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Palmer DJ, Robin AL, McCabe CM, Chang DF. Reducing topical drug waste in ophthalmic surgery: multisociety position paper. J Cataract Refract Surg 2022; 48:1073-1077. [PMID: 35608314 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This position article on reducing topical drug waste with ophthalmic surgery was written by the Ophthalmic Instrument Cleaning and Sterilization Task Force, comprising representatives of the ASCRS, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, and Outpatient Ophthalmic Surgery Society. Drug waste significantly increases the costs and carbon footprint of ophthalmic surgery. Surgical facilities should be permitted to use topical drugs in multidose containers on multiple patients until the manufacturer's labeled date of expiration, if proper guidelines are followed. Surgical patients requiring a topical medication not used for other patients should be allowed to bring that partially used medication home for postoperative use. These recommendations are based on published evidence and clarification of policies from multiple regulatory and accrediting agencies with jurisdiction over surgical facilities. Surveys suggest that most ambulatory surgery centers and hospitals performing cataract surgery are wasting topical drugs unnecessarily.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Palmer
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (Palmer); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Robin); The Eye Associates, Bradenton, Florida (McCabe); Altos Eye Physicians, Los Altos, California (Chang)
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2
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Jones AG, Clymans W, Palmer DJ, Crockatt ME. Revaluating forest drought experiments according to future precipitation patterns, ecosystem carbon and decomposition rate responses: A meta-analysis. Ambio 2022; 51:1227-1238. [PMID: 34697767 PMCID: PMC8931167 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Moisture availability is a strong determinant of decomposition rates in forests worldwide. Climate models suggest that many terrestrial ecosystems are at risk from future droughts, suggesting moisture limiting conditions will develop across a range of forests worldwide. The impacts of increasing drought conditions on forest carbon (C) fluxes due to shifts in organic matter decay rates may be poorly characterised due to limited experimental research. To appraise this question, we conducted a meta-analysis of forest drought experiment studies worldwide, examining spatial limits, knowledge gaps and potential biases. To identify limits to experimental knowledge, we projected the global distribution of forest drought experiments against spatially modelled estimates of (i) future precipitation change, (ii) ecosystem total above-ground C and (iii) soil C storage. Our assessment, involving 115 individual experimental study locations, found a mismatch between the distribution of forest drought experiments and regions with higher levels of future drought risk and C storage, such as Central America, Amazonia, the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, equatorial Africa and Indonesia. Decomposition rate responses in litter and soil were also relatively under-studied, with only 30 experiments specifically examining the potential experimental impacts of drought on C fluxes from soil or litter. We propose new approaches for engaging experimentally with forest drought research, utilising standardised protocols to appraise the impacts of drought on the C cycle, while targeting the most vulnerable and relevant forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G. Jones
- Earthwatch Institute, Mayfield House, 256 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 7DE UK
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, 3046 New Zealand
| | - Wim Clymans
- Earthwatch Institute, Mayfield House, 256 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 7DE UK
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - David J. Palmer
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, 3046 New Zealand
| | - Martha E. Crockatt
- Earthwatch Institute, Mayfield House, 256 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 7DE UK
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3
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Gamez C, Metcalfe J, Prescott SL, Palmer DJ. Circulating Epithelial Cell Cytokines Are Associated With Early Onset Atopic Dermatitis. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2021; 32:48-50. [PMID: 33944784 DOI: 10.18176/jiaci.0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Gamez
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - J Metcalfe
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA Australia.,Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - S L Prescott
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York NJ, USA
| | - D J Palmer
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Clarke DA, Palmer DJ, McGrannachan C, Burgess TI, Chown SL, Clarke RH, Kumschick S, Lach L, Liebhold AM, Roy HE, Saunders ME, Yeates DK, Zalucki MP, McGeoch MA. Options for reducing uncertainty in impact classification for alien species. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Clarke
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria3800Australia
| | - David J. Palmer
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria3800Australia
| | - Chris McGrannachan
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria3800Australia
| | - Treena I. Burgess
- Centre for Climate Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems Harry Butler Institute Murdoch University 90 South Street Murdoch6150Australia
| | - Steven L. Chown
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria3800Australia
| | - Rohan H. Clarke
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria3800Australia
| | - Sabrina Kumschick
- Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany & Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
- Cape Town Office South African National Biodiversity Institute Claremont South Africa
| | - Lori Lach
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University PO Box 6811 Cairns Queensland4870Australia
| | - Andrew M. Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station Morgantown West Virginia26505USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Praha 6 ‐ Suchdol CZ165 21Czech Republic
| | - Helen E. Roy
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology WallingfordOX10 8BBUK
| | - Manu E. Saunders
- School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Armidale New South Wales2351Australia
- UNE Business School University of New England Armidale New South Wales2351Australia
| | - David K. Yeates
- CSIRO Australian National Insect Collection PO Box 1700 Canberra Australian Capital Territory2601Australia
| | - Myron P. Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland4072Australia
| | - Melodie A. McGeoch
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria3800Australia
- Department of Ecology Environment and Evolution La Trobe University Bundoora, Melbourne Victoria30186Australia
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Bay SK, McGeoch MA, Gillor O, Wieler N, Palmer DJ, Baker DJ, Chown SL, Greening C. Soil Bacterial Communities Exhibit Strong Biogeographic Patterns at Fine Taxonomic Resolution. mSystems 2020; 5:e00540-20. [PMID: 32694128 PMCID: PMC7566276 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00540-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have been inferred to exhibit relatively weak biogeographic patterns. To what extent such findings reflect true biological phenomena or methodological artifacts remains unclear. Here, we addressed this question by analyzing the turnover of soil bacterial communities from three data sets. We applied three methodological innovations: (i) design of a hierarchical sampling scheme to disentangle environmental from spatial factors driving turnover; (ii) resolution of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants to enable higher-resolution community profiling; and (iii) application of the new metric zeta diversity to analyze multisite turnover and drivers. At fine taxonomic resolution, rapid compositional turnover was observed across multiple spatial scales. Turnover was overwhelmingly driven by deterministic processes and influenced by the rare biosphere. The communities also exhibited strong distance decay patterns and taxon-area relationships, with z values within the interquartile range reported for macroorganisms. These biogeographical patterns were weakened upon applying two standard approaches to process community sequencing data: clustering sequences at 97% identity threshold and/or filtering the rare biosphere (sequences lower than 0.05% relative abundance). Comparable findings were made across local, regional, and global data sets and when using shotgun metagenomic markers. Altogether, these findings suggest that bacteria exhibit strong biogeographic patterns, but these signals can be obscured by methodological limitations. We advocate various innovations, including using zeta diversity, to advance the study of microbial biogeography.IMPORTANCE It is commonly thought that bacterial distributions show lower spatial variation than for multicellular organisms. In this article, we present evidence that these inferences are artifacts caused by methodological limitations. Through leveraging innovations in sampling design, sequence processing, and diversity analysis, we provide multifaceted evidence that bacterial communities in fact exhibit strong distribution patterns. This is driven by selection due to factors such as local soil characteristics. Altogether, these findings suggest that the processes underpinning diversity patterns are more unified across all domains of life than previously thought, which has broad implications for the understanding and management of soil biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean K Bay
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Melodie A McGeoch
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Osnat Gillor
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker, Israel
| | - Nimrod Wieler
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker, Israel
| | - David J Palmer
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Baker
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris Greening
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Videira MAM, Lobo SAL, Silva LSO, Palmer DJ, Warren MJ, Prieto M, Coutinho A, Sousa FL, Fernandes F, Saraiva LM. Staphylococcus aureushaem biosynthesis and acquisition pathways are linked through haem monooxygenase IsdG. Mol Microbiol 2018; 109:385-400. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. M. Videira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Susana A. L. Lobo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Liliana S. O. Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - David J. Palmer
- School of Biosciences; University of Kent, Giles Lane; Canterbury UK
| | - Martin J. Warren
- School of Biosciences; University of Kent, Giles Lane; Canterbury UK
| | - Manuel Prieto
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Ana Coutinho
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Filipa L. Sousa
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Fábio Fernandes
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences−Rede de Química e Tecnologia (UCIBIO-REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Caparica Portugal
| | - Lígia M. Saraiva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
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7
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Best KP, Sullivan TR, Palmer DJ, Gold M, Martin J, Kennedy D, Makrides M. Prenatal omega-3 LCPUFA and symptoms of allergic disease and sensitization throughout early childhood - a longitudinal analysis of long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. World Allergy Organ J 2018; 11:10. [PMID: 29977437 PMCID: PMC6003086 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-018-0190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Randomized controlled trials of prenatal omega (ω-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplementation are suggestive of some protective effects on allergic sensitization and symptoms of allergic disease in childhood. Due to the nature of the atopic march, investigation of any effects of this prenatal intervention may be most informative when consistently assessed longitudinally during childhood. Methods Follow-up of children (n = 706) with familial risk of allergy from the Docosahexaenoic Acid to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome (DOMInO) trial. The intervention group received fish oil capsules (900 mg of ω-3 LCPUFA) daily from <21 weeks' gestation until birth; the control group received vegetable oil capsules without ω-3 LCPUFA. This new longitudinal analysis reports previously unpublished data collected at 1 and 3 years of age. The allergic disease symptom data at 1, 3 and 6 years of age were consistently reported by parents using the "International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood" (ISAAC) questionnaire. Sensitization was determined by skin prick test to age specific, common allergen extracts. Results Changes over time in symptoms of allergic disease with sensitization (IgE-mediated) and sensitization did not differ between the groups; interaction p = 0.49, p = 0.10, respectively. Averaged across the 1, 3 and 6-year assessments, there were no significant effects of prenatal ω-3 LCPUFA supplementation on IgE-mediated allergic disease symptoms (adjusted relative risk 0.88 (95% CI 0.69, 1.12), p = 0.29) or sensitization (adjusted relative risk 0.97 (95% CI 0.82, 1.15), p = 0.76). Sensitization patterns to common allergens were consistent with the atopic march, with egg sensitization at 1 year strongly associated with house dust mite sensitization at 6 years, (p < 0.0001). Discussion Although there is some evidence to suggest that maternal supplementation with 900mg ω-3 LCPUFA has a protective effect on early symptoms of allergic disease and sensitization in the offspring, we did not observe any differences in the progression of disease over time in this longitudinal analysis. Further investigation into the dose and timing of ω-3 LCPUFA supplementation, including long-term follow up of children using consistent outcome reporting, is essential to determine whether this intervention may be of benefit as a primary prevention strategy for allergic disease. Conclusion Maternal supplementation with 900 mg of ω-3 LCPUFA did not change the progression of IgE-mediated allergic disease symptoms or sensitization throughout childhood from 1 to 6 years. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN); DOMInO trial ACTRN12605000569606, early childhood allergy follow up ACTRN12610000735055 and 6-year allergy follow up ACTRN12615000498594.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Best
- 1Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia.,2School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia.,7South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006 Australia
| | - T R Sullivan
- 3School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - D J Palmer
- 4School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009 Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008 Australia
| | - M Gold
- 2School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - J Martin
- 6Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's & Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - D Kennedy
- 2School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia.,6Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's & Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - M Makrides
- 1Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia.,2School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
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8
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Huber I, Palmer DJ, Ludwig KN, Brown IR, Warren MJ, Frunzke J. Construction of Recombinant Pdu Metabolosome Shells for Small Molecule Production in Corynebacterium glutamicum. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:2145-2156. [PMID: 28826205 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial microcompartments have significant potential in the area of industrial biotechnology for the production of small molecules, especially involving metabolic pathways with toxic or volatile intermediates. Corynebacterium glutamicum is an established industrial workhorse for the production of amino acids and has been investigated for the production of diamines, dicarboxylic acids, polymers and biobased fuels. Herein, we describe components for the establishment of bacterial microcompartments as production chambers in C. glutamicum. Within this study, we optimized genetic clusters for the expression of the shell components of the Citrobacter freundii propanediol utilization (Pdu) bacterial compartment, thereby facilitating heterologous compartment production in C. glutamicum. Upon induction, transmission electron microscopy images of thin sections from these strains revealed microcompartment-like structures within the cytosol. Furthermore, we demonstrate that it is possible to target eYFP to the empty microcompartments through C-terminal fusions with synthetic scaffold interaction partners (PDZ, SH3 and GBD) as well as with a non-native C-terminal targeting peptide from AdhDH (Klebsiella pneumonia). Thus, we show that it is possible to target proteins to compartments where N-terminal targeting is not possible. The overproduction of PduA alone leads to the construction of filamentous structures within the cytosol and eYFP molecules are localized to these structures when they are N-terminally fused to the P18 and D18 encapsulation peptides from PduP and PduD, respectively. In the future, these nanotube-like structures might be used as scaffolds for directed cellular organization and pathway enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Huber
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - David J. Palmer
- School
of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Kira N. Ludwig
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ian R. Brown
- School
of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Martin J. Warren
- School
of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Julia Frunzke
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Rueter K, Black L, Bulsara M, Clark M, Gamez C, Lim EM, Jones A, Palmer DJ, Prescott SL, Siafarikas A. P74: CHEMILUMINESCENT IMMUNOASSAY (CIA) AND LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTOMETRY ASSAY (LC/MS-MS) METHODOLOGY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN D STATUS IN INFANTS AT HIGH RISK FOR DEVELOPING ALLERGIC DISEASES: IS THERE ANY ANALYTICAL BIAS? Intern Med J 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.74_13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Rueter
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Australia
- Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; Perth Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia; Australia
| | - L Black
- Curtin University; Perth Australia
| | - M Bulsara
- Institute of Health Research; University of Notre Dame; Fremantle Australia
| | - M Clark
- Centre for Metabolomics; University of Western Australia; Australia
| | - C Gamez
- Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia; Australia
| | - EM Lim
- Endocrinology Department, Sir Charles Gardiner Hospital; Perth Australia
| | - A Jones
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia; Australia
| | - DJ Palmer
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia; Australia
| | - SL Prescott
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Australia
- Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; Perth Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia; Australia
| | - A Siafarikas
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Australia
- Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; Perth Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia; Australia
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Palmer DJ, Scheman A, Tanna AP, Bueno A. The effect of cutaneous prostaglandin application on nail growth, nail brittleness, and intraocular pressure. J Cosmet Dermatol 2017; 17:263-267. [PMID: 28681570 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bimatoprost has known adnexal activity and was observed to increase nail growth at two clinical centers. OBJECTIVES In this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study, we examine the effect of bimatoprost (Lumigan 0.01%), applied bid to the proximal nail fold on nail growth, nail brittleness, and intraocular pressure. METHODS Bimatoprost drops were placed on the proximal nail folds of 45 subjects on one hand (medication group) and vehicle drops to the other hand (control group). Baseline and final nail growth measurements, Goldmann applanation tensions of both eyes, and photos at 30 days were performed. Nail brittleness was subjectively graded. RESULTS For the 38 subjects completing the study, the final mean nail growth of the hands, the net individual nail growth of the digits (excluding chipped nails), nail brittleness, and eye pressure readings were NS at P<.05. Photos revealed no increased hirsutism, but one subject with increased skin pigmentation. The drops were well tolerated without adverse effects. Nail chipping was a limitation of the study. CONCLUSIONS Despite the negative results in this pilot study on nail growth and brittleness, further studies with higher bimatoprost concentration (0.03%) are warranted. We recommend monitoring nail growth by etching or marking the nail rather than measuring the full nail length due to our chipped nail findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Palmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Scheman
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angelo P Tanna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alex Bueno
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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11
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Mason NWH, Palmer DJ, Romera A, Waugh D, Mudge PL. Combining field experiments and predictive models to assess potential for increased plant diversity to climate-proof intensive agriculture. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4907-4918. [PMID: 28690818 PMCID: PMC5496536 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural production systems face increasing threats from more frequent and extreme weather fluctuations associated with global climate change. While there is mounting evidence that increased plant community diversity can reduce the variability of ecosystem functions (such as primary productivity) in the face of environmental fluctuation, there has been little work testing whether this is true for intensively managed agricultural systems. Using statistical modeling techniques to fit environment–productivity relationships offers an efficient means of leveraging hard‐won experimental data to compare the potential variability of different mixtures across a wide range of environmental contexts. We used data from two multiyear field experiments to fit climate–soil–productivity models for two pasture mixtures under intensive grazing—one composed of two drought‐sensitive species (standard), and an eight‐species mixture including several drought‐resistant species (complex). We then used these models to undertake a scoping study estimating the mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of annual productivity for long‐term climate data covering all New Zealand on soils with low, medium, or high water‐holding capacity. Our results suggest that the complex mixture is likely to have consistently lower CV in productivity, irrespective of soil type or climate regime. Predicted differences in mean annual productivity between mixtures were strongly influenced by soil type and were closely linked to mean annual soil water availability across all soil types. Differences in the CV of productivity were only strongly related to interannual variance in water availability for the lowest water‐holding capacity soil. Our results show that there is considerable scope for mixtures including drought‐tolerant species to enhance certainty in intensive pastoral systems. This provides justification for investing resources in a large‐scale distributed experiment involving many sites under different environmental contexts to confirm these findings.
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Metcalfe JR, Marsh JA, D'Vaz N, Geddes DT, Lai CT, Prescott SL, Palmer DJ. Effects of maternal dietary egg intake during early lactation on human milk ovalbumin concentration: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:1605-1613. [PMID: 27562481 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited understanding of how maternal diet affects breastmilk food allergen concentrations, and whether exposure to allergens through this route influences the development of infant oral tolerance or sensitization. OBJECTIVE To investigate how maternal dietary egg ingestion during early lactation influences egg protein (ovalbumin) levels detected in human breastmilk. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial, women were allocated to a dietary group for the first six weeks of lactation: high-egg diet (> 4 eggs per week), low-egg diet (one-three eggs per week) or an egg-free diet. Breastmilk samples were collected at 2, 4 and 6 weeks of lactation for the measurement of ovalbumin. The permeability of the mammary epithelium was assessed by measuring the breastmilk sodium : potassium ratio. Egg-specific IgE and IgG4 were measured in infant plasma at 6 weeks, and prior to the introduction of egg in solids at 16 weeks. RESULTS Average maternal egg ingestion was associated with breastmilk ovalbumin concentration. Specifically, for each additional egg ingested per week, there was an average 25% increase in ovalbumin concentration (95% CI: 5-48%, P = 0.01). Breastmilk ovalbumin concentrations were significantly higher in the 'high-egg' group (> 4 eggs per week) compared with the 'egg-free' group (P = 0.04). However, one-third of women had no breastmilk ovalbumin detected. No detectable associations were found between mammary epithelium permeability and breastmilk ovalbumin concentrations. Infant plasma egg-specific IgG4 levels were also positively associated with maternal egg ingestion, with an average 22% (95% CI: 3-45%) increase in infant egg-specific IgG4 levels per additional egg consumed per week (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Increased maternal egg ingestion is associated with increased breastmilk ovalbumin, and markers of immune tolerance in infants. These results highlight the potential for maternal diet to benefit infant oral tolerance development during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Metcalfe
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - J A Marsh
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Mathematics & Statistics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - N D'Vaz
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - D T Geddes
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - C T Lai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - S L Prescott
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - D J Palmer
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Bali S, Palmer DJ, Schroeder S, Ferguson SJ, Warren MJ. Recent advances in the biosynthesis of modified tetrapyrroles: the discovery of an alternative pathway for the formation of heme and heme d 1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2837-63. [PMID: 24515122 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemes (a, b, c, and o) and heme d 1 belong to the group of modified tetrapyrroles, which also includes chlorophylls, cobalamins, coenzyme F430, and siroheme. These compounds are found throughout all domains of life and are involved in a variety of essential biological processes ranging from photosynthesis to methanogenesis. The biosynthesis of heme b has been well studied in many organisms, but in sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea, the pathway has remained a mystery, as many of the enzymes involved in these characterized steps are absent. The heme pathway in most organisms proceeds from the cyclic precursor of all modified tetrapyrroles uroporphyrinogen III, to coproporphyrinogen III, which is followed by oxidation of the ring and finally iron insertion. Sulfate-reducing bacteria and some archaea lack the genetic information necessary to convert uroporphyrinogen III to heme along the "classical" route and instead use an "alternative" pathway. Biosynthesis of the isobacteriochlorin heme d 1, a cofactor of the dissimilatory nitrite reductase cytochrome cd 1, has also been a subject of much research, although the biosynthetic pathway and its intermediates have evaded discovery for quite some time. This review focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of these two pathways and their surprisingly close relationship via the unlikely intermediate siroheme, which is also a cofactor of sulfite and nitrite reductases in many organisms. The evolutionary questions raised by this discovery will also be discussed along with the potential regulation required by organisms with overlapping tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Bali
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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14
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Palmer DJ, Schroeder S, Lawrence AD, Deery E, Lobo SA, Saraiva LM, McLean KJ, Munro AW, Ferguson SJ, Pickersgill RW, Brown DG, Warren MJ. The structure, function and properties of sirohaem decarboxylase--an enzyme with structural homology to a transcription factor family that is part of the alternative haem biosynthesis pathway. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:247-61. [PMID: 24865947 PMCID: PMC4145669 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Some bacteria and archaea synthesize haem by an alternative pathway, which involves the sequestration of sirohaem as a metabolic intermediate rather than as a prosthetic group. Along this pathway the two acetic acid side-chains attached to C12 and C18 are decarboxylated by sirohaem decarboxylase, a heterodimeric enzyme composed of AhbA and AhbB, to give didecarboxysirohaem. Further modifications catalysed by two related radical SAM enzymes, AhbC and AhbD, transform didecarboxysirohaem into Fe-coproporphyrin III and haem respectively. The characterization of sirohaem decarboxylase is reported in molecular detail. Recombinant versions of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Methanosarcina barkeri AhbA/B have been produced and their physical properties compared. The D. vulgaris and M. barkeri enzyme complexes both copurify with haem, whose redox state influences the activity of the latter. The kinetic parameters of the D. desulfuricans enzyme have been determined, the enzyme crystallized and its structure has been elucidated. The topology of the enzyme reveals that it shares a structural similarity to the AsnC/Lrp family of transcription factors. The active site is formed in the cavity between the two subunits and a AhbA/B-product complex with didecarboxysirohaem has been obtained. A mechanism for the decarboxylation of the kinetically stable carboxyl groups is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Palmer
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
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15
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Palmer DJ, Sullivan T, Makrides M. Reply: To PMID 24111502. Allergy 2014; 69:411-412. [PMID: 24734274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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16
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Palmer DJ, Sullivan T, Gold MS, Prescott SL, Heddle R, Gibson RA, Makrides M. Effect of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on infants' allergies in first year of life: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2012; 344:e184. [PMID: 22294737 PMCID: PMC3269207 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether dietary n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplementation of pregnant women with a fetus at high risk of allergic disease reduces immunoglobulin E associated eczema or food allergy at 1 year of age. DESIGN Follow-up of infants at high hereditary risk of allergic disease in the Docosahexaenoic Acid to Optimise Mother Infant Outcome (DOMInO) randomised controlled trial. SETTING Adelaide, South Australia. PARTICIPANTS 706 infants at high hereditary risk of developing allergic disease whose mothers were participating in the DOMInO trial. INTERVENTIONS The intervention group (n=368) was randomly allocated to receive fish oil capsules (providing 900 mg of n-3 LCPUFA daily) from 21 weeks' gestation until birth; the control group (n=338) received matched vegetable oil capsules without n-3 LCPUFA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Immunoglobulin E associated allergic disease (eczema or food allergy with sensitisation) at 1 year of age. RESULTS No differences were seen in the overall percentage of infants with immunoglobulin E associated allergic disease between the n-3 LCPUFA and control groups (32/368 (9%) v 43/338 (13%); unadjusted relative risk 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.43 to 1.05, P=0.08; adjusted relative risk 0.70, 0.45 to 1.09, P=0.12), although the percentage of infants diagnosed as having atopic eczema (that is, eczema with associated sensitisation) was lower in the n-3 LCPUFA group (26/368 (7%) v 39/338 (12%); unadjusted relative risk 0.61, 0.38 to 0.98, P=0.04; adjusted relative risk 0.64, 0.40 to 1.02, P=0.06). Fewer infants were sensitised to egg in the n-3 LCPUFA group (34/368 (9%) v 52/338 (15%); unadjusted relative risk 0.61, 0.40 to 0.91, P=0.02; adjusted relative risk 0.62, 0.41 to 0.93, P=0.02), but no difference between groups in immunoglobulin E associated food allergy was seen. CONCLUSION n-3 LCPUFA supplementation in pregnancy did not reduce the overall incidence of immunoglobulin E associated allergies in the first year of life, although atopic eczema and egg sensitisation were lower. Longer term follow-up is needed to determine if supplementation has an effect on respiratory allergic diseases and aeroallergen sensitisation in childhood. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12610000735055 (DOMInO trial: ACTRN12605000569606).
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MESH Headings
- Australia/epidemiology
- Breast Feeding
- Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic
- Dermatitis, Atopic/epidemiology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/prevention & control
- Dietary Supplements
- Eggs/adverse effects
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/blood
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/therapeutic use
- Female
- Fetal Blood/metabolism
- Fish Oils/administration & dosage
- Fish Oils/therapeutic use
- Food Hypersensitivity/epidemiology
- Food Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Food Hypersensitivity/prevention & control
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/epidemiology
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/prevention & control
- Immunoglobulin E/metabolism
- Infant
- Infant Formula
- Intention to Treat Analysis
- Male
- Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
- Pregnancy
- Regression Analysis
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Palmer
- Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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18
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Abstract
A case of dystrophic calcification of a scleral patch graft and conjunctival tissue erosion 17 years following the implantation ofa Molteno drainage device is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Palmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, USA
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19
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal dietary avoidance of egg has been recommended to treat egg allergy in breastfed infants. However, only one of three randomized controlled trials have produced evidence in favour of this recommendation. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to assess human milk ovalbumin (OVA) concentration after daily maternal ingestion of one cooked egg for 3 weeks. METHODS Mothers with egg-sensitive, eczematous breastfed infants were randomly allocated to consume one muffin per day containing one egg (egg group, n=16) or a similar egg-free muffin (control group, n=16) for 21 days (Days 3-23). All mothers and infants followed an egg-free diet. Breast milk samples were collected at two hourly intervals for 6 h after eating the test muffins on Days 3, 12 and 23 and breast milk OVA concentration measured. Infant eczema was assessed at the commencement and completion of the trial. RESULTS Women in the egg group had higher OVA concentrations in breast milk than the control group at all time-points. Within each dietary group, OVA excretion did not change with time. OVA was not detected in breast milk of 25% of women in the egg group. In contrast, infant eczema symptom scores significantly reduced with time for both groups. CONCLUSION Human milk OVA is related to maternal dietary egg intake, but a significant proportion of women either have a delayed excretion or may not excrete OVA in their breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Palmer
- Department of Paediatrics, Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Woman's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
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20
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Kuy S, Kelly VC, Smit AM, Palmer DJ, Cooper GJ. Proteomic analysis of whey and casein proteins in early milk from the marsupial Trichosurus vulpecula, the common brushtail possum. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics 2007; 2:112-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lee H, Koehler DR, Pang CY, Levine RH, Ng P, Palmer DJ, Quinton PM, Hu J. Erratum: Gene delivery to human sweat glands: a model for cystic fibrosis gene therapy. Gene Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Previous investigations of bovine seminal plasma (BSP) have revealed the identities of the three major proteins, BSP-PDC109, BSP-A3 and BSP-30 kDa, which together constitute about half of the total protein, as well as about 30 of the minor proteins. Analyses of BSP by 2-DE have revealed about 250 protein spots, suggesting that much of the BSP proteome remains undescribed. In this study, BSP has been analyzed by 2-D LC-based and SDS-PAGE-based proteomic methods. Ninety-nine proteins were identified, including 49 minor proteins that have not previously been described in seminal plasma of any species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van C Kelly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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23
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McCORMACK WM, Seiler MP, Bertin TK, Ubhayakar K, Palmer DJ, Ng P, Nichols TC, Lee B. Helper-dependent adenoviral gene therapy mediates long-term correction of the clotting defect in the canine hemophilia A model. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:1218-1225. [PMID: 16706963 PMCID: PMC3947717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenoviral vector-mediated gene therapy might have potential for long-term correction of the monogenic disease hemophilia A. OBJECTIVE In this study, we tested the efficacy of administering a helper-dependent adenoviral vector (HDV) designed for maximal liver-restricted canine factor VIII (cFVIII) expression on three out-bred hemophilia A dogs. METHODS Three FVIII-deficient animals from the University of North Carolina colony were injected with 1 x 10(12) (Dog A), and 3 x 10(12) (Dog B and C) vp kg(-1) helper-dependent adenoviral vector, and we performed systematic analysis of toxicity, persistence of therapeutic gene expression, and molecular analysis of gene transfer. RESULTS We observed acute dose-dependent elevation in liver enzymes and thrombocytopenia after injection, although both were transient and resolved within 2 weeks. The whole blood clotting time (WBCT), plasma FVIII concentration, FVIII activity, and activated partial thromboplastin time in all animals improved significantly after treatment, and two animals receiving a higher dose reached near normal WBCT with low-level FVIII activity until terminal sacrifice at 3 months, and 2 years. Importantly, the treated dogs suffered no bleeding events after injection. Moreover, we observed persistent vector-specific DNA and RNA in liver tissue collected from one high-dose animal at days 18 and 79, and could not detect the formation of inhibitory antibodies. CONCLUSION Although vector-associated toxicity remains an obstacle, a single injection of HDV led to long-term transgene expression and vector persistence in two FVIII-deficient animals with conversion of their severe phenotype to a moderate one.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M P Seiler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Interdepartmental Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - T K Bertin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
| | | | - D J Palmer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
| | - P Ng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
| | - T C Nichols
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - B Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
Human colostrum is an important source of protective, nutritional and developmental factors for the newborn. We have investigated the low abundance proteins in the aqueous phase of human colostrum, after depletion of the major proteins secretory IgA, lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin and HSA by immunoabsorption, using 2-D LC and gel-based proteomic methods. One hundred and fifty-one proteins were identified, 83 of which have not been previously reported in human colostrum, or milk. This is the first comprehensive proteomic analysis of human colostrum produced during the first 48 h of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Palmer
- LactoPharma, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Lee H, Koehler DR, Pang CY, Levine RH, Ng P, Palmer DJ, Quinton PM, Hu J. Gene delivery to human sweat glands: a model for cystic fibrosis gene therapy. Gene Ther 2006; 12:1752-60. [PMID: 16034452 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy vectors are mostly studied in cultured cells, rodents, and sometimes in non-human primates, but it is useful to test them in human tissue prior to clinical trials. In this study, we investigated the possibility of using human sweat glands as a model for testing cystic fibrosis (CF) gene therapy vectors. Human sweat glands are relatively easy to obtain from skin biopsy, and can be tested for CFTR function. Using patients' sweat glands could provide a safe model to study the efficacy of CF gene therapy. As the first step to explore using sweat glands as a model for CF gene therapy, we examined various ex vivo gene delivery methods for a helper-dependent adenovirus (HD-Ad) vector. Gene delivery to sweat glands in skin organ culture was studied by topical application, intradermal injection or submerged culture. We found that transduction efficiency can be enhanced by pretreating isolated sweat glands with dispase, which suggests that the basement membrane is a critical barrier to gene delivery by adenoviral vectors. Using this approach, we showed that Cftr could be efficiently delivered to and expressed by the epithelial cells of sweat glands with our helper-dependent adenoviral vector containing cytokeratin 18 regulatory elements. Based on this study we propose that sweat glands might be used as an alternative model to study CF gene therapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lee
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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26
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Palmer DJ, Gold MS, Makrides M. Effect of cooked and raw egg consumption on ovalbumin content of human milk: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:173-8. [PMID: 15725188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal avoidance of egg intake has been recommended to treat egg allergy in breastfed infants. OBJECTIVE To determine if the concentration of ovalbumin (OVA) in human milk is directly related to the quantity and form of egg consumed by breastfeeding mothers. METHODS Randomized, blinded, cross-over, intervention trial. Breastfeeding women (n = 41) attended four clinic days between 11 and 14 weeks of lactation and on each day were randomly allocated to receive a test breakfast, identical except for the egg content (no egg, one raw egg, half a cooked egg or one cooked egg). Breast milk samples were collected at two hourly intervals for 8 h and their OVA concentration measured by ELISA. RESULTS There was a direct, dose-response between the amount of cooked egg ingested and the peak OVA concentration (no egg 0.05 ng/mL [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.01-0.11], half a cooked egg 2.24 ng/mL [95% CI, 0.57-3.91], one cooked egg 3.16 ng/mL [95% CI, 1.41-4.91], n = 41, P<0.05) as well as the total OVA excretion (no egg 0.18 ng/mL/h [95% CI, 0.04-0.39], half a cooked egg 4.93 ng/mL/h [95% CI, 1.40-8.46], one cooked egg 9.14 ng/mL/h [95% CI, 4.25-14.03], n = 41, P<0.05). The peak concentration and total OVA excretion in response to one raw egg did not differ from ingesting half a cooked egg. There was no detectable OVA in the breast milk of 24% (10/41) women up to 8 h after any egg challenge. CONCLUSION OVA was detected in the breast milk of lactating women up to 8 h after a controlled intake of egg. A dose-response correlation was indicated. As excretion of OVA in human milk appears to be a normal phenomenon, further studies need to determine the threshold of OVA excretion that leads to symptoms in egg-allergic breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Palmer
- Child Health Research Institute, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
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27
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Sleeman MA, Fraser JK, Murison JG, Kelly SL, Prestidge RL, Palmer DJ, Watson JD, Kumble KD. B cell- and monocyte-activating chemokine (BMAC), a novel non-ELR alpha-chemokine. Int Immunol 2000; 12:677-89. [PMID: 10784614 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.5.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel alpha-chemokine, designated KS1, was identified from an EST database of a murine immature keratinocyte cDNA library. The EST has 94% similarity to a recently cloned human gene, BRAK, that has no demonstrated function. Northern analysis of mouse and human genes showed detectable mRNA in brain, intestine, muscle and kidney. Tumour panel blots showed that BRAK was down-regulated in cervical adenocarcinoma and uterine leiomyoma, but was up-regulated in breast invasive ductal carcinoma. KS1 bound specifically to B cells and macrophages, as well as two B cell lines, CESS and A20, and a monocyte line, THP-1. KS1 showed no binding to naive or activated T cells. In addition, KS1 stimulated the chemotaxis of CESS and THP-1 cells but not T cells. The s.c. injection of KS1 creates a mixed inflammatory response in Nude and C3H/HeJ mice. The above data indicates that KS1 and its human homologue represents a novel non-ELR alpha-chemokine that may have important roles in trafficking of B cells and monocytes. We propose the name B cell- and monocyte-activating chemokine (BMAC) for this molecule to reflect the described biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Sleeman
- Genesis Research and Development Corp. Ltd, PO Box 50, Auckland, New Zealand
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28
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Kippenberger AG, Palmer DJ, Comer AM, Lipski J, Burton LD, Christie DL. Localization of the noradrenaline transporter in rat adrenal medulla and PC12 cells: evidence for its association with secretory granules in PC12 cells. J Neurochem 1999; 73:1024-32. [PMID: 10461891 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0731024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The noradrenaline transporter (NAT) is present in noradrenergic neurons and a few other specialized cells such as adrenal medullary chromaffin cells and the rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell line. We have raised antibodies to a 49-residue segment (NATM2) of the extracellular region (residues 184-232) of bovine NAT. Affinity-purified NATM2 antibodies specifically recognized an 80-kDa band in PC12 cell membranes by western blotting. Bands of a similar size were also detected in membranes from human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells expressing endogenous NAT and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells stably expressing bovine NAT. Immunocytochemistry of rat adrenal tissue showed that NAT staining was colocalized with tyrosine hydroxylase in medullary chromaffin cells. Most NAT immunoreactivity in rat adrenal chromaffin and PC12 cells was present in the cytoplasm and had a punctate appearance. Cell surface biotinylation experiments in PC12 cells confirmed that only a minor fraction of the NAT was present at the cell surface. Subcellular fractionation of PC12 cells showed that relatively little NAT colocalized with plasma membrane, synaptic-like microvesicles, recycling endosomes, or trans-Golgi vesicles. Most of the NAT was associated with [3H]noradrenaline-containing secretory granules. Following nerve growth factor treatment, NAT was localized to the growing tip of neurites. This distribution was similar to the secretory granule marker secretogranin I. We conclude that the majority of NAT is present intracellularly in secretory granules and suggest that NAT may undergo regulated trafficking in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Kippenberger
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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29
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Berney DM, Desai M, Palmer DJ, Greenwald S, Brown A, Hales CN, Berry CL. The effects of maternal protein deprivation on the fetal rat pancreas: major structural changes and their recuperation. J Pathol 1997; 183:109-15. [PMID: 9370956 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199709)183:1<109::aid-path1091>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that low birth weight and poor growth in early life cause a long-term predisposition to non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Morphological changes were assessed in fetal rat pancreas subjected to both pre- and post-natal maternal protein deprivation (LP). Further groups were subjected to purely prenatal maternal protein deprivation (preLP) and purely postnatal maternal protein deprivation (postLP), as well as a control group. The results show that the LP and postLP groups had fewer but larger islets than the control group, while the preLP group had more numerous, smaller islets. All three low protein groups had more irregularly shaped islets than the control group. There was a reduction in the amount of beta cells within each islet in all three protein-deprived groups. The LP and postLP groups showed a reduction in the percentage of islet tissue and beta cells per pancreas, but the percentage of islet tissue expressed per unit body weight was similar in all four groups. These results show that in maternal protein deprivation, homeostatic mechanisms ensure a constant amount of pancreatic endocrine tissue per unit of body weight. However, there remain major structural changes in the size, shape, and composition of the islets. These results support the theory that early development profoundly affects the structure of the pancreas and may play a role in the later development of adult diseases, such as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Berney
- Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology, Medical and Dental School of St. Bartholomew's, U.K
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Palmer DJ, Cohen J, Torczynski E, Deutch TA. Transscleral Diode Laser Cyclophotocoagulation on Autopsy Eyes With Abnormally Thinned Sclera. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 1997. [DOI: 10.3928/1542-8877-19970601-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Palmer DJ, Cohen J, Torczynski E, Deutsch TA. Transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation on autopsy eyes with abnormally thinned sclera. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997; 28:495-500. [PMID: 9189953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To determine, using autopsy eyes, whether diode laser energy adjustments are indicated in patients with thin sclera. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the laboratory, the superior 180 degrees of sclera at the limbus was dissected to the level of barely visible anterior uvea and the opposite 180 degrees of sclera served as the control in three human cadaver eyes. A contact G-probe was placed at the limbus, and settings of a diode laser were increased in increments from 1.0 to 9.0 J at 4 burns per setting in each location. RESULTS On gross examination, circular hypopigmented lesions were seen in the ciliary body (CB) beginning at 3.0 J in thin sclera and at 5.0 J in normal sclera. On light microscopic examination of thin scleral sections, CB damage began at 2.9 J and CB/ciliary body epithelium (CBE) damage occurred beginning at 3.5 J. In normal sclera, minimal CB/CBE changes occurred at 6.0 to 7.5 J. No scleral damage was visible in either the experimental or the control groups. CONCLUSION Cycloablation energy adjustments are indicated on eyes with abnormally thin sclera to achieve similar histologic end points using the diode laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Palmer
- Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Regenstein Eye Center, Chicago, IL., USA
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Percy DH, Palmer DJ. Pathogenesis of Sendai virus infection in the Syrian hamster. Lab Anim Sci 1997; 47:132-7. [PMID: 9150490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Young adult male Syrian hamsters were inoculated intranasally with Sendai virus, then killed and examined at postinoculation days (PID) 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, and 21. Evaluation included clinical assessment, histologic examination, immunohistochemistry, viral isolation, and antibody response. Inoculated and control hamsters remained asymptomatic throughout the study. There was a focal to segmental rhinitis involving respiratory tract epithelium lining the dorsal and ventral meatus and nasal septum, and segmental lesions involving all regions of the trachea. At PID 5 and 7, there was focal bronchitis and bronchioloalveolitis, respectively. In general, most lesions had resolved by PID 12, although in hamsters examined at PID 21, residual lesions were present in the nasal passages in one of three, and in the trachea in two of three animals. In immunoperoxidase-stained preparations, viral antigen was present in the respiratory tract epithelium of the nasal passages and trachea beginning at PID 3, with extension to scattered bronchi at PID 5. Sendai virus was recovered from the lungs of inoculated animals at PID 5. Antibodies to Sendai virus were first detected at PID 7, and titers remained high throughout the remainder of the 21-day study. This report provides additional evidence that Syrian hamsters are susceptible to Sendai virus infection, and that the lesions and sites of replication in the upper and lower portions of the respiratory tract are similar to those observed in susceptible strains of laboratory mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Percy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Kanjhan R, Housley GD, Thorne PR, Christie DL, Palmer DJ, Luo L, Ryan AF. Localization of ATP-gated ion channels in cerebellum using P2x2R subunit-specific antisera. Neuroreport 1996; 7:2665-9. [PMID: 8981443 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199611040-00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of the P2x2 purinoceptor subunit protein, which forms ATP-gated ion channels by homo- and hetero-multimeric assembly, was examined in the adult rat and guinea-pig cerebellum using two novel antisera generated against separate 18 amino acid sequences located in the predicted extracellular domain of this subunit. These antisera, the first available for labelling the P2x2R subunit protein, were validated by selective labelling of a fusion protein containing the target amino acid sequences, and in cerebellum, by peptide specific block of immunoreactivity and by comparison with the distribution of P2x2R mRNA. P2x2R-like immunoreactivity was seen in Purkinje cells, specifically the soma and dendrites, neurons in the granular and molecular layers and deep cerebellar nuclei. The identification of P2x2R-like immunoreactivity within the cerebellar neural circuitry is consistent with a role for extracellular ATP acting as a fast neurotransmitter in motor learning and coordination of movement. Additionally, labelling of neuroglia and fibre tracts supports a diverse role for extracellular ATP in CNS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kanjhan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Feist RM, Palmer DJ, Fiscella R, Ernest JT, Tripathi R, Torczynski E, Farber M. Effectiveness of apraclonidine and acetazolamide in preventing postoperative intraocular pressure spikes after extracapsular cataract extraction. J Cataract Refract Surg 1995; 21:191-5. [PMID: 7791061 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(13)80509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effectiveness of two prophylactic agents in controlling early postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) increases after cataract surgery. Fifty-four nonglaucomatous patients received either topical 1% apraclonidine, one drop before and after surgery, or sustained-release acetazolamide, 500 mg, or no medication at the completion of planned extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE). Mean baseline IOPs were similar among patients randomized to the apraclonidine, acetazolamide, and control groups: 15.29 mm Hg, 15.33 mm Hg, and 14.26 mm Hg, respectively. At 3 hours postoperatively, IOPs were significantly lower in the apraclonidine group (11.13 mm Hg, P = .035), nonsignificantly lower in the acetazolamide group (13.3 mm Hg, P = .17), and significantly increased in the control group (21.32 mm Hg, P = .003). One eye in the apraclonidine group and six in the control group had IOPs greater than 30 mm Hg. At 24 hours, the only statistically significant difference was in the control group, whose mean IOPs remained elevated (21.83 mm Hg, P = .0008). One eye in the apraclonidine group, two in the acetazolamide group, and five in the control group had IOPs greater than 30 mm Hg. We found a significant early IOP reduction with apraclonidine given topically preoperatively and at the completion of planned ECCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Feist
- Eye Foundation Hospital, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35233, USA
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35
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Fleischer B, Xie J, Mayrleitner M, Shears SB, Palmer DJ, Fleischer S. Golgi coatomer binds, and forms K(+)-selective channels gated by, inositol polyphosphates. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:17826-32. [PMID: 8027036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coatomer is a distinct type of coat protein complex involved in the formation of specific Golgi intercisternal transport vesicles. Direct binding studies using purified coatomer isolated from bovine liver cytosol show that coatomer specifically binds both inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate ((1,3,4,5)IP4) and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) with subnanomolar affinities (0.1 and 0.2 nM, respectively). Diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (PP-IP5) is an efficient competitor for both (1,3,4,5)IP4 and IP6 binding to coatomer. Inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate ((1,3,4,5,6)IP5) is a poor inhibitor of IP6 binding, whereas little or no competition is detected with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate ((1,4,5)I-P3). Coatomer displays ion channel activity when reconstituted into planar bilayers which is preferentially permeable to K+. Permeability ratios of the channel are PK+/PCl- approximately 8.0 and PK+/PNa+ approximately 7.1, indicating a cation-selective channel with selectivity of K+ over Na+. In symmetrical 500 mM KCl, the smallest observable unitary channel conductance is 8.3 picosiemens. The coatomer channel activity is normally active with long open times (0.1 to several seconds) and is selectively blocked by 10 microM (1,3,4,5)IP4, 1 microM IP6, and 0.27 microM PP-IP5; even lower concentrations are sufficient to induce channel flicker. The channel activity is not affected by (1,4,5)IP3, or (1,3,4,5,6)IP5. Thus, the channel activity of coatomer is modulated by the inositol polyphosphates which exhibit tight binding to the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fleischer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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36
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Ghose RR, Palmer DJ, Yaqoob M, Haboubi N, Ratcliffe WA. Abdominal symptoms, hypercalcaemia and apathetic hyperthyroidism: treatment with pamidronate. Br J Clin Pract 1994; 48:163-4. [PMID: 8031697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A 24-year-old man with anorexia, repeated bouts of vomiting, and wasting was found to have florid thyrotoxicosis and hypercalcaemia. Pamidronate promptly reduced the serum calcium concentration to normal, and simultaneously abated the abdominal symptoms, which did not recur in spite of continuing severe hyperthyroidism, which was eventually controlled by radioactive iodine ablation of thyroid activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Ghose
- Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli, East Dyfed
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Abstract
Transport vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus are thought to mediate biosynthetic transport across the Golgi stack. These vesicles are surrounded by a protein coat whose principal constituents are coatomer (a complex of seven distinct subunits or COPs) and ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF, an N-myristylated small GTP-binding protein). The coat proteins of the COP-coated vesicles were originally defined by ultrastructural criteria, however, and it is possible that important but minor coat proteins or cytoplasmic proteins needed for coat assembly may have been overlooked. Here we show that coatomer and ARF are the only cytoplasmic proteins needed for the assembly and budding of COP-coated vesicles. COP-coated buds may therefore form essentially by self-assembly from Golgi cisternae after an initial step in which GTP is used to allow ARF binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Orcl
- Department of Morphology, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland
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Palmer DJ, Helms JB, Beckers CJ, Orci L, Rothman JE. Binding of coatomer to Golgi membranes requires ADP-ribosylation factor. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:12083-9. [PMID: 8505331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Coatomer, a complex of seven proteins, appears to be the precursor of the coat structure of non-clathrin-coated Golgi-derived vesicles. Another component of this vesicle coat is the cytosolic protein ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF). Like coatomer, ARF appears to reversibly associate with Golgi membranes. We now report that ARF is required for coatomer binding to Golgi membranes and that myristoylated, but not non-myristoylated, ARF is the required species. We utilize an antibody directed against the beta-subunit of coatomer (beta-COP) to follow coatomer binding. ARF and beta-COP bind stoichiometrically to Golgi membranes. ARF-dependent beta-COP binding requires a membrane-associated protein, is saturable, and is enhanced in the presence of stable GTP analogues like guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S). ARF and beta-COP bind sequentially to Golgi membranes, since beta-COP can be bound to reisolated membranes that had been previously incubated with ARF and GTP gamma S. We conclude that membrane-bound ARF confers to Golgi membranes all of the requirements for specific beta-COP binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Palmer
- Program in Cellular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Rockefeller Research Laboratory, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021
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Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) is a small molecular weight GTP-binding protein (20 kD) and has been implicated in vesicular protein transport. The guanine nucleotide, bound to ARF protein is believed to modulate the activity of ARF but the mechanism of action remains elusive. We have previously reported that ARF binds to Golgi membranes after Brefeldin A-sensitive nucleotide exchange of ARF-bound GDP for GTP gamma S. Here we report that treatment with phosphatidylcholine liposomes effectively removed 40-60% of ARF bound to Golgi membranes with nonhydrolyzable GTP, presumably by competing for binding of activated ARF to lipid bilayers. This revealed the presence of two different pools of ARF on Golgi membranes. Whereas total ARF binding did not appear to be saturable, the liposome-resistant pool is saturable suggesting that this pool of ARF is stabilized by interaction with a Golgi membrane-component. We propose that activation of ARF by a guanine nucleotide-exchange protein results in association of myristoylated ARF GTP with the lipid bilayer of the Golgi apparatus. Once associated with the membrane, activated ARF can diffuse freely to associate stably with a target protein or possibly can be inactivated by a GTPase activating protein (GAP) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Helms
- Rockefeller Research Laboratory, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021
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40
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Orci L, Palmer DJ, Ravazzola M, Perrelet A, Amherdt M, Rothman JE. Budding from Golgi membranes requires the coatomer complex of non-clathrin coat proteins. Nature 1993; 362:648-52. [PMID: 8464517 DOI: 10.1038/362648a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Do the coats on vesicles budded from the Golgi apparatus actually cause the budding, or do they simply coat buds (Fig. 1)? One view (the membrane-mediated budding hypothesis) is that budding is an intrinsic property of Golgi membranes not requiring extrinsic coat proteins. Assembly of coats from dispersed subunits is super-imposed upon the intrinsic budding process and is proposed to convert the tips of tubules into vesicles. The alternative view (the coat-mediated budding hypothesis) is that coat formation provides the essential driving force for budding. The membrane-mediated budding hypothesis was inspired by the microtubule-dependent extension of apparently uncoated, 90-nm-diameter membrane tubules from the Golgi apparatus and other organelles in vivo after treatment with brefeldin A, a drug that inhibits the assembly of coat proteins onto Golgi membranes. This hypothesis predicts that tubules will be extended when coat proteins are unavailable to convert tubule-derived membrane into vesicles. Here we use a cell-free system in which coated vesicles are formed from Golgi cisternae to show that, on the contrary, when budding diminishes as a result of immunodepletion of coat protein pools, tubules are not formed at the expense of vesicles. We conclude that coat proteins are required for budding from Golgi membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Orci
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland
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Palmer DJ, Christie DL. Identification of molecular aggregates containing glycoproteins III, J, K (carboxypeptidase H), and H (Kex2-related proteases) in the soluble and membrane fractions of adrenal medullary chromaffin granules. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:19806-12. [PMID: 1400294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation of the molecular properties of glycoprotein III has shown this to be a major component of molecular aggregates present in the membrane and soluble fractions of secretory vesicles from bovine adrenal medulla. These aggregates also contain components identified as glycoproteins H, J, and K which are molecular forms of Kex2-related proteases (glycoprotein H) and carboxypeptidase H (glycoprotein components J and K) and which have functions concerned with the processing of prohormones. A number of experiments indicated that these glycoproteins were associated. These components were coimmunoprecipitated from the soluble and membrane fractions of chromaffin granules. Purification of soluble glycoprotein III using wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose resulted in the recovery of similar proportions of glycoproteins H, J, and K and gel filtration of the eluted material in combination with immunoprecipitation revealed the presence of heteroaggregates containing all of the glycoproteins. Similar results were obtained following octylglucoside solubilization of chromaffin granule membranes. Glycoprotein components III, H, J, and K were also found to have identical distributions following fractionation of chromaffin granule membranes with Triton X-114. It was concluded that the aggregates seen in the soluble fraction reflect an association of these components in the chromaffin granule membrane. This raises the possibility that these interactions are important for the targetting of these glycoproteins to secretory granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Jorsh MS, Palmer DJ. GPs' opinions on the use of an interim discharge summary for psychiatric inpatients. Br J Gen Pract 1992; 42:212. [PMID: 1389435 PMCID: PMC1372028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Christie DL, Batchelor DC, Palmer DJ. Identification of kex2-related proteases in chromaffin granules by partial amino acid sequence analysis. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:15679-83. [PMID: 1874725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have characterized glycoprotein H (GpH) from bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin granules. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to purify GpH from an insoluble fraction obtained following extraction of chromaffin granule membranes with lithium diiodosalicylate. The GpH material was recovered from two-dimensional gel spots by concentration and recovery on a one-dimensional gel followed by electro-blotting to a poly(vinylidene difluoride) membrane. This material was subjected to in situ tryptic digestion. The released peptides were purified by microbore high performance liquid chromatography and sequenced. The peptide sequences revealed extensive similarity to the mammalian kex2/subtilisin-related proteases (PC2 and PC3) which have been characterized recently by molecular cloning and sequence analysis (Smeekens, S. P., and Steiner, D. F. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 2997-3000; Smeekens, S. P., Avruch, A. S., LaMendola, J., Chan, S. J., and Steiner, D. F. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 340-344). The sequence similarity included regions that contain residues equivalent to the aspartic acid and histidine residues which are involved in the active site of the subtilisin family of serine proteases. The sequence data revealed the presence of tryptic peptides derived from both PC2 and PC3. NH2-terminal sequence analysis of GpH gave two sequences which were aligned with residues 110-121 of PC2 and PC3. It is likely that these sequences represent the mature form of PC2 and PC3 in chromaffin granules. These forms would be generated by cleavage at a site which is conserved in mammalian kex2-related enzymes and which would result in the release of approximately 80-residue propeptides. It was concluded that the spot identified as GpH by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis contains the bovine counterparts of both PC2 and PC3. The direct identification of these components in chromaffin granules supports their role in the processing of protein precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Christie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Palmer DJ, Garner PW, Lifschitz MH, Wilson GS, Williamson WD. An exploratory study of the structure and validity of pediatric examination of educational readiness (PEER) factors. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1990; 11:317-21. [PMID: 2289964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Pediatric Examination of Educational Readiness (PEER) is an assessment instrument specifically designed for use by pediatricians in assessing the development of preschool children. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of the PEER. Specifically, factor analyses of items from the Developmental Attainment and Associated Observation components of the test were performed. The PEER was administered to 69 preschool children. Three major factors were identified as making up the Developmental Attainment portion of the test: perceptual-motor, verbal-cognitive, and gross motor. The Associated Observations component was found to be composed of only one factor, attention. Children's performance on only two of these four factors was associated with their performance on the McCarthy Scales, the Woodcock-Johnson skills cluster, and the Minnesota Child Development Inventory. Discussion focused on the validity and utility of the PEER.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Palmer
- Texas A&M University, Educational Psychology Department, College Station 77843-4225
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Palmer DJ, Christie DL. The primary structure of glycoprotein III from bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin granules. Sequence similarity with human serum protein-40,40 and rat Sertoli cell glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:6617-23. [PMID: 1691174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein III (GpIII) was purified from the soluble fraction of bovine chromaffin granules, the secretory vesicles of the adrenal medulla, by chromatography using wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose followed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Characterization of this glycoprotein by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, reverse-phase HPLC, amino acid analysis and partial NH2-terminal sequence analysis indicated that GPIII was a disulfide-linked heterodimer with 37-kDa subunits. Analysis of in vitro translation products of adrenal medullary poly(A)+ RNA by immunoprecipitation using an anti-GpIII serum and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that both subunits are synthesized from a single precursor. Partial NH2-terminal sequence analysis allowed construction of oligonucleotides which were used as primers for a polymerase chain reaction to generate a GpIII-specific DNA probe. This probe was used to isolate a cDNA clone encoding the GpIII precursor from a bovine adrenal medullary cDNA library. The predicted amino acid sequence of GpIII has greater than 80% similarity to human serum protein-40,40, a protein implicated in the complement system, and to a major secretory product of Sertoli cells, glycoprotein 2, which is thought to play a role in spermatogenesis. Northern blot analysis confirmed that RNA encoding GpIII is also abundant in liver, testis, and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag, New Zealand
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Benfield CY, Palmer DJ, Pfefferbaum B, Stowe ML. A comparison of depressed and nondepressed disturbed children on measures of attributional style, hopelessness, life stress, and temperament. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1988; 16:397-410. [PMID: 3221030 DOI: 10.1007/bf00914171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Upon admission to a hospital treatment program, clinically depressed and nondepressed children (aged 9-17 years) were assessed on measures of attributional style, hopelessness, depression, life stress, and child temperament. The depressed group tended to attribute positive events to specific and unstable factors when compared with the nondepressed sample. Group differences also were found on child temperament measures. However, no differences were reported between the diagnostic groups on self-reported depression, hopelessness, or life stress. The findings suggested that there may not be a unique constellation of cognitive characteristics in depressed children when compared with a nondepressed clinical sample. For both depressed and nondepressed groups, treatment did appear to affect self-reported depression and overall ratings of depressogenic attributional style.
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Palmer DJ, Goldberg MF, Frenkel M, Fiscella R, Anderson RJ. A comparison of two dose regimens of epsilon aminocaproic acid in the prevention and management of secondary traumatic hyphemas. Ophthalmology 1986; 93:102-8. [PMID: 3951807 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifty-nine patients who sustained hyphema following blunt trauma were randomly assigned prospectively to either of two dose regimens of epsilon aminocaproic acid (Amicar). Twenty-six took an oral dosage of 50 mg/kg ("half dose") every four hours for five days, up to a maximum of 30 g/day, and 33 patients received 100 mg/kg ("full-dose") every four hours up to a maximum of 30 g/day. Five patients in the full-dose group experienced dizziness, hypotension, and syncope. Half-dose Amicar substantially reduced such serious side effects (P = 0.063), had no adverse effect on the reduced rate of recurrent hemorrhages (P = 0.22), and was more cost effective than the full-dose regimen. When the two patients in the half-dose group receiving 30 g/day of Amicar were deleted, however, the comparison of dizziness and hypotension in the two groups became more significant (P = 0.050). The incidence of nausea and vomiting was approximately the same in both groups (P = 0.52). Serum Amicar levels were within the range of plasminogen inhibition at both dose levels. Prior aspirin ingestion appeared to have no influence on the rate of rebleeding (P = 0.58).
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Barling PM, Palmer DJ, Christie DL. Preparation of desulphated bovine fibrinopeptide B and demonstration of its sulphation in vitro by an enzyme system from neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells. Int J Biochem 1986; 18:137-41. [PMID: 3456327 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(86)90145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for isolating bovine fibrinopeptide B (bFPB) in a highly purified form from crude bovine fibrinogen, using ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose. Desulphated bFPB (designated DSbFPB) was prepared by treatment of the product with acid. After incubating DSbFPB with [35S]PAPS, in the presence of a particulate preparation from neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells, radioactivity was incorporated into a product identified as [35S]bFPB from its position of elution on reverse-phase HPLC. The possible significance of this observation is discussed.
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50
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Palmer DJ, Danziger RS. The aging of man and medicine. IMJ Ill Med J 1985; 167:96, 120. [PMID: 2857704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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