Efficacy of resveratrol in the wound healing process by reducing oxidative stress and promoting fibroblast cell proliferation and migration

Inflammation Can Be a High-Risk Factor for Mucosal Nonunion of MRONJ by Regulating SIRT1 Signaling When Treated with an Oncologic Dose of Zoledronate

Purpose

Zoledronate (ZA) stands as a highly effective antiresorptive agent known to trigger medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Its clinical dosages primarily encompass those used for oncologic and osteoporosis treatments. While inflammation is recognized as a potential disruptor of mucosal healing processes associated with ZA, prior research has overlooked the influence of varying ZA dosages on tissue adaptability. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the specific mechanisms by which inflammation exacerbates ZA-induced MRONJ, particularly when inflammation acts as a risk factor, remains crucial.

Methods

Cell proliferation and migration of human oral keratinocytes (HOK) was analyzed after treatment with different doses of ZA and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to assess their possible effect on mucosal healing of extraction wounds. Mouse periodontitis models were established using LPS, and histological changes in extraction wounds were observed after the administration of oncologic dose ZA. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate mucosal healing.

Results

In vitro, LPS did not exacerbate the effects of osteoporosis therapeutic dose of ZA on the proliferation and migration of HOK cells, while aggravated these with the oncologic dose of ZA treatment by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress via regulating SIRT1 expression. Furthermore, SIRT1 overexpression can alleviate this process. In vivo, local injection of LPS increased the nonunion of mucous membranes in MRONJ and decreased the expression of SIRT1, PGC-1α, and MnSOD.

Conclusion

Inflammation aggravates oncologic dose of ZA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress via a SIRT1-dependent pathway, enhancing the risk of impaired mucosal healing in MRONJ. Our study implies that inflammation becomes a critical risk factor for MRONJ development at higher ZA concentrations. Elucidating the mechanisms of inflammation as a risk factor for mucosal non-healing in MRONJ could inform the development of SIRT1-targeted therapies.

Resveratrol-coated chitosan mats promote angiogenesis for enhanced wound healing in animal model

BACKGROUND

Growing incidences of chronic wounds recommend the development of optimal therapeutic wound dressings. Electrospun nanofibers have been considered to show potential wound healing properties when accompanied by other wound dressing materials. This study aimed to explore the potential role of Chitosan (CS) nanofibrous mats coated with resveratrol (RS) as an antioxidant and pro-angiogenic agent in rat models of skin wound healing.

METHODS

Electrospun chitosan/polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers were prepared using electrospinning technology and coated by 0.05 and 0.1 mg.ml resveratrol named as (CS/RS 0.05) and (CS/RS 0.1), respectively. The scaffolds were characterized physiochemically such as in vitro release study, TGA, FTIR spectroscopy analysis, biodegradability, and human dermal fibroblast seeding assay. The scaffold was subsequently used in vivo as a skin substitute on a rat skin wound model.

RESULTS

In vitro tests revealed that all scaffolds promoted cell adhesion and proliferation. However, more cell viability was observed in CS/RS 0.1 scaffold. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds was validated by MTT assay, and the results did not show any toxic effects on human dermal fibroblasts. It was observed that RS-coated scaffolds had the ability to release RS in a controlled manner. In in vivo tests CS/RS 0.1 scaffold had the greatest impact on the healing process by improving the neodermis formation and modulated inflammation in wound granulation tissue. Histological analysis revealed enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor expression, epithelialization and increased depth of wound granulation tissue.

CONCLUSIONS

The RS-coated CS/PEO nanofibrous scaffold accelerates wound healing and may be useful as a dressing for cell transfer and clinical skin regeneration.

Boosting wound healing in diabetic rats: The role of nicotinamide riboside and resveratrol in UPR modulation and pyroptosis inhibition

BACKGROUND

Diabetes-related skin ulcers provide a substantial therapeutic issue, sometimes leading to amputation, needing immediate practical treatments for efficient wound care. While the exact mechanisms are unknown, pyroptosis and deregulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) are known to exacerbate inflammation. Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) and Resveratrol (RV), which are known for their Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) boosting and anti-inflammatory properties, are being studied as potential treatments. The purpose of this study was to shed light on the underlying molecular mechanisms and explore the medical application of NR and RV in diabetic wound healing.

METHODS

54 male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into control, diabetic (DM), Gel Base, DM-NR, DM-RV, and DM-NR + RV. Rats were orally administered 50 mg/kg/day of RV and 300 mg/kg/day of NR for 5 weeks. Following diabetes induction, their wounds were topically treated with 5 % NR and RV gel for 15 days. The wound closure rate, body weight, and serum lipid profiles were examined. Gene expression study evaluated UPR and pyroptosis-related genes (BIP, PERK, ATF6, IRE1α, sXBP1, CHOP, NLRP3, caspase-1, NFκB, and IL1-β) in wound tissues, alongside histological assessment of cellular changes.

RESULTS

NR and RV treatments greatly enhanced wound healing. Molecular investigation demonstrated UPR and pyroptosis marker modifications, suggesting UPR balance and anti-inflammatory effects. Histological investigation demonstrated decreased inflammation and increased re-epithelialization. The combination of NR and RV therapy had better results than either treatment alone.

CONCLUSION

This study shows that NR and RV have therapeutic promise in treating diabetic wounds by addressing UPR dysregulation, and pyroptosis. The combination therapy is a viable strategy to improving the healing process, providing a multimodal intervention for diabetic skin ulcers. These findings pave the way for additional investigation and possible therapeutic applications, giving hope for better outcomes in diabetic wound care.

Resveratrol Promotes Diabetic Wound Healing by Inhibiting Notch Pathway

INTRODUCTION

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a severe complication that threatens the daily lives of patients with diabetes and represents a serious challenge to the global health system. Considering that impaired wound healing is the leading cause of DFU, exploring the mechanism of diabetic wound healing is beneficial for improving DFU treatment. Resveratrol (RES) is a native polyphenol with various pharmacological characteristics, and recent studies have indicated an accelerated function of RES in diabetic wound healing. As human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) play a significant role in diabetic wound healing, this study aimed to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of RES in HDFs.

METHODS

To mimic diabetic wound healing in vitro, the HDFs were stimulated with high glucose (HG). Our findings revealed that RES reversed HG-induced suppression of HDF proliferation and migration caused by HG. RES inhibits the Notch signaling pathway. More importantly, we demonstrated that the activation of the Notch pathway abrogated the effects of RES on HG-induced HDFs.

RESULTS

In vivo assays also illustrated that RES contributed to wound healing in diabetic mice by blocking the Notch pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, RES improved diabetic wound healing by targeting the Notch pathway, which offers novel insights into DFU therapy.

The stromal microenvironment and ovarian aging: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities

For decades, most studies of ovarian aging have focused on its functional units, known as follicles, which include oocytes and granulosa cells. However, in the ovarian stroma, there are a variety of somatic components that bridge the gap between general aging and ovarian senescence. Physiologically, general cell types, microvascular structures, extracellular matrix, and intercellular molecules affect folliculogenesis and corpus luteum physiology alongside the ovarian cycle. As a result of damage caused by age-related metabolite accumulation and external insults, the microenvironment of stromal cells is progressively remodeled, thus inevitably perturbing ovarian physiology. With the established platforms for follicle cryopreservation and in vitro maturation and the development of organoid research, it is desirable to develop strategies to improve the microenvironment of the follicle by targeting the perifollicular environment. In this review, we summarize the role of stromal components in ovarian aging, describing their age-related alterations and associated effects. Moreover, we list some potential techniques that may mitigate ovarian aging based on their effect on the stromal microenvironment.

The protective role of resveratrol in diabetic wound healing

Diabetic wounds are severe complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), which have difficulty in healing. Although diverse treatments have been used, the prognosis of diabetic wounds is not satisfactory; therefore, an effective therapy to accelerate diabetic wound healing is urgently needed. In our review, we summarized that resveratrol can promote diabetic wound healing by protecting against hyperglycemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular pathology, infection, and peripheral neuropathy. To clarify it clearly, we highlighted its underlying mechanisms of protective effects of resveratrol against diabetic wounds, and high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish its clinical efficacy. Otherwise, with the development of material sciences, resveratrol can exert its therapeutic effectiveness efficiently; however, more high-quality studies are needed to confirm the clinical efficacy of resveratrol on diabetic wounds.

The Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Potential of Coccoloba alnifolia Leaf Extracts

Oxidative stress has been associated with different diseases, and different medicinal plants have been used to treat or prevent this condition. The leaf ethanolic extract (EE) and aqueous extract (AE) from Coccoloba alnifolia have previously been characterized to have antioxidant potential in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we worked with EE and AE and two partition phases, AF (ethyl acetate) and BF (butanol), from AE extract. These extracts and partition phases did not display cytotoxicity. The EE and AE reduced NO production and ROS in all three concentrations tested. Furthermore, it was observed that EE and AE at 500 μg/mL concentration were able to reduce phagocytic activity by 30 and 50%, respectively. A scratch assay using a fibroblast cell line (NHI/3T3) showed that extracts and fractions induced cell migration with 60% wound recovery within 24 h, especially for BF. It was also observed that AF and BF had antioxidant potential in all the assays evaluated. In addition, copper chelation was observed. This activity was previously not detected in AE. The HPLC-DAD analysis showed the presence of phenolic compounds such as p-cumaric acid and vitexin for extracts, while the GNPS annotated the presence of isoorientin, vitexin, kanakugiol, and tryptamine in the BF partition phase. The data presented here demonstrated that the EE, AE, AF, and BF of C. alnifolia have potential immunomodulatory effects, antioxidant effects, as well as in vitro wound healing characteristics, which are important for dynamic inflammation process control.

Machine learning and bioinformatics analysis to identify autophagy-related biomarkers in peripheral blood for rheumatoid arthritis

Background: Although rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease, the precise pathogenesis of the disease remains unclear. Recent research has unraveled the role of autophagy in the development of RA. This research aims to explore autophagy-related diagnostic biomarkers in the peripheral blood of RA patients. Methods: The gene expression profiles of GSE17755 were retrieved from the gene expression ontology (GEO) database. Differentially expressed autophagy-related genes (DE-ARGs) were identified for the subsequent research by inserting autophagy-related genes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Three machine learning algorithms, including random forest, support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), were employed to identify diagnostic biomarkers. A nomogram model was constructed to assess the diagnostic value of the biomarkers. The CIBERSORT algorithm was performed to investigate the correlation of the diagnostic biomarkers with immune cells and immune factors. Finally, the diagnostic efficacy and differential expression trend of diagnostic biomarkers were validated in multiple cohorts containing different tissues and diseases. Results: In this study, 25 DE-ARGs were identified between RA and healthy individuals. In addition to "macroautophagy" and "autophagy-animal," DE-ARGs were also associated with several types of programmed cell death and immune-related pathways according to GO and KEGG analysis. Three diagnostic biomarkers, EEF2, HSP90AB1 and TNFSF10, were identified by the random forest, SVM-RFE, and LASSO. The nomogram model demonstrated excellent diagnostic value in GSE17755 (AUC = 0.995, 95% CI: 0.988-0.999). Furthermore, immune infiltration analysis showed a remarkable association between EEF2, HSP90AB1, and TNFSF10 expression with various immune cells and immune factors. The three diagnostic biomarkers also exhibited good diagnostic efficacy and demonstrated the same trend of differential expression in multiple validation cohorts. Conclusion: This study identified autophagy-related diagnostic biomarkers based on three machine learning algorithms, providing promising targets for the diagnosis and treatment of RA.

Multicomponent Antibiofilm Lipid Nanoparticles as Novel Platform to Ameliorate Resveratrol Properties: Preliminary Outcomes on Fibroblast Proliferation and Migration

The well-being of skin and mucous membranes is fundamental for the homeostasis of the body and thus it is imperative to treat any lesion quickly and correctly. In this view, polyphenols might assist and enhance a successful wound healing process by reducing the inflammatory cascade and the production of free radicals. However, they suffer from disadvantageous physico-chemical properties, leading to restricted clinical use. In this work, a complex mixture of PEGylated lipid, Glyceryl monoester, 18-β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid and Menthol was designed to entrap Resveratrol (RSV) as the active ingredient and further produce lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) by homogenization followed by high-frequency sonication. The nanosystem was properly characterized in terms of particle size (DLS, SEM), zeta potential, drug loading, antioxidant power (DPPH), release behaviour, cytocompatibility, wound healing and antibiofilm properties. The optimized lipid mixture was homogeneous, melted at 57-61 °C and encapsulated amorphous RSV (4.56 ± 0.04% w/w). The RSV-loaded LNPs were almost monodispersed (PDI: 0.267 ± 0.010), with nanometric size (162.86 ± 3.12 nm), scavenger properties and suitable DR% and LE% values (96.82 ± 1.34% and 95.17 ± 0.25%, respectively). The release studies were performed to simulate the wound conditions: 1-octanol to mimic the lipophilic domains of biological tissues (where the First Order kinetic was observed) and citrate buffer pH 5.5 according to the inflammatory wound exudate (where the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic was followed). The biological and microbiological evaluations highlighted fibroblast proliferation and migration effects as well as antibiofilm properties at extremely low doses (LNPs: 22 μg/mL, corresponding to RSV 5 µM). Thus, the proposed multicomponent LNPs could represent a valuable RSV delivery platform for wound healing purposes.

A bio-polymeric scaffold incorporated with p-Coumaric acid enhances diabetic wound healing by modulating MMP-9 and TGF-β3 expression

Diabetic wounds lead to severe health complications as the tissue regeneration process fails predominantly due to prolonged inflammation, reactive oxygen species generation, and imbalance in collagen turnover. Modern wound dressings that can aid in wound management thus improving the public healthcare system, is the present need. This study aims to fabricate an effective wound dressing using plant polyphenol to treat chronic wounds as polyphenols possess excellent wound-healing ability. The collagen scaffold enriched with the polyphenol, p-Coumaric acid, was fabricated by freeze-drying method (Col-OxP3-Ca) and examined for its wound-healing ability by in vitro and in vivo analyses. Col-OxP3-Ca scaffold exhibited 85% antioxidant activity, biocompatibility in fibroblast cells, enhanced cell proliferation and migration rate. The diabetic excision wound treated with Col-OxP3-Ca scaffold healed within 21 days and a well-developed epidermis, blood vessels, hair follicle formation, fewer inflammatory cells and collagen deposition was observed in histological analysis. The immunohistochemical results depicted the enhanced expression of TGF-β3 and lessened expression of the MMP-9 in Col-OxP3-Ca scaffold treatment group. p-Coumaric acid shortened the inflammatory stage, enhanced angiogenesis, tissue regeneration and balanced collagen turnover during healing. From this, we can accomplish that the Col-OxP3-Ca wound dressing could be an outstanding alternative to treat chronic wounds.

eEF2 improves dense connective tissue repair and healing outcome by regulating cellular death, autophagy, apoptosis, proliferation and migration

Outcomes following human dense connective tissue (DCT) repair are often variable and suboptimal, resulting in compromised function and development of chronic painful degenerative diseases. Moreover, biomarkers and mechanisms that guide good clinical outcomes after DCT injuries are mostly unknown. Here, we characterize the proteomic landscape of DCT repair following human Achilles tendon rupture and its association with long-term patient-reported outcomes. Moreover, the potential regulatory mechanisms of relevant biomarkers were assessed partly by gene silencing experiments. A mass-spectrometry based proteomic approach quantified a large number (769) of proteins, including 51 differentially expressed proteins among 20 good versus 20 poor outcome patients. A novel biomarker, elongation factor-2 (eEF2) was identified as being strongly prognostic of the 1-year clinical outcome. Further bioinformatic and experimental investigation revealed that eEF2 positively regulated autophagy, cell proliferation and migration, as well as reduced cell death and apoptosis, leading to improved DCT repair and outcomes. Findings of eEF2 as novel prognostic biomarker could pave the way for new targeted treatments to improve healing outcomes after DCT injuries.Trial registration: NCT02318472 registered 17 December 2014 and NCT01317160 registered 17 March 2011, with URL http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02318472 and http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01317160 .

The effect of multiple-dose ivermectin treatment on CD4+/CD8+ and the oxidative stress index in goats with udder viral papillomatosis

This study aims to reveal the therapeutic effect of ivermectin against Capra hircus papillomavirus (ChPV-1) infection and on the CD4⁺/CD8⁺ (cluster of differentiation) and oxidative stress index (OSI). Twenty hair goats naturally infected with ChPV-1 were divided into two groups with equal numbers as the ivermectin group and the control groups. Ivermectin was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg to the goats in the ivermectin group on days 0, 7, and 21. Blood samples were collected from the vena jugularis on days 0, 21, 45, and 90. The cluster of differentiation4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio was significantly higher in the ivermectin group than in the control group on the 90th day. Furthermore, the CD8⁺ concentration was significantly decreased in the ivermectin group on the 90th day compared with the control group. Both total oxidant status (TOS) and OSI were found to be significantly higher in the control group on the 21st and 45th days than in the ivermectin group. On the 90th day, it was determined that the lesions in the ivermectin group improved significantly compared to those in the control group. Additionally, only in the ivermectin group was there a significant difference between the 90th day and the other days in terms of healing. As a result, it can be suggested that ivermectin has positive effects on the immune response and that its oxidative actions are of therapeutic value and do not harm the systemic oxidative status, as in untreated goats.

Emerging Effects of Resveratrol Derivatives in Cells Involved in Oral Wound Healing: A Preliminary Study

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in finding new approaches to manage oral wound healing. Although resveratrol (RSV) exhibited many biological properties, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, its use as a drug is limited by unfavorable bioavailability. This study aimed to investigate a series of RSV derivatives (1a-j) with better pharmacokinetic profiles. At first, their cytocompatibility at different concentrations was tested on gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Among them, derivatives 1d and 1h significantly increased cell viability compared to the reference compound RSV. Thus, 1d and 1h were investigated for cytotoxicity, proliferation, and gene expression in HGFs, endothelial cells (HUVECs), and oral osteoblasts (HOBs), which are the main cells involved in oral wound healing. For HUVECs and HGFs, the morphology was also evaluated, while for HOBs ALP and mineralization were observed. The results showed that both 1d and 1h did not exert negative effects on cell viability, and at a lower concentration (5 µM) both even significantly enhanced the proliferative rate, compared to RSV. The morphology observations pointed out that the density of HUVECs and HGFs was promoted by 1d and 1h (5 µM) and mineralization was promoted in HOBs. Moreover, 1d and 1h (5 µM) induced a higher eNOS mRNA level in HUVECs, higher COL1 mRNA in HGFs, and higher OCN in HOBs, compared to RSV. The appreciable physicochemical properties and good enzymatic and chemical stability of 1d and 1h, along with their promising biological properties, provide the scientific basis for further studies leading to the development of RSV-based agents useful in oral tissue repair.

Resveratrol accelerates wound healing by inducing M2 macrophage polarisation in diabetic mice

CONTEXT

The reduction in M2 macrophage polarisation plays a major role during diabetic wound healing. Resveratrol (RSV) can promote the polarisation of M2 macrophages and accelerate diabetic wound healing. However, the specific mechanism by which RSV regulates M2 macrophage polarisation to promote diabetic wound healing is unclear.

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluated the effectiveness of RSV on diabetic wound healing and analysed the underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

STZ-induced C57/B6 mice were used as a diabetic mice model for a period of 15 days. RSV (10 μmol/L) was injected around the wound to evaluate the effect of RSV on the healing process of diabetic wounds. The human monocyte line THP-1 was used to evaluate the effects of RSV (10 μmol/L) on polarisation of M2 macrophages and the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors.

RESULTS

In vivo, RSV significantly increased diabetic wound healing (p < 0.05) and make the regenerated skin structure more complete. And it promoted the expression of α-SMA and Collagen I (p < 0.05). Moreover, RSV reduced the secretion of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, iNOS and IL-1β) (p < 0.05) and promoted M2 macrophage polarisation by increasing Arg-1 and CD206 expression (p < 0.01). In vitro, RSV promoted the polarisation of M2 macrophages (p < 0.001) and reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) (p < 0.05). The therapeutic effects of RSV were all significantly reversed with LY294002 (p < 0.01).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

RSV has the positive effects on promoting the acceleration and quality of skin wound healing, which provides a scientific basis for clinical treatment in diabetic wound.

Comparison of Deep Partial Thickness Burns Wound Healing with Resveratrol Gel and Paraffin Gauze in Wistar Rats

BACKGROUND: Various modalities of wound care in burn cases are offered, but there is no standard algorithm used. Paraffin gauze dressing, as one of the commonly used dressings, is considered to have many shortcomings. Resveratrol, a stilbenoid derived from plants, is reported to have a role in wound healing process, it has the potential to be one of the modalities for treating burns. This study aims to strengthen studies on the role of resveratrol in wound healing process, especially in burns compared with paraffin gauze. AIM: This study conducted to prove that resveratrol gel more superior than paraffin gauze in deep partial thickness burns healing process. METHODS: This research is a laboratory experimental study with a post-test only design, simple randomized, and single blind. A sample of 32 Wistar rats with deep partial thickness burns was divided into four control groups and four treatment groups. Control groups were treated using paraffin gauze. Treatment groups were treated using resveratrol gel. Group 1 of each group was assessed for epithelialization. Angiogenesis, fibroblasts, and collagen deposition was assessed on day 5 in Group 2, day 14 in Group 3, and day 21 in Group 4. RESULTS: Angiogenesis was significantly higher in the treatment group than the control group on day 5 and 14 (p = 0.047; 95% CI = 1.23–5.23 and p = 0.032; 95% CI = 0.21–3.28) but not significantly different on day 21 (p = 0.107; 95% CI = −0.43–3.43). The number of fibroblasts in the treatment group was significantly higher on day 5, 14, and 21 (p = 0.004; 0.038; and 0.005; 95% CI = 2.42–17.19; 5.38–16.78; 4.24–15.25). Collagen deposition was not significantly different on day 5 (p = 0.342; 95% CI = −5.65–14.63) but was significantly higher on day 14 and 21 (p = 0.048; 95% CI = 0.11–23.7 and p = 0.002; 95% CI = 10.14–26.57). The epithelialization process occurred earlier in the treatment group than in the control group (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Topical administration of resveratrol gel accelerates the epithelialization process, which increases the number of angiogenesis, fibroblasts, and collagen deposition in deep partial thickness burns compared to paraffin gauze.

Emerging Effects of Resveratrol on Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review

Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural extract that has been extensively studied for its significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which are closely associated with a variety of injurious diseases and even cosmetic medicine. In this review, we have researched and summarized the role of resveratrol and its different forms of action in wound healing, exploring its role and mechanisms in promoting wound healing through different modes of action such as hydrogels, fibrous scaffolds and parallel ratio medical devices with their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-ageing properties and functions in various cells that may play a role in wound healing. This will provide a direction for further understanding of the mechanism of action of resveratrol in wound healing for future research.

Bioactive functional collagen-oxidized pullulan scaffold loaded with polydatin for treating chronic wounds

Prolonged inflammation, elevated matrix metalloproteinases, hypoxia, decreased vascularization, increased oxidative stress, and bacterial infection are typical signs of chronic non-healing diabetic wounds. Any agent that improves one or all factors could offer enhanced opportunities for better healing of diabetic wounds. In this study, a polyphenol (polydatin) incorporated collagen scaffold was prepared using a biocompatible crosslinker, oxidized pullulan (Col-OxP3-Po), to treat diabetic wounds. The scaffolds were characterized using SEM, FTIR, antioxidant activity, in vitro and in vivo wound healing assay, gene expression, and immunohistopathological studies. Polydatin incorporated scaffold exhibited 75 % antioxidant activity, hemostatic and erythrocyte adhesion properties. FTIR results proved the incorporation of polydatin in the Col-OxP3-Po scaffold. They were also non-toxic to the 3 T3 fibroblasts with a viability of 93 % and good cell attachment. In vivo, normal and diabetic wound healing studies showed that the Col-OxP3-Po scaffold treated group healed on days 16 and 21. The histological and immunohistochemistry analyses of the granulation tissues showed improved epithelialization, angiogenesis and enhanced collagen deposition by modulating TGF-β3 and MMP - 9 gene expressions favorable for better healing. Thus, this scaffold could be a newer treatment strategy for chronic non-healing wounds.

Recent Overview of Resveratrol's Beneficial Effects and Its Nano-Delivery Systems

Highlights

Abstract

Natural polyphenols have a wide variety of biological activities and are taken into account as healthcare materials. Resveratrol is one such natural polyphenol, belonging to a group known as stilbenoids (STBs). Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is mainly found in grapes, wine, nuts, and berries. A wide range of biological activities has been demonstrated by resveratrol, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, and antiaging effects, and many more are still under research. However, as with many other plant-based polyphenol products, resveratrol suffers from low bioavailability once administered in vivo due to its susceptibility to rapid enzyme degradation by the body’s innate immune system before it can exercise its therapeutic influence. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to ensure the best use of resveratrol by creating a proper resveratrol delivery system. Nanomedicine and nanodelivery systems utilize nanoscale materials as diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents in a controlled manner to specifically targeted locations. After a brief introduction about polyphenols, this review overviews the physicochemical characteristics of resveratrol, its beneficial effects, and recent advances on novel nanotechnological approaches for its delivery according to the type of nanocarrier utilized. Furthermore, the article summarizes the different potential applications of resveratrol as, for example, a therapeutic and disease-preventing anticancer and antiviral agent.

Strategically designed SPEEK nanofibrous scaffold with tailored delivery ofresveratrolfor skin wound regeneration

Electro-spinnable polymeric materials can easily form two-dimensional (2D) nanofibrous scaffolds improving biochemical functionalities specially in the area of skin wound healing and nanomedicine, but it has been hard to achieve this on a highly mechanically stable biopolymer, Poly ether ether ketone (PEEK), due to its intrinsic hydrophobicity and chemical inertness. Herein, we demonstrated a novel nanomedicine healing system consisting of sulphonated poly ether ether ketone combined withresveratrol(SPEEK+RSV), which could act as an effective 2D nano bio-materialin vitroandin vivo, without observable cytotoxicity. The fabricated nanocomposites exhibited enriched skin cell proliferation and adhesion as confirmed from the results of MTT, cell adhesion and live-dead assay. Results of SEM analysis showed a uniform nano-sized distribution with adequate pore size and porosity % facilitating a desired breathable environment at the wound site. The results of FT-IR, tensile studies and TGA analyses confirmed the presence of appropriate bonds and improved mechanical stability of theRSVincorporated nanofibrous scaffold. Results of anti-microbial analysis portrayed good potentiality of the fabricated nanofibers in treating wounds colonized with bacterial infections. Controlled drug release of resveratrol established the bio-compatibility of the nanofibers in skin wound regeneration.In vivoanalysis assessed in female Wistar rats enabled complete wound closure with 100 % wound contraction within 16 days. Results of histopathology analysis through H-E and MT staining presented the re-surfing of the wound environment with regeneration of epithelium, granulation tissue and collagen. Thus, the fabricated 2D nanofibrous scaffold incorporated with pharmaceutical RSV bio-medicine perceptively mimicked skin ECM convincingly aiding the progression of skin wound regeneration mechanism.

Nanomedicine-based strategies to improve treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis

Nanomedicine strategies were first adapted and successfully translated to clinical application for diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. These strategies would no doubt benefit unmet diseases needs as in the case of leishmaniasis. The latter causes skin sores in the cutaneous form and affects internal organs in the visceral form. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) aims at accelerating wound healing, reducing scarring and cosmetic morbidity, preventing parasite transmission and relapse. Unfortunately, available treatments show only suboptimal effectiveness and none of them were designed specifically for this disease condition. Tissue regeneration using nano-based devices coupled with drug delivery are currently being used in clinic to address diabetic wounds. Thus, in this review, we analyse the current treatment options and attempt to critically analyse the use of nanomedicine-based strategies to address CL wounds in view of achieving scarless wound healing, targeting secondary bacterial infection and lowering drug toxicity.

Evaluation of a Gel Containing a Propionibacterium Extract in an In Vivo Model of Wound Healing

Inappropriate wound healing (WH) management can cause significant comorbidities, especially in patients affected by chronic and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. WH involves several different, partially overlapping processes, including hemostasis, inflammation, cell proliferation, and remodeling. Oxidative stress in WH contributes to WH impairment because of the overexpression of radical oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS). This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidative action of a gel containing a Propionibacterium extract (Emorsan® Gel) and assess its skin re-epithelialization properties in a mouse model of WH. The scavenging effects of the bacterial extract were assessed in vitro through the ABTS and DPPH assays and in L-929 murine fibroblasts. The effects of the Emorsan® Gel were studied in vivo in a murine model of WH. After WH induction, mice were treated daily with vehicle or Emorsan® Gel for 6 or 12 days. According to the in vitro tests, the Propionibacterium extract exerted an inhibitory effect on ROS and RNS, consequently leading to the reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels. Before proceeding with the in vivo study, the Emorsan® Gel was verified to be unabsorbed. Therefore, the observed effects could be ascribed to a local action. The results obtained in vivo showed that through local reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation (IL-1β, TNF-α), the Emorsan® Gel significantly reduced the infiltration of mast cells into the injured wound, leading to the amelioration of symptoms such as itch and skin irritation. Therefore, the Emorsan® Gel improved the speed and percentage of wound area closure by improving the tissue remodeling process, prompting vascular–endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)- β production and reducing the expression of adhesion molecules. Emorsan® Gel, by its ability to inhibit free radicals, could reduce local inflammation and oxidative stress, thus enhancing the speed of wound healing.

Resveratrol Microencapsulation into Electrosprayed Polymeric Carriers for the Treatment of Chronic, Non-Healing Wounds

Chronic, non-healing wounds represent a challenging socio-economic burden, demanding innovative approaches for successful wound management. Resveratrol (RSV) represents a promising therapeutic candidate, but its therapeutic efficacy and clinical applicability have been hampered by its rapid degradation and/or depletion. Herein, RSV was encapsulated into poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) microparticles by electrospraying with the aim to prolong and preserve RSV’s release/activity, without affecting its therapeutic properties. Electrospraying led to the fabrication of spherical (2 to 10 μm in size), negatively charged (<−1 mV), and quasi-monodisperse (PDI < 0.3) microparticles, with 60% RSV release after 28 days. Microencapsulation of RSV into PCL prevented its photochemical degradation and preserved its antioxidant properties over 72 h. The RSV-PCL microparticles did not exhibit any cytotoxicity on human dermal fibroblasts. RSV released from the microparticles was biologically functional and induced a significant increase in collagen type I deposition. Furthermore, the produced RSV-PCL microparticles reduced the expression of inflammatory (IL-6, IL-8, COX-2) and proteolytic (MMP-2, MMP-9) mediators. Collectively, our data clearly illustrate the potential of electrosprayed polymeric carriers for the sustained delivery of RSV to treat chronic wounds.

Remodeling immune microenvironment in periodontitis using resveratrol liposomes as an antibiotic-free therapeutic strategy

BACKGROUND

Periodontitis is a complicated inflammatory disease that damages the tooth-supporting tissues, with limited pharmacotherapy available. Macrophage-targeting therapy is promising for inflammatory diseases. Resveratrol (RSV), a nonflavonoid polyphenol, is known for its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. However, its medical application is limited by its poor stability and water-solubility, as well as its low bioavailability.

RESULT

A therapeutic resveratrol-loaded liposomal system (Lipo-RSV) was developed to treat periodontitis. The physical properties of Lipo-RSV and its ability to regulate macrophages were investigated. The results showed that Lipo-RSV had good biocompatibility and could re-educate the inflammatory macrophages from M1- to M2-like phenotype through activating p-STAT3 and downregulating p-STAT1. Besides, the Lipo-RSV could scavenge ROS and inhibit the NF-κB signal and inflammasomes, thereby reducing the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.

CONCLUSION

These results revealed that Lipo-RSV could be a potential therapeutic system for the antibiotic-free treatment for periodontal diseases.

Melatonin pre-treated bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells prompt wound healing in rat models

Bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-based therapy is an outstanding candidate for cutaneous wound healing. Melatonin (MEL) has been reported for its anti-inflammatory as well as tissue regenerative properties. Existing work aimed to explore the potential healing power of BMSCs pre-treated with MEL in a skin wound model. Adult rats were allocated into control, PIO, BMSCs (1 × 10⁵ cells), and MEL/BMSCs groups. On the 21 days post-wounding, tissues were sampled for analysis. The results demonstrated that compared to the control group, MEL/BMSCs therapy induced noticeable decline in wound area and elevated rate of wound retraction. Furthermore, marked increases in tissue hydroxyproline, as well as tissue content and gene expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor in MEL/BMSCs treated-wounded animals. Compared to the untreated control group, marked increases were found in antioxidant enzymatic activities together with elevated GSH levels in wounded tissues after MEL/BMSCs treatment. Moreover, therapeutically handled wounds with MEL/BMSCs revealed low levels of MDA, NO and protein carbonyls. Combined therapy with MEL/BMSCs relieved the inflammation witnessed by decreasing IL-1β, TNF-α and NF-κB levels in wounded tissues. Furthermore, noteworthy rises in levels of TGF-β and gene expression of α-SMA were noticed after MEL/BMSCs application that reveals their anti-scarring properties. Histologically, noticeable improvement in histopathological skin lesions in wound area and elevated the collagen synthesis and deposition. Collectively, the obtained data depict that the pre-treatment of BMSCs with MEL could potentially be a successful strategy for scaling-up the wound healing outcomes more than using BMSCs monotherapy in rat models.

Resveratrol-Induced Signal Transduction in Wound Healing

Resveratrol is a well-known polyphenol that harbors various health benefits. Besides its well-known anti-oxidative potential, resveratrol exerts anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and cell-protective effects. It seems to be a promising adjuvant for various medical indications, such as cancer, vascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, resveratrol was shown to display beneficial effects on the human skin. The polyphenol is discussed to be a feasible treatment approach to accelerate wound healing and prevent the development of chronic wounds without the drawback of systemic side effects. Despite resveratrol’s increasing popularity, its molecular mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. To take full advantage of resveratrol’s therapeutic potential, a profound knowledge of its interactions with its targets is needed. Therefore, this review highlights the resveratrol-induced molecular pathways with particular focus on the most relevant variables in wound healing, namely inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy, collagen proliferation and angiogenesis.

A bi-layered scaffold of a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanofiber mat and an alginate-gelatin hydrogel for wound healing

A resveratrol-loaded bi-layered scaffold (RBS) that consists of a resveratrol-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (Res-PLGA) electrospinning nanofiber mat (upper layer) and an alginate di-aldehyde (ADA)-gelatin (GEL) crosslinking hydrogel (ADA-GEL) (lower layer) was fabricated as a wound dressing material. It was made through mimicking the epidermis and dermis of the skin. The RBS exhibited good hemostatic ability and proper swelling ability. Furthermore, HaCaT cells and human embryonic skin fibroblasts (ESFs) were also cultured in the nanofiber layer and hydrogel layer of RBS, and the results indicated that both HaCaT and ESFs could grow well in the materials. The in vivo experiment using a Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat skin wound as a model showed that the RBS could accelerate the wound healing rate compared with the Res-PLGA group and ADA4-GEL6 group. These results indicated that this resveratrol-loaded bi-layered scaffold can be a potential candidate in promoting wound healing.

An Insight into Aging, Senescence, and Their Impacts on Wound Healing

Cellular senescence has been found to have beneficial roles in development, tissue regeneration, and wound healing. However, in aging senescence increases, and the ability to properly repair and heal wounds significantly declines across multiple tissues. This age-related accumulation of senescent cells may cause loss of tissue homeostasis leading to dysregulation of normal and timely wound healing processes. The delays in wound healing of aging have widespread clinical and economic impacts, thus novel strategies to improve wound healing in aging are needed and targeting senescence may be a promising area.

The impact of resveratrol on skin wound healing, scarring, and aging

Resveratrol is a well‐known antioxidant that harbours many health beneficial properties. Multiple studies associated the antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and cell protective effects of resveratrol. These diverse effects of resveratrol are also potentially involved in cutaneous wound healing, scarring, and (photo‐)aging of the skin. Hence, this review highlighted the most relevant studies involving resveratrol in wound healing, scarring, and photo‐aging of the skin. A systematic review was performed and the database PubMed was searched for suitable publications. Only original articles in English that investigated the effects of resveratrol in wound healing, scarring, and (photo‐)aging of the skin were analysed. The literature search yielded a total of 826 studies, but only 41 studies met the inclusion criteria. The included studies showed promising results that resveratrol might be a feasible treatment approach to support wound healing, counteract excessive scarring, and even prevent photo‐aging of the skin. Resveratrol represents an interesting and promising novel therapy regime but to confirm resveratrol‐associated effects, more evidence based in vitro and in vivo studies are needed.