genovesi
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Rome, Italy
- Chair IUCN Species Survival Commission Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), Rome, Italy
| | - Philip E Hulme
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Ingolf Kühn
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Halle, Germany
- Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Jeschke
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Lenzner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Zarah Pattison
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jan Pergl
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marten Winter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franz Essl
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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32
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Liebhold AM, Björkman C, Roques A, Bjørnstad ON, Klapwijk MJ. Outbreaking forest insect drives phase synchrony among sympatric folivores: Exploring potential mechanisms. POPUL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station Morgantown West Virginia
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Suchdol Prague Czech Republic
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Alain Roques
- INRAE, UR 0633, Zoologie Forestière Orléans France
| | - Ottar N. Bjørnstad
- Departments of Entomology and Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania
| | - Maartje J. Klapwijk
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
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33
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Ward SF, Aukema BH, Fei S, Liebhold AM. Warm temperatures increase population growth of a nonnative defoliator and inhibit demographic responses by parasitoids. Ecology 2020; 101:e03156. [PMID: 32740922 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Changes in thermal regimes that disparately affect hosts and parasitoids could release hosts from biological control. When multiple natural enemy species share a host, shifts in host-parasitoid dynamics could depend on whether natural enemies interact antagonistically vs. synergistically. We investigated how biotic and abiotic factors influence the population ecology of larch casebearer (Coleophora laricella), a nonnative pest, and two imported parasitoids, Agathis pumila and Chrysocharis laricinellae, by analyzing (1) temporal dynamics in defoliation from 1962 to 2018, and (2) historical, branch-level data on densities of larch casebearer and parasitism rates by the two imported natural enemies from 1972 to 1995. Analyses of defoliation indicated that, prior to the widespread establishment of parasitoids (1962 to ~1980), larch casebearer outbreaks occurred in 2-6 yr cycles. This pattern was followed by a >15-yr period during which populations were at low, apparently stable densities undetectable via aerial surveys, presumably under control from parasitoids. However, since the late 1990s and despite the persistence of both parasitoids, outbreaks exhibiting unstable dynamics have occurred. Analyses of branch-level data indicated that growth of casebearer populations, A. pumila populations, and within-casebearer densities of C. laricinellae-a generalist whose population dynamics are likely also influenced by use of alternative hosts-were inhibited by density dependence, with high intraspecific densities in one year slowing growth into the next. Casebearer population growth was also inhibited by parasitism from A. pumila, but not C. laricinellae, and increased with warmer autumnal temperatures. Growth of A. pumila populations and within-casebearer densities of C. laricinellae increased with casebearer densities but decreased with warmer annual maximum temperatures. Moreover, parasitism by A. pumila was associated with increased growth of within-casebearer densities of C. laricinellae without adverse effects on its own demographics, indicating a synergistic interaction between these parasitoids. Our results indicate that warming can be associated with opposing effects between trophic levels, with deleterious effects of warming on one natural enemy species potentially being exacerbated by similar impacts on another. Coupling of such parasitoid responses with positive responses of hosts to warming might have contributed to the return of casebearer outbreaks to North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F Ward
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Brian H Aukema
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Songlin Fei
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, USA.,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, CZ 165 21, Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
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34
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Blackburn LM, Elkinton JS, Havill NP, Broadley HJ, Andersen JC, Liebhold AM. Predicting the invasion range for a highly polyphagous and widespread forest herbivore. NB 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.59.53550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Here we compare the environmental niche of a highly polyphagous forest Lepidoptera species, the winter moth (Operophtera brumata), in its native and invaded range. During the last 90 years, this European tree folivore has invaded North America in at least three regions and exhibited eruptive population behavior in both its native and invaded range. Despite its importance as both a forest and agricultural pest, neither the potential extent of this species’ invaded range nor the geographic source of invading populations from its native range are known. Here we fit a climatic niche model, based on the MaxEnt algorithm, to historical records of winter moth occurrence in its native range and compare predictions of suitable distributions to records from the invaded range. We modeled this distribution using three spatial bins to overcome sampling bias for data obtained from public databases and averaged the multi-continental suitable habitat prediction. Results indicate that this species is distributed across a wide range of climates in its native range but occupies a narrower range in its invaded habitat. Furthermore, the lack of a close fit between climatic conditions in parts of its invaded range and its known native range suggests the possibility that this species has adapted to new climatic conditions during the invasion process. These models can be used to predict suitable habitats for winter moth invasions worldwide and to gain insight into possible origins of North American populations.
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35
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Jactel H, Desprez-Loustau ML, Battisti A, Brockerhoff E, Santini A, Stenlid J, Björkman C, Branco M, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Douma JC, Drakulic J, Drizou F, Eschen R, Franco JC, Gossner MM, Green S, Kenis M, Klapwijk MJ, Liebhold AM, Orazio C, Prospero S, Robinet C, Schroeder M, Slippers B, Stoev P, Sun J, van den Dool R, Wingfield MJ, Zalucki MP. Pathologists and entomologists must join forces against forest pest and pathogen invasions. NB 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.58.54389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The world’s forests have never been more threatened by invasions of exotic pests and pathogens, whose causes and impacts are reinforced by global change. However, forest entomologists and pathologists have, for too long, worked independently, used different concepts and proposed specific management methods without recognising parallels and synergies between their respective fields. Instead, we advocate increased collaboration between these two scientific communities to improve the long-term health of forests.
Our arguments are that the pathways of entry of exotic pests and pathogens are often the same and that insects and fungi often coexist in the same affected trees. Innovative methods for preventing invasions, early detection and identification of non-native species, modelling of their impact and spread and prevention of damage by increasing the resistance of ecosystems can be shared for the management of both pests and diseases.
We, therefore, make recommendations to foster this convergence, proposing in particular the development of interdisciplinary research programmes, the development of generic tools or methods for pest and pathogen management and capacity building for the education and training of students, managers, decision-makers and citizens concerned with forest health.
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36
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Lantschner MV, Corley JC, Liebhold AM. Drivers of global Scolytinae invasion patterns. Ecol Appl 2020; 30:e02103. [PMID: 32086977 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions are affected by characteristics of invading species, strength of pathway connectivity among world regions and habitat characteristics of invaded regions. These factors may interact in complex ways to drive geographical variation in numbers of invasions among world regions. Understanding the role of these drivers provides information that is crucial to the development of effective biosecurity policies. Here we assemble for the first time a global database of historical invasions of Scolytinae species and explore factors explaining geographical variation in numbers of species invading different regions. This insect group includes several pest species with massive economic and ecological impacts and these beetles are known to be accidentally moved with wood packaging in global trade. Candidate explanatory characteristics included in this analysis are cumulative trade among world regions, size of source species pools, forest area, and climatic similarity of the invaded region with source regions. Species capable of sib-mating comprised the highest proportion on nonnative Scolytines, and these species colonized a higher number of regions than outbreeders. The size of source species pools offered little power in explaining variation in numbers of invasions among world regions nor did climate or forest area. In contrast, cumulative trade had a strong and consistent positive relationship with numbers of Scolytinae species moving from one region to another, and this effect was highest for bark beetles, followed by ambrosia beetles, and was low for seed and twig feeders. We conclude that global variation in Scolytine invasions is primarily driven by variation in trade levels among world regions. Results stress the importance of global trade as the primary driver of historical Scolytinae invasions and we anticipate other hitchhiking species would exhibit similar patterns. One implication of these results is that invasions between certain world regions may be historically low because of past low levels of trade but future economic shifts could result in large numbers of new invasions as a result of increased trade among previously isolated portions of the world. With changing global flow of goods among world regions, it is crucial that biosecurity efforts keep pace to minimize future invasions and their impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Lantschner
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB), INTA - CONICET, Modesta Victoria 4450, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Juan C Corley
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB), INTA - CONICET, Modesta Victoria 4450, Bariloche, Argentina
- Departamento de Ecología, CRUB Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 180 Canfield Street, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00, Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
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37
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Pyšek P, Hulme PE, Simberloff D, Bacher S, Blackburn TM, Carlton JT, Dawson W, Essl F, Foxcroft LC, Genovesi P, Jeschke JM, Kühn I, Liebhold AM, Mandrak NE, Meyerson LA, Pauchard A, Pergl J, Roy HE, Seebens H, van Kleunen M, Vilà M, Wingfield MJ, Richardson DM. Scientists' warning on invasive alien species. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1511-1534. [PMID: 32588508 PMCID: PMC7687187 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biological invasions are a global consequence of an increasingly connected world and the rise in human population size. The numbers of invasive alien species – the subset of alien species that spread widely in areas where they are not native, affecting the environment or human livelihoods – are increasing. Synergies with other global changes are exacerbating current invasions and facilitating new ones, thereby escalating the extent and impacts of invaders. Invasions have complex and often immense long‐term direct and indirect impacts. In many cases, such impacts become apparent or problematic only when invaders are well established and have large ranges. Invasive alien species break down biogeographic realms, affect native species richness and abundance, increase the risk of native species extinction, affect the genetic composition of native populations, change native animal behaviour, alter phylogenetic diversity across communities, and modify trophic networks. Many invasive alien species also change ecosystem functioning and the delivery of ecosystem services by altering nutrient and contaminant cycling, hydrology, habitat structure, and disturbance regimes. These biodiversity and ecosystem impacts are accelerating and will increase further in the future. Scientific evidence has identified policy strategies to reduce future invasions, but these strategies are often insufficiently implemented. For some nations, notably Australia and New Zealand, biosecurity has become a national priority. There have been long‐term successes, such as eradication of rats and cats on increasingly large islands and biological control of weeds across continental areas. However, in many countries, invasions receive little attention. Improved international cooperation is crucial to reduce the impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human livelihoods. Countries can strengthen their biosecurity regulations to implement and enforce more effective management strategies that should also address other global changes that interact with invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pyšek
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic.,Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, CZ-128 44, Czech Republic.,Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Philip E Hulme
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Dan Simberloff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, U.S.A
| | - Sven Bacher
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tim M Blackburn
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.,Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, U.K
| | - James T Carlton
- Maritime Studies Program, Williams College - Mystic Seaport, 75 Greenmanville, Mystic, CT, 06355, U.S.A
| | - Wayne Dawson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Franz Essl
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.,Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Llewellyn C Foxcroft
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.,Conservation Services, South African National Parks, Private Bag X402, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa
| | - Piero Genovesi
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.,ISPRA, Institute for Environmental Protection and Research and Chair IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group, Rome, Italy
| | - Jonathan M Jeschke
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin, 14195, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Ingolf Kühn
- Department Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle, 06120, Germany.,Geobotany & Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, Halle, 06108, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- US Forest Service Northern Research Station, 180 Canfield St., Morgantown, West Virginia, U.S.A.,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, CZ-165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas E Mandrak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Laura A Meyerson
- Department of Natural Resources Science, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, U.S.A
| | - Aníbal Pauchard
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jan Pergl
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Helen E Roy
- U.K. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, U.K
| | - Hanno Seebens
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Constance, 78457, Germany.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Montserrat Vilà
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avd. Américo Vespucio 26, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, 41092, Spain.,Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - David M Richardson
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F. Ward
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Songlin Fei
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Andrew M. Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station Morgantown WV USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha 6 – Suchdol Czech Republic
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39
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Schulz AN, Mech AM, Allen CR, Ayres MP, Gandhi KJK, Gurevitch J, Havill NP, Herms DA, Hufbauer RA, Liebhold AM, Raffa KF, Raupp MJ, Thomas KA, Tobin PC, Marsico TD. The impact is in the details: evaluating a standardized protocol and scale for determining non-native insect impact. NB 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.55.38981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the ecological and economic impacts of non-native species is crucial to providing managers and policymakers with the information necessary to respond effectively. Most non-native species have minimal impacts on the environment in which they are introduced, but a small fraction are highly deleterious. The definition of ‘damaging’ or ‘high-impact’ varies based on the factors determined to be valuable by an individual or group, but interpretations of whether non-native species meet particular definitions can be influenced by the interpreter’s bias or level of expertise, or lack of group consensus. Uncertainty or disagreement about an impact classification may delay or otherwise adversely affect policymaking on management strategies. One way to prevent these issues would be to have a detailed, nine-point impact scale that would leave little room for interpretation and then divide the scale into agreed upon categories, such as low, medium, and high impact. Following a previously conducted, exhaustive search regarding non-native, conifer-specialist insects, the authors independently read the same sources and scored the impact of 41 conifer-specialist insects to determine if any variation among assessors existed when using a detailed impact scale. Each of the authors, who were selected to participate in the working group associated with this study because of their diverse backgrounds, also provided their level of expertise and uncertainty for each insect evaluated. We observed 85% congruence in impact rating among assessors, with 27% of the insects having perfect inter-rater agreement. Variance in assessment peaked in insects with a moderate impact level, perhaps due to ambiguous information or prior assessor perceptions of these specific insect species. The authors also participated in a joint fact-finding discussion of two insects with the most divergent impact scores to isolate potential sources of variation in assessor impact scores. We identified four themes that could be experienced by impact assessors: ambiguous information, discounted details, observed versus potential impact, and prior knowledge. To improve consistency in impact decision-making, we encourage groups to establish a detailed scale that would allow all observed and published impacts to fall under a particular score, provide clear, reproducible guidelines and training, and use consensus-building techniques when necessary.
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40
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew M. Liebhold
- US Forest Service Northern Research Station Morgantown WV USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha 6 – Suchdol Czech Republic
| | - John M. Kean
- AgResearch LimitedWaikato Mail Centre Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Brian Richardson
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute) Rotorua New Zealand
| | - Eckehard G. Brockerhoff
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute) Christchurch New Zealand
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
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41
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Hudgins EJ, Liebhold AM, Leung B. Comparing generalized and customized spread models for nonnative forest pests. Ecol Appl 2020; 30:e01988. [PMID: 31361929 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While generality is often desirable in ecology, customized models for individual species are thought to be more predictive by accounting for context specificity. However, fully customized models require more information for focal species. We focus on pest spread and ask: How much does predictive power differ between generalized and customized models? Further, we examine whether an intermediate "semi-generalized" model, combining elements of a general model with species-specific modifications, could yield predictive advantages. We compared predictive power of a generalized model applied to all forest pest species (the generalized dispersal kernel or GDK) to customized spread models for three invasive forest pests (beech bark disease [Cryptococcus fagisuga], gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar], and hemlock woolly adelgid [Adelges tsugae]), for which time-series data exist. We generated semi-generalized dispersal kernel models (SDK) through GDK correction factors based on additional species-specific information. We found that customized models were more predictive than the GDK by an average of 17% for the three species examined, although the GDK still had strong predictive ability (57% spatial variation explained). However, by combining the GDK with simple corrections into the SDK model, we attained a mean of 91% of the spatial variation explained, compared to 74% for the customized models. This is, to our knowledge, the first comparison of general and species-specific ecological spread models' predictive abilities. Our strong predictive results suggest that general models can be effectively synthesized with context-specific information for single species to respond quickly to invasions. We provided SDK forecasts to 2030 for all 63 United States pests in our data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Hudgins
- Biology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Brian Leung
- Biology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
- School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2A7, Canada
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Kawatsu K, Yamanaka T, Patoèka J, Liebhold AM. Nonlinear time series analysis unravels underlying mechanisms of interspecific synchrony among foliage‐feeding forest Lepidoptera species. POPUL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takehiko Yamanaka
- Institute for Agro‐Environmental Sciences, NARO (NIAES) Tsukuba Japan
| | - Jan Patoèka
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha Czech Republic
| | - Andrew M. Liebhold
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha Czech Republic
- USDA Forest Service Northeastern Research Station Morgantown West Virginia
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Mech AM, Thomas KA, Marsico TD, Herms DA, Allen CR, Ayres MP, Gandhi KJK, Gurevitch J, Havill NP, Hufbauer RA, Liebhold AM, Raffa KF, Schulz AN, Uden DR, Tobin PC. Evolutionary history predicts high-impact invasions by herbivorous insects. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12216-12230. [PMID: 31832155 PMCID: PMC6854116 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-standing goal of invasion biology is to identify factors driving highly variable impacts of non-native species. Although hypotheses exist that emphasize the role of evolutionary history (e.g., enemy release hypothesis & defense-free space hypothesis), predicting the impact of non-native herbivorous insects has eluded scientists for over a century.Using a census of all 58 non-native conifer-specialist insects in North America, we quantified the contribution of over 25 factors that could affect the impact they have on their novel hosts, including insect traits (fecundity, voltinism, native range, etc.), host traits (shade tolerance, growth rate, wood density, etc.), and evolutionary relationships (between native and novel hosts and insects).We discovered that divergence times between native and novel hosts, the shade and drought tolerance of the novel host, and the presence of a coevolved congener on a shared host, were more predictive of impact than the traits of the invading insect. These factors built upon each other to strengthen our ability to predict the risk of a non-native insect becoming invasive. This research is the first to empirically support historically assumed hypotheses about the importance of evolutionary history as a major driver of impact of non-native herbivorous insects.Our novel, integrated model predicts whether a non-native insect not yet present in North America will have a one in 6.5 to a one in 2,858 chance of causing widespread mortality of a conifer species if established (R 2 = 0.91) Synthesis and applications. With this advancement, the risk to other conifer host species and regions can be assessed, and regulatory and pest management efforts can be more efficiently prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Mech
- School of Environmental and Forest SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Kathryn A. Thomas
- Southwest Biological Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyTucsonArizona
| | - Travis D. Marsico
- Department of Biological SciencesArkansas State UniversityJonesboroArkansas
| | | | - Craig R. Allen
- Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife UnitSchool of Natural ResourcesU.S. Geological SurveyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraska
| | - Matthew P. Ayres
- Department of Biological SciencesDartmouth CollegeHanoverNew Hampshire
| | - Kamal J. K. Gandhi
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia
| | - Jessica Gurevitch
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew York
| | | | - Ruth A. Hufbauer
- Department of Bioagricultural Science and Pest ManagementColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | | | | | - Ashley N. Schulz
- Department of Biological SciencesArkansas State UniversityJonesboroArkansas
| | - Daniel R. Uden
- Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife UnitDepartment of Agronomy and HorticultureSchool of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraska
| | - Patrick C. Tobin
- School of Environmental and Forest SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
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Gippet JM, Liebhold AM, Fenn-Moltu G, Bertelsmeier C. Human-mediated dispersal in insects. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2019; 35:96-102. [PMID: 31479895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Central to the problem of biological invasions, human activities introduce species beyond their native ranges and participate in their subsequent spread. Understanding human-mediated dispersal is therefore crucial for both predicting and preventing invasions. Here, we show that decomposing human-mediated dispersal into three temporal phases: departure, transport and arrival, allows to understand how the characteristics of human activities and the biological traits of species influence each phase of the dispersal process, and ultimately govern invasion pathways in insects. Integrating these precise mechanisms into future invasion models should increase their realism and generalization for any potential insect invader. Moreover, understanding these mechanisms can provide insight into why some invasive insects are more widely distributed than others, and to estimate risks posed by species that have not yet been introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Mw Gippet
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- US Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Praha 6 - Suchdol, CZ 165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Gyda Fenn-Moltu
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cleo Bertelsmeier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Elkinton JS, Bittner TD, Pasquarella VJ, Boettner GH, Liebhold AM, Gould JR, Faubert H, Tewksbury L, Broadley HJ, Havill NP, Hajek AE. Relating Aerial Deposition of Entomophaga maimaiga Conidia (Zoopagomycota: Entomophthorales) to Mortality of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Larvae and Nearby Defoliation. Environ Entomol 2019; 48:1214-1222. [PMID: 31501859 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We collected data on mortality of late-instar gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), from outbreak populations over 4 wk in June 2017 at 10 sites in the New England region of the United States, along with estimated rainfall at these sites. Deposition of airborne conidia of the fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu & R.S. Soper, was measured at these same sites as well as at seven other locations in New England. We also quantified the geographical distribution of gypsy moth-caused defoliation in New England in 2017 and 2018 from Landsat imagery. Weekly mortality of gypsy moth larvae caused by E. maimaiga correlated with local deposition of conidia from the previous week, but not with rainfall. Mortality from this pathogen reached a peak during the last 2 wk of gypsy moth larval development and always exceeded that caused by LdNPV, the viral pathogen of gypsy moth that has long been associated with gypsy moth outbreaks, especially prior to 1989. Cotesia melanoscela (Ratzeburg) was by far the most abundant parasitoid recovered and caused an average of 12.6% cumulative parasitism, but varied widely among sites. Deposition of E. maimaiga conidia was highly correlated with percent land area defoliated by gypsy moths within distances of 1 and 2 km but was not significantly correlated with defoliation at distances greater than 2 km. This is the first study to relate deposition of airborne conidia of E. maimaiga to mortality of gypsy moths from that agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Elkinton
- Department of Environmental Conservation and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | | | | | - George H Boettner
- Department of Environmental Conservation and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, WV
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Juli R Gould
- USDA APHIS PPQ Science and Technology, Buzzards Bay, MA
| | - Heather Faubert
- Department of Plant Science and Entomology and URI Cooperative Extension, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Lisa Tewksbury
- Department of Plant Science and Entomology and URI Cooperative Extension, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Hannah J Broadley
- Department of Environmental Conservation and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | | | - Ann E Hajek
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Abstract
Explaining why fluctuations in abundances of spatially disjunct populations often are correlated through time is a major goal of population ecologists. We address two hypotheses receiving little to no testing in wild populations: (i) that population cycling facilitates synchronization given weak coupling among populations, and (ii) that the ability of periodic external forces to synchronize oscillating populations is a function of the mismatch in timescales (detuning) between the force and the population. Here, we apply new analytical methods to field survey data on gypsy moth outbreaks. We report that at timescales associated with gypsy moth outbreaks, spatial synchrony increased with population periodicity via phase locking. The extent to which synchrony in temperature and precipitation influenced population synchrony was associated with the degree of mismatch in dominant timescales of oscillation. Our study provides new empirical methods and rare empirical evidence that population cycling and low detuning can promote population spatial synchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Haynes
- 1 The Blandy Experimental Farm, University of Virginia , Boyce, VA , USA.,2 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Jonathan A Walter
- 2 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- 3 US Forest Service Northern Research Station , Morgantown, WV 26505 , USA.,4 Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences , Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czechia 16521 , Czech Republic
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Abstract
In Focus: Hunter, M. D., & Kozlov, M. V. (2019) The relative strengths of rapid and delayed density-dependence acting on a terrestrial herbivore change along a pollution gradient. Journal of Animal Ecology, 88, 665-676. Teasing apart the interactions between biotic and abiotic factors affecting animal population dynamics is a difficult task when based solely on the analysis of natural populations. Experimental manipulations of systems using microcosm studies can be powerful tools for probing such interactions, but microcosms are ultimately limited by their lack of complexity compared with nature. Hunter and Kozlov (2019) take a novel field-based experimental approach to studying abiotic influences on biotic interactions by quantifying how the presence of a pollutant source alters biotic processes driving populations of a forest leaf miner. They find that populations in proximity to a pollutant source show weaker direct density dependence and stronger delayed density dependence than more distant populations unaffected by pollution. These differences in density dependence cause higher equilibrium densities near the pollution source but surprisingly they do not alter leaf miner oscillatory dynamics. This creative study provides useful insight into how abiotic forces alter biotic population processes and how density dependence shapes the spatial dynamics of animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, West Virginia.,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Machta J, Blackwood JC, Noble A, Liebhold AM, Hastings A. A Hybrid Model for the Population Dynamics of Periodical Cicadas. Bull Math Biol 2018; 81:1122-1142. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-018-00554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Blackwood JC, Machta J, Meyer AD, Noble AE, Hastings A, Liebhold AM. Competition and Stragglers as Mediators of Developmental Synchrony in Periodical Cicadas. Am Nat 2018; 192:479-489. [DOI: 10.1086/699255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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