1
|
Wulff BS, Kuhre RE, Selvaraj M, Rehfeld JF, Niss K, Fels JJ, Anna S, Raun K, Gerstenberg MK. Improved leptin sensitivity and increased soluble leptin receptor concentrations may underlie the additive effects of combining PYY [, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] and exendin-4 on body weight lowering in diet-induced obese mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32009. [PMID: 39183855 PMCID: PMC11341243 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Co-treatment with long acting PYY and the GLP-1 receptor agonists has potential as an efficient obesity treatment. This study investigates whether the mechanisms behind additive reduction of food intake and weight loss depends on complementary effects in brain areas regulating food intake and if restoration of leptin sensitivity is involved. Methods Diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were co-treated with PYY(3-36) and exendin-4 (Ex4, GLP-1R agonist) for 14 days using minipumps. Leptin responsiveness was evaluated by measuring food intake and body weight after leptin injection, and gene expression profile was investigated in various of brain regions and liver. Results We show that weight loss associated with co-treatment of PYY(3-36) and Ex4 and Ex4 mono-treatment in DIO mice increased expression of several genes in area postrema (AP) known to be involved in appetite regulation and Cart, Pdyn, Bdnf and Klb were synergistically upregulated by the co-treatment. The upregulations were independent of weight loss, as shown by inclusion of a weight matched control. Moreover, PYY(3-36) and Ex4 co-treatment resulted in synergistically upregulated plasma concentrations of soluble leptin receptor (SLR) and improved sensitivity to exogenous leptin demonstrated by food intake lowering. Conclusion The study results suggest that synergistic upregulation of appetite-regulating genes in AP and improved leptin sensitivity are important mediators for the additive weight loss resulting from PYY and Ex4 co-treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Madhan Selvaraj
- Translational Research, Global Translation, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jens F. Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Niss
- Biomarker Discovery, R&ED Digital Science and Innovation, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Johannes J. Fels
- Research Bioanalysis, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Secher Anna
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gruber T, Lechner F, Krieger JP, García-Cáceres C. Neuroendocrine gut-brain signaling in obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00120-6. [PMID: 38821753 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed the rise and fall of several, largely unsuccessful, therapeutic attempts to bring the escalating obesity pandemic to a halt. Looking back to look ahead, the field has now put its highest hopes in translating insights from how the gastrointestinal (GI) tract communicates with the brain to calibrate behavior, physiology, and metabolism. A major focus of this review is to summarize the latest advances in comprehending the neuroendocrine aspects of this so-called 'gut-brain axis' and to explore novel concepts, cutting-edge technologies, and recent paradigm-shifting experiments. These exciting insights continue to refine our understanding of gut-brain crosstalk and are poised to promote the development of additional therapeutic avenues at the dawn of a new era of antiobesity therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gruber
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49506, USA; Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49506, USA; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Franziska Lechner
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rehfeld JF. The cckOMA syndrome and its relation to the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: a diagnostic challenge. Scand J Gastroenterol 2024; 59:533-542. [PMID: 38299632 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2024.2308532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among patients with enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor syndromes only one case with a cholecystokinin (CCK) secreting tumor has been reported. She had significant hyperCCKemia leading to a specific syndrome of severe diarrheas, weight loss, repeated duodenal ulcers and a permanently contracted gallbladder with gallstones. There are, however, reasons to believe that further CCKomas exist, for instance among Zollinger-Ellison patients with normal plasma gastrin concentrations. The present review is a call to gastroenterologists for awareness of such CCKoma patients. METHOD After a short case report, the normal endocrine and oncological biology of CCK is described. Subsequently, the CCKoma symptoms are discussed with particular reference to the partly overlapping symptoms of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. In this context, the diagnostic use of truly specific CCK and gastrin assays are emphasized. The discussion also entails the problem of access to accurate CCK measurements. CONCLUSION Obviously, the clinical awareness about the CCKoma syndrome is limited. Moreover, it is also likely that the knowledge about the necessary specificity demands of diagnostic gastrin and CCK assays have obscured proper diagnosis of the CCKoma syndromes in man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Si L, Gao J, Shu X, Qiu C, Zhang Y, Zu S, Hu H. Serial passage of PDCoV in cell culture reduces its pathogenicity and its damage of gut microbiota homeostasis in piglets. mSystems 2024; 9:e0134623. [PMID: 38349151 PMCID: PMC10949489 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01346-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an enteropathogenic coronavirus that mainly causes diarrhea in suckling piglets, and also has the potential for cross-species transmission. However, there are still no commercial vaccines available to prevent and control PDCoV infection. In this study, PDCoV strain HNZK-02 was serially propagated in vitro for up to 150 passages and the amino acid changes have mainly occurred in the S protein during serial passage which caused structure change. PDCoV HNZK-02-passage 5 (P5)-infected piglets exhibited acute and severe watery diarrhea, an obvious intestinal damage, while the piglets infected with PDCoV HNZK-02-P150 showed no obvious clinical signs, weak intestinal lesions, and lower viral loads in rectal swabs and various tissues. Compared with the PDCoV HNZK-02-P5 infection, HNZK-02-P150 infection resulted in a decrease in intestinal mucosal permeability and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, PDCoV HNZK-02-P5 infection had significantly reduced bacterial diversity and increased relative abundance of opportunistic pathogens, while PDCoV HNZK-02-P150 infection did not significantly affect the bacterial diversity, and the relative abundance of probiotics increased. Furthermore, the alterations of gut microbiota were closely related to the change of pro-inflammatory factor. Metagenomics prediction analysis demonstrated that HNZK-02-P150 modulated the tyrosine metabolism, Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor signaling pathway, and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, which coincided with lower inflammatory response and intestinal permeability in the piglets infected with HNZK-02-P150. In conclusion, the PDCoV HNZK-02 was successfully attenuated by serial passage in vitro, and the changes of S gene, metabolic function, and gut microbiota may contribute to the attenuation. The PDCoV HNZK-02-P150 may have the potential for developing live-attenuated vaccine.IMPORTANCEPorcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an enteropathogen causing severe diarrhea, dehydration, and death in nursing piglets, devastating great economic losses for the global swine industry, and has cross-species transmission and zoonotic potential. There are currently no approved treatments or vaccines available for PDCoV. In addition, gut microbiota has an important relationship with the development of many diseases. Here, the PDCoV virulent HNZK-02 strain was successfully attenuated by serial passage on cell cultures, and the pathogenesis and effects on the gut microbiota composition and metabolic function of the PDCoV HNZK-02-P5 and P150 strains were investigated in piglets. We also found the genetic changes in the S protein during passage in vitro and the gut microbiota may contribute to the pathogenesis of PDCoV, while their interaction molecular mechanism would need to be explored further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zhang
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lulu Si
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junlong Gao
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangli Shu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Congrui Qiu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shaopo Zu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hui Hu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rehfeld JF, Goetze JP. Gastrointestinal hormones: History, biology, and measurement. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 118:111-154. [PMID: 38280804 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
This chapter attempts to provide an all-round picture of a dynamic and major branch of modern endocrinology, i.e. the gastrointestinal endocrinology. The advances during the last half century in our understanding of the dimensions and diversity of gut hormone biology - inside as well as outside the digestive tract - are astounding. Among major milestones are the dual brain-gut relationship, i.e. the comprehensive expression of gastrointestinal hormones as potent transmitters in central and peripheral neurons; the hormonal signaling from the enteroendocrine cells to the brain and other extraintestinal targets; the role of gut hormones as growth and fertility factors; and the new era of gut hormone-derived drugs. Accordingly, gastrointestinal hormones have pathogenetic roles in major metabolic disorders (diabetes mellitus and obesity); in tumor development (common cancers, sarcomas, and neuroendocrine tumors); and in cerebral diseases (anxiety, panic attacks, and probably eating disorders). Such clinical aspects require accurate pathogenetic and diagnostic measurements of gastrointestinal hormones - an obvious responsibility for clinical chemistry/biochemistry. In order to obtain a necessary insight into today's gastrointestinal endocrinology, the chapter will first describe the advances in gastrointestinal endocrinology in a historical context. The history provides a background for the subsequent description of the present biology of gastrointestinal hormones, and its biomedical consequences - not least for clinical chemistry/biochemistry with its specific responsibility for selection of appropriate assays and reliable measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen D, Rehfeld JF, Watts AG, Rorsman P, Gundlach AL. History of key regulatory peptide systems and perspectives for future research. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13251. [PMID: 37053148 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the 20th Century, regulatory peptide discovery advanced from the identification of gut hormones to the extraction and characterization of hypothalamic hypophysiotropic factors, and to the isolation and cloning of multiple brain neuropeptides. These discoveries were followed by the discovery of G-protein-coupled and other membrane receptors for these peptides. Subsequently, the systems physiology associated with some of these multiple regulatory peptides and receptors has been comprehensively elucidated and has led to improved therapeutics and diagnostics and their approval by the US Food and Drug Administration. In light of this wealth of information and further potential, it is truly a time of renaissance for regulatory peptides. In this perspective, we review what we have learned from the pioneers in exemplified fields of gut peptides, such as cholecystokinin, enterochromaffin-like-cell peptides, and glucagon, from the trailblazing studies on the key stress hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor, as well as from more recently characterized relaxin-family peptides and receptors. The historical viewpoints are based on our understanding of these topics in light of the earliest phases of research and on subsequent studies and the evolution of knowledge, aiming to sharpen our vision of the current state-of-the-art and those studies that should be prioritized in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duan Chen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alan G Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bojsen-Møller KN, Svane MS, Martinussen C, Dirksen C, Jørgensen NB, Jensen JEB, Jensen CZ, Torekov SS, Kristiansen VB, Rehfeld JF, Bork-Jensen J, Grarup N, Hansen T, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Madsbad S. Primary weight loss failure after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is characterized by impaired gut-hormone mediated regulation of food intake. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:1143-1151. [PMID: 37653071 PMCID: PMC10599997 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES After Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) a subset of patients never obtain excess BMI loss (EBMIL) > 50% and are categorized as having primary weight loss (WL) failure. We hypothesized that postprandial concentrations of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) would be lower in patients with primary WL failure compared with patients with successfully maintained WL. Furthermore, that inhibition of gut hormone secretions would increase ad libitum food intake less in patients with primary WL failure. SUBJECTS/METHODS Twenty women with primary WL failure (LowEBMIL < 50%) were individually matched to twenty women with successful WL (HighEBMIL > 60%) on age, preoperative BMI and time from RYGB. On separate days performed in a random order, patient-blinded subcutaneous injections of octreotide or saline (placebo) were followed by a fixed breakfast and an ad libitum lunch with blood sampling for appetite regulating hormones and Visual-Analogue-Scale (VAS)-scoring of hunger/satiety. Furthermore, participants underwent gene variant analysis for GLP-1, PYY and their receptors, indirect calorimetry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-scans, 4-days at-home food registration and 14-days step counting. RESULTS On placebo days, postprandial GLP-1, PYY and cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations were similar between groups after breakfast. Fasting ghrelin was lower in LowEBMIL, but the postprandial suppression was similar. LowEBMIL had lower satiety VAS-scores and less suppression of hunger VAS-scores. Gene variants did not differ between groups. Octreotide diminished GLP-1, PYY, CCK and ghrelin concentrations in both groups. Octreotide did not affect ad libitum food intake in LowEBMIL (-1% [-13, 12], mean [95%CI]), while food intake increased in HighEBMIL (+23% [2,44]). CONCLUSIONS Primary WL failure after RYGB was not characterized by impaired secretions of appetite regulating gut hormones. Interestingly, inhibition of gut hormone secretions with octreotide only increased food intake in patients with successful WL post-RYGB. Thus, an impaired central anorectic response to gut hormones may contribute to primary WL failure after RYGB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine Nyvold Bojsen-Møller
- Dept. of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Maria Saur Svane
- Dept. of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Martinussen
- Dept. of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Dirksen
- Dept. of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils Bruun Jørgensen
- Dept. of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens-Erik Beck Jensen
- Dept. of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Zinck Jensen
- Dept. of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Sørensen Torekov
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Dept. of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lopez TJ, Barcelos MA, Treesukosol Y. The administration of Exendin-4 and CCK affects food intake differentially in female and male rats tested on an alternate day fasting paradigm. Neurosci Lett 2023; 808:137275. [PMID: 37116572 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Alternate day fasting (ADF) which involves the repetition of a 2-day cycle of a day of free access to food followed by a day of limited or no access to food, is an effective dietary intervention for weight loss in both humans and rats. We have previously reported that when presented with a high energy (HE) and standard chow diet, rats maintained on an ADF schedule displayed decreased HE diet preference compared to controls. Both male and female ADF rats increased overall intake of chow. However, this increase was driven by both meal size and meal number for males and only number of meals for females. Administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) or the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist Exendin-4 (Ex-4) reduces food intake. It appears that CCK decreases food intake primarily through satiety signals whereas GLP-1 signaling may reduce intake by satiety and reward cues. Here, female and male rats were administered (i.p.) saline, 3.0 µg/kg Ex-4 (3 h before test), 3.0 µg/kg CCK (15 min before test) or a combination of both. Next, all rats were presented 23-h access to both HE diet and chow following food-restriction (ADF) or free access to chow (CON). Compared to saline-control sessions, administration of the combination of Ex-4 and CCK, but not Ex-4 or CCK alone, resulted in a decrease in both HE and chow intake early in the session for male ADF rats but the combination primarily decreased chow diet intake early in the session for female ADF rats. Thus, it appears that under these energy homeostatic conditions, administration of Ex-4 or CCK alone does not affect intake in ADF rats, but the combination produces decreases in feeding that are more than the sum of their individual effects. These findings support a role for the combination of GLP-1 and CCK signaling in the changes in diet preference induced by an alternate day fasting paradigm differentially in female and male rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taityana J Lopez
- Department of Psychology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach CA 90840, USA
| | - Marc A Barcelos
- Department of Psychology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach CA 90840, USA
| | - Yada Treesukosol
- Department of Psychology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach CA 90840, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nomoto H. Fixed-ratio combinations of basal insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as a promising strategy for treating diabetes. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:188-197. [PMID: 37035222 PMCID: PMC10075027 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i3.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of appropriate glycemic control is important for the prevention of diabetic complications in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Numerous oral antidiabetic drugs are now clinically available, but in particular, the introduction of injection regimens using insulin and/or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA)s represents promising step-up options for oral antidiabetic drug treatment. The recently licensed fixed-ratio combination (FRC) products, which comprise basal insulin and a GLP-1RA, have potent anti-hyperglycemic effects and reduce the undesirable side-effects of each component, such as body weight gain, hypoglycemia, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Two FRCs-insulin degludec/Liraglutide and insulin glargine/Lixisenatide-are now clinically available and, to date, several phase II/III trials have been conducted in particular groups of subjects with T2D. However, their utility in real-world clinical settings is of interest for most clinicians. Recently reported real-world clinical trials of these two FRCs in various situations have demonstrated their efficacy regarding glycemic control and the quality of life of people with T2D. Their long-term safety and efficacy require confirmation, but a treatment strategy that includes an FRC may be compatible with the concept of “well-balanced” therapy in certain groups of patients with T2D who have inadequate glycemic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nomoto
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rehfeld JF. Four sidenotes about glucagon peptides. Peptides 2023; 159:170924. [PMID: 36521797 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Century old glucagon is a classic pancreatic hormone. But today we also know that the glucagon gene is expressed at high levels at extrapancreatic sites - particularly so in the gut. Major hormonal glucagon gene products in the digestive tract are the two glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1 and -2). Of these, truncated GLP-1 has in recent decades attracted massive interest due to its incretin effect, and the subsequent GLP-1 derived design of potent diabetes and obesity drugs. Truncated GLP-1 has consequently become an important contributor to gastrointestinal endocrinology. The gastrointestinal branch of endocrinology today includes more than 100 bioactive peptides encoded by some 30 different hormone genes. Therefore, the gut is the largest endocrine organ in the body. In addition to a general discussion of glucagon peptides in the hierarchy of gut hormones, this review also includes three short notes about glucagon studies from the 1970s. These studies dealt with reactive hypoglycemia, chronic liver disease, and the secretory response of pancreatic glucagon to gastrin/cholecystokinin stimulation. Considering today's possibilities in molecular endocrinology, revisits to the questions raised by these studies might be worthwhile.
Collapse
|
11
|
Teysseire F, Flad E, Bordier V, Budzinska A, Weltens N, Rehfeld JF, Beglinger C, Van Oudenhove L, Wölnerhanssen BK, Meyer-Gerspach AC. Oral Erythritol Reduces Energy Intake during a Subsequent ad libitum Test Meal: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Trial in Healthy Humans. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193918. [PMID: 36235571 PMCID: PMC9571225 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of oral erythritol on subsequent energy intake is unknown. The aim was to assess the effect of oral erythritol compared to sucrose, sucralose, or tap water on energy intake during a subsequent ad libitum test meal and to examine the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) in response to these substances. In this randomized, crossover trial, 20 healthy volunteers received 50 g erythritol, 33.5 g sucrose, or 0.0558 g sucralose dissolved in tap water, or tap water as an oral preload in four different sessions. Fifteen minutes later, a test meal was served and energy intake was assessed. At set time points, blood samples were collected to quantify CCK concentrations. The energy intake (ad libitum test meal) was significantly lower after erythritol compared to sucrose, sucralose, or tap water (p < 0.05). Before the start of the ad libitum test meal, erythritol led to a significant increase in CCK compared to sucrose, sucralose, or tap water (p < 0.001). Oral erythritol given alone induced the release of CCK before the start of the ad libitum test meal and reduced subsequent energy intake compared to sucrose, sucralose, or tap water. These properties make erythritol a useful sugar alternative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Teysseire
- St. Clara Research Ltd. at St. Claraspital, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Flad
- St. Clara Research Ltd. at St. Claraspital, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valentine Bordier
- St. Clara Research Ltd. at St. Claraspital, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Budzinska
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Weltens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jens F. Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Bettina K. Wölnerhanssen
- St. Clara Research Ltd. at St. Claraspital, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Christin Meyer-Gerspach
- St. Clara Research Ltd. at St. Claraspital, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-61-685-85
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hoffman S, Alvares D, Adeli K. GLP-1 attenuates intestinal fat absorption and chylomicron production via vagal afferent nerves originating in the portal vein. Mol Metab 2022; 65:101590. [PMID: 36067913 PMCID: PMC9486018 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective GLP-1R agonists have been shown to reduce fasting and postprandial plasma lipids, both of which are independent risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease. However, how endogenous GLP-1 – which is rapidly degraded – modulates intestinal and hepatic lipid metabolism is less clear. A vagal gut-brain-axis originating in the portal vein has been proposed as a possible mechanism for GLP-1’s anti-lipemic effects. Here we sought to examine the relationship between vagal GLP-1 signalling and intestinal lipid absorption and lipoprotein production. Methods Syrian golden hamsters or C57BL/6 mice received portal vein injections of GLP-1(7-36), and postprandial and fasting plasma TG, TRL TG, or VLDL TG were examined. These experiments were repeated during sympathetic blockade, and under a variety of pharmacological or surgical deafferentation techniques. In addition, hamsters received nodose ganglia injections of a GLP-1R agonist or antagonist to further probe the vagal pathway. Peripheral studies were repeated in a novel GLP-1R KO hamster model and in our diet-induced hamster models of insulin resistance. Results GLP-1(7-36) site-specifically reduced postprandial and fasting plasma lipids in both hamsters and mice. These inhibitory effects of GLP-1 were investigated via pharmacological and surgical denervation experiments and found to be dependent on intact afferent vagal signalling cascades and efferent changes in sympathetic tone. Furthermore, GLP-1R agonism in the nodose ganglia resulted in markedly reduced postprandial plasma TG and TRL TG, and fasting VLDL TG and this nodose GLP-1R activity was essential for portal GLP-1s effect. Notably, portal and nodose ganglia GLP-1 effects were lost in GLP-1R KO hamsters and following diet-induced insulin resistance. Conclusion Our data demonstrates for the first time that portal GLP-1 modulates postprandial and fasting lipids via a complex vagal gut–brain–liver axis. Importantly, loss or interference with this signalling axis via surgical, pharmacological, or dietary intervention resulted in the loss of portal GLP-1s anti-lipemic effects. This supports emerging evidence that native GLP-1 works primarily through a vagal neuroendocrine mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hoffman
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Danielle Alvares
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|