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Yu Z, Teng Y, Yang J, Yang L. The role of exosomes in adult neurogenesis: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:282-288. [PMID: 37488879 PMCID: PMC10503605 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.379036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cup-shaped extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer that is approximately 30 to 200 nm in thickness. Exosomes are widely distributed in a range of body fluids, including urine, blood, milk, and saliva. Exosomes exert biological function by transporting factors between different cells and by regulating biological pathways in recipient cells. As an important form of intercellular communication, exosomes are increasingly being investigated due to their ability to transfer bioactive molecules such as lipids, proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs between cells, and because they can regulate physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system. Adult neurogenesis is a multistage process by which new neurons are generated and migrate to be integrated into existing neuronal circuits. In the adult brain, neurogenesis is mainly localized in two specialized niches: the subventricular zone adjacent to the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. An increasing body of evidence indicates that adult neurogenesis is tightly controlled by environmental conditions with the niches. In recent studies, exosomes released from different sources of cells were shown to play an active role in regulating neurogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, thereby participating in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders in patients and in various disease models. Here, we provide a state-of-the-art synopsis of existing research that aimed to identify the diverse components of exosome cargoes and elucidate the therapeutic potential of exosomal contents in the regulation of neurogenesis in several neurodegenerative diseases. We emphasize that exosomal cargoes could serve as a potential biomarker to monitor functional neurogenesis in adults. In addition, exosomes can also be considered as a novel therapeutic approach to treat various neurodegenerative disorders by improving endogenous neurogenesis to mitigate neuronal loss in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyang Yu
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Teng
- Laboratory of Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Lazarov NE, Atanasova DY. Stem Cell Niche in the Mammalian Carotid Body. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2023; 237:139-153. [PMID: 37946081 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44757-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the mammalian carotid body (CB) constitutes a neurogenic center that contains a functionally active germinal niche. A variety of transcription factors is required for the generation of a precursor cell pool in the developing CB. Most of them are later silenced in their progeny, thus allowing for the maturation of the differentiated neurons. In the adult CB, neurotransmitters and vascular cytokines released by glomus cells upon exposure to chronic hypoxia act as paracrine signals that induce proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, neuronal and vascular progenitors. Key proliferation markers such as Ki-67 and BrdU are widely used to evaluate the proliferative status of the CB parenchymal cells in the initial phase of this neurogenesis. During hypoxia sustentacular cells which are dormant cells in normoxic conditions can proliferate and differentiate into new glomus cells. However, more recent data have revealed that the majority of the newly formed glomus cells is derived from the glomus cell lineage itself. The mature glomus cells express numerous trophic and growth factors, and their corresponding receptors, which act on CB cell populations in autocrine or paracrine ways. Some of them initially serve as target-derived survival factors and then as signaling molecules in developing vascular targets. Morphofunctional insights into the cellular interactions in the CB stem cell microenvironment can be helpful in further understanding the therapeutic potential of the CB cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai E Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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3
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The molecular, electrophysiological, and structural changes in the vestibular nucleus during vestibular compensation: a narrative review. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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4
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Short high fat diet triggers reversible and region specific effects in DCX + hippocampal immature neurons of adolescent male mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21499. [PMID: 34728755 PMCID: PMC8563989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence represents a crucial period for maturation of brain structures involved in cognition. Early in life unhealthy dietary patterns are associated with inferior cognitive outcomes at later ages; conversely, healthy diet is associated with better cognitive results. In this study we analyzed the effects of a short period of hypercaloric diet on newborn hippocampal doublecortin+ (DCX) immature neurons in adolescent mice. Male mice received high fat diet (HFD) or control low fat diet (LFD) from the 5th week of age for 1 or 2 weeks, or 1 week HFD followed by 1 week LFD. After diet supply, mice were either perfused for immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis or their hippocampi were dissected for biochemical assays. Detailed morphometric analysis was performed in DCX+ cells that displayed features of immature neurons. We report that 1 week-HFD was sufficient to dramatically reduce dendritic tree complexity of DCX+ cells. This effect occurred specifically in dorsal and not ventral hippocampus and correlated with reduced BDNF expression levels in dorsal hippocampus. Both structural and biochemical changes were reversed by a return to LFD. Altogether these studies increase our current knowledge on potential consequences of hypercaloric diet on brain and in particular on dorsal hippocampal neuroplasticity.
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Bourin M. Neurogenesis and Neuroplasticity in Major Depression: Its Therapeutic Implication. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1305:157-173. [PMID: 33834400 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The neurochemical model of depression, based on monoaminergic theories, does not allow on its own to understand the mechanism of action of antidepressants. This approach does not explain the gap between the immediate biochemical modulations induced by antidepressants and the time required for their clinical action. Several hypotheses have been developed to try to explain more precisely the action of these molecules, each of them involving mechanisms of receptor regulation. At the same time, data on the neuroanatomy of depression converge toward the existence of specific lesions of this pathology. This chapter aims to provide an overview of recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of neural plasticity involved in pathophysiology depression and in its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bourin
- Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Ishimoto T, Kato Y. Regulation of Neurogenesis by Organic Cation Transporters: Potential Therapeutic Implications. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 266:281-300. [PMID: 33782772 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is the process by which new neurons are generated from neural stem cells (NSCs), which are cells that have the ability to proliferate and differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The process is essential for homeostatic tissue regeneration and the coordination of neural plasticity throughout life, as neurons cannot regenerate once injured. Therefore, defects in neurogenesis are related to the onset and exacerbation of several neuropsychiatric disorders, and therefore, the regulation of neurogenesis is considered to be a novel strategy for treatment. Neurogenesis is regulated not only by NSCs themselves, but also by the functional microenvironment surrounding the NSCs, known as the "neurogenic niche." The neurogenic niche consists of several types of neural cells, including neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells. To allow communication with these cells, transporters may be involved in the secretion and uptake of substrates that are essential for signal transduction. This chapter will focus on the involvement of polyspecific solute carriers transporting organic cations in the possible regulation of neurogenesis by controlling the concentration of several organic cation substrates in NSCs and the neurogenic niche. The potential therapeutic implications of neurogenesis regulation by these transporters will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Losurdo M, Grilli M. Extracellular Vesicles, Influential Players of Intercellular Communication within Adult Neurogenic Niches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8819. [PMID: 33233420 PMCID: PMC7700666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, involving the generation of functional neurons from adult neural stem cells (NSCs), occurs constitutively in discrete brain regions such as hippocampus, sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) and hypothalamus. The intrinsic structural plasticity of the neurogenic process allows the adult brain to face the continuously changing external and internal environment and requires coordinated interplay between all cell types within the specialized microenvironment of the neurogenic niche. NSC-, neuronal- and glia-derived factors, originating locally, regulate the balance between quiescence and self-renewal of NSC, their differentiation programs and the survival and integration of newborn cells. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are emerging as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication, representing an efficient way to transfer the biologically active cargos (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) by which they modulate the function of the recipient cells. Current knowledge of the physiological role of EVs within adult neurogenic niches is rather limited. In this review, we will summarize and discuss EV-based cross-talk within adult neurogenic niches and postulate how EVs might play a critical role in the regulation of the neurogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariagrazia Grilli
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
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Sobrino V, Annese V, Pardal R. Progenitor Cell Heterogeneity in the Adult Carotid Body Germinal Niche. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1123:19-38. [PMID: 31016593 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11096-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Somatic stem cells confer plasticity to adult tissues, permitting their maintenance, repair and adaptation to a changing environment. Adult germinal niches supporting somatic stem cells have been thoroughly characterized throughout the organism, including in central and peripheral nervous systems. Stem cells do not reside alone within their niches, but they are rather accompanied by multiple progenitor cells that not only contribute to the progression of stem cell lineage but also regulate their behavior. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these interactions within the niche is crucial to comprehend associated pathologies and to use stem cells in cell therapy. We have described a stunning germinal niche in the adult peripheral nervous system: the carotid body. This is a chemoreceptor organ with a crucial function during physiological adaptation to hypoxia. We have shown the presence of multipotent stem cells within this niche, escorted by multiple restricted progenitor cell types that contribute to niche physiology and hence organismal adaptation to the lack of oxygen. Herein, we discuss new and existing data about the nature of all these stem and progenitor cell types present in the carotid body germinal niche, discussing their role in physiology and their clinical relevance for the treatment of diverse pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Sobrino
- Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Valentina Annese
- Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pardal
- Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
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Zhu L, Li C, Du G, Pan M, Liu G, Pan W, Li X. High glucose upregulates myosin light chain kinase to induce microfilament cytoskeleton rearrangement in hippocampal neurons. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:216-222. [PMID: 29749555 PMCID: PMC6059672 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia leads to myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) upregulation and induces neuronal damage. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of neuronal damage in hyperglycemia has not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, hippocampal neuronal cells were cultured and treated with a high glucose concentration (45 mmol/l). The results demonstrated that high glucose induced shrinking of the synapses, nuclear shape irregularity and microfilament damage. Filamentous actin (F‑actin) filaments were rearranged, cell apoptosis rate was increased and the protein expression of MLCK and phosphorylated (p)‑MLC was upregulated. The MLCK inhibitor ML‑7 largely reversed the alterations in the microfilament cytoskeleton, inhibited F‑actin depolymerization, reduced apoptosis and downregulated MLCK and p‑MLC protein expression. Overall, these results indicated that high glucose upregulated MLCK to promote F‑actin depolymerization, which induced microfilament cytoskeleton rearrangement in hippocampal neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Zhu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Guiqin Du
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Meixiu Pan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Guoqi Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
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López-Barneo J. Oxygen sensing and stem cell activation in the hypoxic carotid body. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 372:417-425. [PMID: 29368257 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is the major arterial chemoreceptor responsible for the detection of acute decreases in O2 tension (hypoxia) in arterial blood that trigger hyperventilation and sympathetic activation. The CB contains O2-sensitive glomus (chief) cells, which respond to hypoxia with the release of transmitters to activate sensory nerve fibers impinging upon the brain respiratory and autonomic centers. During exposure to sustained hypoxia (for weeks or months), the CB grows several-fold in size, a response associated with acclimatization to high altitude or to medical conditions presenting hypoxemia. Here, I briefly present recent advances on the mechanisms underlying glomus cell sensitivity to hypoxia, in particular the role of mitochondrial complex I in acute oxygen sensing. I also summarize the properties of adult CB stem cells and of glomus cell-stem cell synapses, which contribute to CB hypertrophy in chronic hypoxia. A note on the relationship between hypoxic CB growth and tumorigenesis is included. Finally, the medical implications of CB pathophysiology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain. .,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Sobrino V, González-Rodríguez P, Annese V, López-Barneo J, Pardal R. Fast neurogenesis from carotid body quiescent neuroblasts accelerates adaptation to hypoxia. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201744598. [PMID: 29335248 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other neural peripheral organs, the adult carotid body (CB) has a remarkable structural plasticity, as it grows during acclimatization to hypoxia. The CB contains neural stem cells that can differentiate into oxygen-sensitive glomus cells. However, an extended view is that, unlike other catecholaminergic cells of the same lineage (sympathetic neurons or chromaffin cells), glomus cells can divide and thus contribute to CB hypertrophy. Here, we show that O2-sensitive mature glomus cells are post-mitotic. However, we describe an unexpected population of pre-differentiated, immature neuroblasts that express catecholaminergic markers and contain voltage-dependent ion channels, but are unresponsive to hypoxia. Neuroblasts are quiescent in normoxic conditions, but rapidly proliferate and differentiate into mature glomus cells during hypoxia. This unprecedented "fast neurogenesis" is stimulated by ATP and acetylcholine released from mature glomus cells. CB neuroblasts, which may have evolved to facilitate acclimatization to hypoxia, could contribute to the CB oversensitivity observed in highly prevalent human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Sobrino
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Valentina Annese
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain .,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Seville, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pardal
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain .,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Ho NTT, Kutzner A, Heese K. Brain plasticity, cognitive functions and neural stem cells: a pivotal role for the brain-specific neural master gene |-SRGAP2-FAM72-|. Biol Chem 2017; 399:55-61. [PMID: 28822221 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to an aging society with an increased dementia-induced threat to higher cognitive functions, it has become imperative to understand the molecular and cellular events controlling the memory and learning processes in the brain. Here, we suggest that the novel master gene pair |-SRGAP2-FAM72-| (SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating the protein 2, family with sequence similarity to 72) reveals a new dogma for the regulation of neural stem cell (NSC) gene expression and is a distinctive player in the control of human brain plasticity. Insight into the specific regulation of the brain-specific neural master gene |-SRGAP2-FAM72-| may essentially contribute to novel therapeutic approaches to restore or improve higher cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Thanh Ho
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Arne Kutzner
- Department of Information Systems, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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Weger M, Diotel N, Dorsemans AC, Dickmeis T, Weger BD. Stem cells and the circadian clock. Dev Biol 2017; 431:111-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Nakamura H, Martinez S. Preface to the special issue, 'Embryonic and adult neurogenesis in vertebrate'. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 58:425-6. [PMID: 27324959 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harukazu Nakamura
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMHCSIC, Campus de San Juan, Alicante, Spain
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