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Muliira JK, Kizza IB, Al-Kindi SN. Determinants of quality of life among Omani family caregivers of adult patients with cancer pain. Palliat Support Care 2024; 22:70-79. [PMID: 36472250 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951522001626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to explore the determinants of quality of life (QoL) among Omani family caregivers (FCGs) of adult patients with cancer pain. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional design, measures of caregiver reaction, knowledge about cancer pain, self-efficacy for cancer pain and other symptom management, QoL, and patient functional status were used to collect data from 165 FCGs and patients. Descriptive, correlation, and regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Most patients had intermittent (83%) and severe (50.9%) cancer pain. The FCGs had low QoL (58.44 ± 17.95), and this mostly impacted support and positive adaptation (55.2%). Low QoL was associated with low self-rated health, low confidence in the ability to control the patient's pain, low self-efficacy, high perceived distress due to patient pain, and a high impact of caregiving on physical health. The level of caregiver distress due to the patient's pain (p < 0.01), patient's functional status (p < 0.01), and perceived impact of caregiving on health (p < 0.05) were significant predictors of overall QoL. CONCLUSION Omani FCGs of patients with cancer pain suffer a negative impact on their QoL, and this is related to the patient's level of pain and functional status, caregiver's health, and self-efficacy in cancer pain and symptom management. The FCGs' QoL may be enhanced by augmenting their skills and self-efficacy in cancer pain and symptom management and by health promotion programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene B Kizza
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sumaiya N Al-Kindi
- Department of Adult Health & Critical Care, College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Ozdemir S, Ng S, Chaudhry I, Teo I, Malhotra C, Finkelstein EA. Caregiver-Reported Roles in Treatment Decision Making in Advanced Cancer and Associated Caregiving Burden and Psychological Distress: A Longitudinal Study. Med Decis Making 2023; 43:191-202. [PMID: 36113405 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x221125408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To longitudinally examine caregiver-reported treatment decision-making roles and to investigate the associations of these roles with caregiver burden, caregiving esteem, caregiver anxiety, and depression. METHODS 281 caregivers of patients with stage IV solid cancers were recruited from outpatient clinics in Singapore. Caregivers were eligible if they were aged ≥21 y, primary informal caregiver, and involved in treatment decision making. We used 3 y of longitudinal data. The decision-making roles were grouped into 4 categories: no family involvement, patient/physician-led, joint, and family-led/alone decision making. Mixed-effects linear regressions were used to assess associations between decision-making roles and caregiver outcomes. RESULTS On average, 72% of caregivers reported family involvement in decision making. Compared with baseline, a higher proportion of caregivers at the 36-mo follow-up reported no family involvement (from 23% to 34%, P = 0.05) and patient/physician-led decision making (from 22% to 34%, P = 0.02), while a lower proportion reported family-led/alone (from 19% to 7%, P = 0.01) decision making. Compared with family-led/alone decision making, caregivers reporting no family involvement reported lower impact on finances (-0.15 [-0.28, -0.01], P = 0.03) while caregivers who reported patient/physician-led decision making reported lower impact on schedule and health (-0.12 [-0.20, -0.03], P = 0.01), and finances (-0.15 [-0.28, -0.03], P = 0.02), and lower anxiety (-0.69 [-1.17, -0.22], P < 0.01), and depressive symptoms (-0.69 [-1.12, -0.26], P < 0.01). Caregivers who reported joint decision making reported higher caregiving esteem (0.07 [0.01, 0.14], P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Higher family involvement in decision making was associated with higher caregiver burden and psychological distress. Help should be given so that family caregivers can support patient decision-making in a meaningful way. HIGHLIGHTS Compared with baseline, a lower proportion of caregivers at the 36-mo follow-up reported family-led or family-alone decision making, and a higher proportion of caregivers reported patient-led or physician-led decision making.Higher levels of family involvement in decision making were associated with burdens on caregivers' daily life, health, and finances and increased caregiver anxiety and depression.Support must be given so that family members can contribute to making medical decisions in a rewarding manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Ozdemir
- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Signature Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sean Ng
- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Signature Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Isha Chaudhry
- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Signature Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Irene Teo
- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Signature Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chetna Malhotra
- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Signature Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Eric Andrew Finkelstein
- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Signature Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Signature Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Al-Azri M, Al-Awaisi H. Exploring causes of delays in help-seeking behaviours among symptomatic Omani women diagnosed with late-stage breast cancer - A qualitative study. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2022; 61:102229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2022.102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abdwani R, Al Saadoon M, Jaju S, Elshinawy M, Almaimani A, Wali Y, Khater D. Age of Transition Readiness of Adolescents and Young Adults With Chronic Diseases in Oman: Need an Urgent Revisit. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 44:e826-e832. [PMID: 34985041 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ministry of Health in Oman and some of Gulf regions set the cut-off age of "transfer" from child health care to adult health care at 13 years of age. Within the existing health system in this part of the world, there is paucity of evidence on the appropriate age for health care "transfer" of adolescents and young adults to adult health care. Similarly, there is lack of a structured health care "transition" program. The objective of the study is to indirectly determine the appropriateness of present cut-off age of transfer by studying readiness for transition among Omani patients suffering from chronic hematological conditions. METHODS One hundred fifty adolescents and young adults with chronic hematological conditions were recruited from pediatric and adults clinics at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital. Participants were interviewed by a trained research assistant using the Arabic version of UNC TRxANSITION Scale to assess self-management skills and health related knowledge for transition. The score range is 0 to 10; the transition readiness of the patients is assessed as low (0 to 4), moderate (4 to 6), and high (6 to 10) respectively. The continuous variables were analyzed by parametric or nonparametric methods as appropriate. χ2 analysis was done to determine association of age groups within each sexes. RESULTS The study recruited 150 subjects (52.7% males) with 50 patients in each of the 3 age groups of 10 to 13 years (lower), 14 to 17 years (middle), and 18 to 21years (higher). The mean UNC TRxANSITION Scale scores of 5.14 (SD=1.27) in males in the total sample were significantly lower as compared with that of 5.67 (SD=1.50) in females (P=0.022). There is a steady increase in the overall median score with increase in age group, with median score of 4.42 in the lower, 5.26 in the middle and 6.81 in the higher age group (P<0.001). In section wise analysis, except for Adherence and Nutrition sections of the scale, all sections have statistically significant difference in the median scores across various age categories with lowest scores in the 10 to 13 age group and highest scores in the 18 to 21 years group. In the section related to reproduction, females had significantly higher mean ranks (31.52) and compared with 17.19 in males (P=0.001). The overall median transition score when analyzed separately for males and females across age groups showed that in the higher age group, 67% of males (P=0.008) and 90% females (P<0.001) have high transition scores compared with the other 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Higher age was a significant predictor for transition readiness with median score being "moderate" in the lower and middle age groups, while the higher age groups scoring "high" on transition readiness. However, in the higher age group, the females (90%) showed better transition readiness than males (67%). The current age of transfer of 13 years is just at "moderate" levels. We recommend the need for establishing transition preparation program in Oman; increasing health transfer age in Oman to a cut-off age of 18 years and taking sex differences into consideration when providing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanjay Jaju
- Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University
| | - Mohamed Elshinawy
- Departments of Child Health
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Almaimani
- General Foundation Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat, Oman
| | - Yasser Wali
- Departments of Child Health
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Doaa Khater
- Departments of Child Health
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Al-Azri M, Al-Saidi S, Al-Musilhi J, Al-Mandhari Z, Panchatcharam SM. Knowledge and Experiences of Final Year Medical and Nursing Students with Regard to Palliative Care at Government University in Oman: A Questionnaire Based Study. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2021; 36:747-754. [PMID: 32020520 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-020-01699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Palliative care (PC) is an essential part of the healthcare system, aiming to improve the quality of life of terminally ill patients and their families through prevention, relief of suffering, and providing psychosocial and spiritual support. To achieve high-quality PC, medical education should encompass PC training, including knowledge of PC, and skills and attitudes towards PC, at the undergraduate level. The aim of this study is to identify PC knowledge and experience among undergraduate medical and nursing students at Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), a government university in Oman. A validated questionnaire that measures knowledge and experiences of PC was administered to all final year medical and nursing students (N = 196) at SQU. The majority of the students (93.4%) were aware of the term PC, but most of them (68.9%) did not have any experience of PC. Around half of the students (54.9%) had a vague notion of how to implement PC, and only 41.3% felt confident in providing PC for terminally ill patients. Less than half of the students (44.8%) were aware that the patient's family should be included in PC, as well as the patient. The majority of students (71.3%) thought that PC should be included in the undergraduate teaching curriculum, though few students (17.9%) knew that PC is currently a specialized medical unit (sub-department) in Oman. Most of the students (73.0%) thought that terminally ill patients have the right to choose "do not resuscitate," but few students agreed that patients should be able to request a lethal dose (24.0%) or consent to a physician-assisted suicide (35.7%). Most of the students (84.7%) believed that special psychological support should be provided for doctors and nurses working in PC. Bivariate analysis showed no significance in the knowledge of applied PC in relation to which of the colleges the students were from (p = 0.283) or gender of the students (p = 0.068). Despite the fact that SQU students had favorable attitudes towards PC, they have insufficient knowledge and lack of experience. As the number of geriatric and terminal cancer patients increases across Oman, there is a need for the healthcare system to provide high-quality and effective PC services. Thus, there is an urgent need to integrate PC teaching courses as part of the undergraduate medical education for medical and nursing students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Azri
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Saif Al-Saidi
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Jawaher Al-Musilhi
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Al Suqri M, Al-Awaisi H, Al-Moundhri M, Al-Azri M. Symptom Perceptions and Help-Seeking Behaviours of Omani Patients Diagnosed with Late-Stage Colorectal Cancer: A Qualitative Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:427-435. [PMID: 33639657 PMCID: PMC8190347 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.2.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of mortality in Oman, with most patients diagnosed at advanced stages. Early diagnosis of CRC improves prognosis and survival rate. The aim of this study was to explore the symptom perceptions and help-seeking behaviours (HSBs) of Omani patients diagnosed with late-stage CRC. METHODS Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 16 patients. RESULTS Four main themes emerged, including normalisation and ignorance (patients felt healthy, perceived symptoms as not being serious and related to dietary habits, concealed them or prioritised work and family commitments), self-empowerment and self-management (patients were stubborn, employed 'wait and see' approach, used symptomatic or herbal treatments), disclosure and seeking help (patients disclosed symptoms to family members or friends, sought medical help only when symptoms worsened, visited faith healers or travelled abroad for treatment) and healthcare professionals (patients attributed treatment or diagnosis delays to lack of continuity of care, loss of trust in doctors or delays in referral). CONCLUSION Patients attributed delays in CRC diagnosis to several factors based on their perceptions of symptoms. Most HSBs driven by sociocultural and emotional causes. Increased awareness of CRC symptoms and modifying HSBs can encourage early diagnosis. Prompting patients to disclose CRC-related symptoms may aid referral decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahera Al Suqri
- Department of Psychiatry, Samail Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Huda Al-Awaisi
- Directorate, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mansour Al-Moundhri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mohammed Al-Azri
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Al-Azri M, Al-Baimani K, Al-Awaisi H, Al-Mandhari Z, Al-Khamayasi J, Al-Lawati Y, Panchatcharam SM. Knowledge of symptoms, time to presentation and barriers to medical help-seeking among Omani women diagnosed with breast cancer: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043976. [PMID: 33478965 PMCID: PMC7825262 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify knowledge of breast cancer (BC) symptoms, time taken to consult a doctor and factors contributing to delays in medical help-seeking. DESIGN A cross-sectional study of Omani women diagnosed with BC. SETTING The two main teaching hospitals in Oman: Royal Hospital and Sultan Qaboos University Hospital. PARTICIPANTS Adult Omani women recently diagnosed with BC. TOOLS The Breast Module of the Cancer Awareness Measure and the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership questionnaire were used to collect data. RESULTS A total of 300 women with BC participated (response rate: 91.0%). The mean age at diagnosis was 43.0±12.50 years and 33.5% were diagnosed at stage III or IV. Although most women (74.4%) recognised breast/armpit lumps to be a symptom of BC, less than half identified other symptoms, including breast/armpit pain (44.0%), changes in the position of the nipple (36.2%), redness (31.7%), fatigue (26.3%), weight loss (23.4%) and loss of appetite (20.8%). While most (91.6%) were aware that BC could be cured if detected early, only 66.4% sought medical help within a month of developing symptoms. Initial responses to symptoms included informing husbands (40.2%) or family members (36.5%). Barriers to seeking medical help included feeling scared (68.9%) and worried about what the doctor might find (62.8%). Highly educated women were more likely to recognise the following as BC symptoms: changes in nipple position (OR: 0.16, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.81), breast pain (OR: 0.10, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.86) and unexplained weight loss (OR: 0.18, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.88) (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although many Omani women with BC were aware of the importance of early diagnosis, most demonstrated inadequate knowledge of symptoms, did not prioritise seeking medical help and reported emotional barriers to help-seeking. More educational measures are needed to improve symptom recognition and address help-seeking barriers to minimise delays in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Azri
- Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Khalid Al-Baimani
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Huda Al-Awaisi
- Nursing Directorate, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Jasem Al-Khamayasi
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Yaseen Al-Lawati
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Al-Azri MH, Al-Saidi M, Al-Mutairi E, Panchatcharam SM. Knowledge of Risk Factors, Symptoms and Barriers to Seeking Medical Help for Cervical Cancer among Omani Women Attending Sultan Qaboos University Hospital. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2020; 20:e301-e309. [PMID: 33110645 PMCID: PMC7574813 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2020.20.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to assess knowledge and attitudes among Omani woman
regarding cervical cancer risk factors and symptoms as well as barriers to
them seeking medical help. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2017 and March 2018
at the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) in Muscat, Oman. A validated
Arabic-language version of the Cervical Cancer Awareness Measure
questionnaire was used to collect data from 550 Omani women visiting SQUH
during the study period. Results A total of 490 women participated (response rate: 89.1%) in this
study. Overall, the women demonstrated low levels of knowledge of cervical
cancer risk factors and symptoms (28.5% and 45.0%,
respectively). The most frequently recognised risk factor was having many
children (36.1%), while the most recognised symptom was unexplained
vaginal bleeding (69.8%). Women reported that being too scared was
the greatest barrier to seeking medical help (68.0%). Various
factors were significantly associated with greater knowledge of cervical
cancer signs and symptoms including education level (odds ratio
[OR] = 2.85; 95% confidence interval
[CI]: 1.0–8.22; P <0.05), income
(OR = 4.34; 95% CI: 1.70–11.12; P
<0.05), parity (OR = 3.59; 95% CI: 1.38–9.36;
P <0.05) and a family history of cancer (OR = 1.71;
CI: 1.0–2.90; P <0.05). Conclusion Overall, Omani women demonstrated poor knowledge with regards to cervical
cancer; in addition, they identified several emotional barriers to seeking
medical help. Healthcare practitioners should reassure female patients to
encourage care-seeking behaviour. A national screening programme is also
recommended to increase awareness and early diagnosis of cervical cancer in
Oman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H Al-Azri
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Maytha Al-Saidi
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Eman Al-Mutairi
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Al-Azri M, Al-Saadi WI, Al-Harrasi A, Murthi Panchatcharam S. Knowledge of Cancer Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Barriers to Seeking Medical Help among Omani Adolescents. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3655-3666. [PMID: 31870107 PMCID: PMC7173372 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.12.3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Raising cancer awareness among adolescents should lead to early diagnosis and improve their survival rate into adulthood. This study aims to identify knowledge of cancer risk factors, symptoms and barriers to seek medical help among Omani adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study with Omani adolescents (aged 15-17 years) has been conducted in six schools in Muscat, the capital of Oman. The general Cancer Awareness Measure questionnaire was used to collect the data. Results: A total of 481 adolescents participated. The average recognition of cancer risk factors and symptoms was low (36.8% and 39.6%, respectively). Cancer risk factors and/or symptoms significantly recognised more in girls compared to boys (χ2 = 10.136; Odds ratio [OR] = 2.13 ; 95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.33-3.41; P = 0.001); older (age 17 year) versus younger (aged 15 and 16 years) (χ2 = 6.075; OR = 11.68; 95% CI: 1.11-2.53; P = 0.014); those with existing co-morbidities compared to those without (χ2 = 4.955; OR = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.18-0.92; P = 0.026); and those who knew someone with cancer compared to those who did not (χ2 = 15.285; OR 2.70; 95% CI: 1.62-4.49; P <0.001). The majority of adolescents (88.8%) would seek medical help within the first two weeks of noting cancer symptoms. The most notable barriers to seek medical help were “emotional”. Girls were experienced “emotional barriers” significantly more than the boys (χ2 = 11.617; OR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.31-2.72; P = <0.001). Conclusion: Adolescents in Oman showed poor cancer awareness with several “emotional” barriers. There is a need to establish and integrate effective cancer educational programs in school curriculums to raise the cancer awareness, address emotional barriers and encourage seeking early medical help. The program could potentially have a life-long impact on encouraging early cancer diagnosis and improving the cancer survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Azri
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Waleed Ibrahim Al-Saadi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Harrasi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
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