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Conditioning Program Prescribed from the External Training Load Corresponding to the Lactate Threshold Improved Cardiac Function in Healthy Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010073. [PMID: 35011179 PMCID: PMC8749834 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This research focuses on the adjustments in systolic and diastolic functions that are not fully understood in dogs submitted to athletic training. Beagle dogs carried out an endurance training program (ETP) prescribed from the external training load, corresponding to 70-80% of the lactate threshold (VLT) velocity. Eighteen dogs were randomly assigned to two groups: control (C, n = 8), active dogs that did not perform any forced exercise, and trained (T, n = 10), submitted to the ETP during eight weeks. All dogs were evaluated before and after the ETP period using two-dimensional echocardiography, M-mode, Doppler, and two-dimensional speckle tracking. A principal component analysis (PCA) of the echocardiographic variables was performed. The ETP improved the left ventricular internal dimension at the end of diastole (LVDd), the left ventricular internal dimension at the end of diastole to aorta ratio (LVDd: Ao), and the strain rate indices. PCA was able to capture the dimensionality and qualitative echocardiography changes produced by the ETP. These findings indicated that the training prescribed based on the lactate threshold improved the diastolic and systolic functions. This response may be applied to improve myocardial function, promote health, and mitigate any injuries produced during heart failure.
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Gruca MM, Cheema B, Garg G, Ryan J, Thomas JD, Rigolin VH, Zielinski AR, Puthumana JJ. Strain echocardiography to describe left ventricular function pre- and postexercise in elite basketball athletes: A feasibility study. Echocardiography 2021; 38:1165-1172. [PMID: 34028863 DOI: 10.1111/echo.15121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elite athletes show structural cardiac changes as an adaptation to exercise. Studies examining strain in athletes have largely analyzed images at rest only. There is little data available regarding the change in strain with exercise. Our objectives were: to investigate the feasibility of strain analysis in athletes at peak exercise, to determine the normal range of left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) within this population postexercise, to describe how LV GLS changes with exercise, and to determine whether any clinical characteristics correlate with the change in GLS that occurs with exercise. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study on elite athletes who participated in the 2016-2018 National Basketball Association Draft Combines. Echocardiograms were obtained at rest and after completing a treadmill stress test to maximal exertion or completion of Bruce protocol. Primary outcomes included GLS obtained at rest and peak exercise. Secondary outcome was the change in GLS between rest and exercise. Univariate relationships between various clinical characteristics and our secondary outcome were analyzed. RESULTS Our final cohort (n = 111) was all male and 92/111 (82.9%) were African American. Mean GLS magnitude increased in response to exercise (-17.6 ± 1.8 vs -19.2 ± 2.6, P < .0001). Lower resting heart rates (r = .22, P = .02) and lower heart rates at peak exercise (r = .21, P = .03) correlated with the increase in LV GLS from exercise. CONCLUSIONS Strain imaging is technically feasible to obtain among elite basketball athletes at peak exercise. Normative strain response to exercise from this study may help identify abnormal responses to exercise in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Gruca
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Baljash Cheema
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gaurang Garg
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Juliet Ryan
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James D Thomas
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vera H Rigolin
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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V. Martinho D, Valente-dos-Santos J, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Gutiérrez AO, Duarte JP, Lourenço-Farinha P, Luz LGO, Gonçalves-Santos J, Machado DRL, Leite N, Conde J, Castanheira JM, Cumming SP, Sherar LB, Malina RM. Scaling left ventricular mass in adolescent female soccer players. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:157. [PMID: 32284059 PMCID: PMC7153237 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to examine the contribution of chronological age (CA), skeletal maturation, training experience and concurrent body size descriptors, to inter-individual variance in left ventricular mass (LVM) among female adolescent soccer players. METHODS The sample included 228 female soccer players 11.8-17.1 years. Training experience defined as years of participation in competitive soccer (range 2-9 years), was obtained by interview. Stature, body mass and skinfolds (triceps, medial calf) were measured. Fat mass was estimated; Fat-free mass was derived. LVM was assessed by echocardiography. Skeletal maturity status was as the difference of skeletal age (SA, Fels method) minus CA. RESULTS Fat-free mass was the most prominent single predictor of LVM (R2 = 36.6%). It was associated with an allometric coefficient close to linearity (k = 0.924, 95%CI: 0.737 to 1.112). A significant multiplicative allometric model including body mass, fat-free mass, CA, training experience and skeletal maturity status was also obtained (R = 0.684; R2 = 46.2%). CONCLUSION Stature has limitations as a valid size descriptor of LVM. Body mass, fat-free mass, training experience, CA, body mass and skeletal maturity status were relevant factors contributing to inter-individual variability in LVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo V. Martinho
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Valente-dos-Santos
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arturo O. Gutiérrez
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
- Sonora Institute of Technology, Sonora, Mexico
| | - João P. Duarte
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Lourenço-Farinha
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Leonardo G. O. Luz
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
- LACAPS, Federal University of Alagoas, Arapiraca, Brazil
| | | | - Dalmo R. L. Machado
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Neiva Leite
- Physical Education Department, Research Nucleus of Quality of Life, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana Brazil
| | - Jorge Conde
- Department of Clinical Physiology, School of Health and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. Castanheira
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Physiology, School of Health and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Lauren B. Sherar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, USA
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
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Koshy SKG, George KK, George LK. Changes in right ventricular morphology and function in athletes. Echocardiography 2018; 35:767-768. [PMID: 29879309 DOI: 10.1111/echo.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh K G Koshy
- Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Lekha K George
- Regional One Health, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Department of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Dickson D, Shave R, Rishniw M, Patteson M. Echocardiographic assessments of longitudinal left ventricular function in healthy English Springer spaniels. J Vet Cardiol 2017; 19:339-350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Clauss S, Scherr J, Hanley A, Schneider J, Klier I, Lackermair K, Hoster E, Vogeser M, Nieman DC, Halle M, Nickel T. Impact of polyphenols on physiological stress and cardiac burden in marathon runners – results from a substudy of the BeMaGIC study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:523-528. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both physiologic stress and chronic heart disease are associated with increased systemic levels of chromogranin A (CGA) and NT-proBNP. Marathon running causes physiological stress and imposes a significant cardiac burden. Polyphenol-rich Mediterranean and Asian diets have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. In this study we investigated whether pretreatment with a polyphenol beverage could attenuate the physiological and cardiac stress associated with a marathon. In the BeMaGIC trial, 277 athletes were randomized into 2 groups in a double-blinded fashion, receiving 1–1.5 L/day of the same beverages either with (study beverage) or without (placebo) polyphenol enrichment (approximately 400 mg of gallic acid equivalents per day of a complex mixture of polyphenols). Blood samples were taken 3 weeks and 1 day before, and immediately, 24 h, and 72 h after running a marathon. In our current substudy, CGA and NT-proBNP levels were analyzed by ELISA in the fastest 18 and the slowest 22 runners. CGA and NT-proBNP levels increased significantly immediately after the marathon and returned to baseline at 72 h after the marathon. Neither CGA nor NT-proBNP differed significantly between athletes receiving study beverage versus placebo. Separating our cohort into fast and slow runners did not reveal any significant difference regarding CGA or NT-proBNP levels between groups. Our study provides no evidence that polyphenol supplementation attenuates marathon running-induced physiological stress and cardiac burden in fast or slow runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Clauss
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), DE-81377 Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance, DE-80802 Munich, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Johannes Scherr
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar (MRI), Technische Universität München, DE-80992 Munich, Germany
| | - Alan Hanley
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jens Schneider
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology II, Universitäts Herz-Zentrum Freiburg−Bad Krozingen, Südring.15, DE-79189 Bad Krozingen, Germany
| | - Ina Klier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), DE-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Korbinian Lackermair
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), DE-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Hoster
- Institute for Medical Informatics Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, DE-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Vogeser
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, LMU, DE-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - David C. Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University and North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Martin Halle
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance, DE-80802 Munich, Germany
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar (MRI), Technische Universität München, DE-80992 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Nickel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), DE-81377 Munich, Germany
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Lopez-Candales A, Hernandez-Suarez DF. Strain Imaging Echocardiography: What Imaging Cardiologists Should Know. Curr Cardiol Rev 2017; 13:118-129. [PMID: 27799029 PMCID: PMC5452148 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666161028122649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in clinical imaging, echocardiography remains as the most accessi-ble and reliable noninvasive. Since knowledge of left ventricular systolic function remains so critically important in determining prognosis; every effort should be made to prevent subjective estimations. The advent of strain imaging echocardiography now offers a readily available and portable imaging tool that not only offers an objective characterization of myocardial dynamics; but also allows for early detection of subclinical left ventricular dysfunction. This review outlines the basic concepts of strain imaging to better understand the mechanism of myocardial function as well their applicability in the least common cardiac diagnosis among current clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Lopez-Candales
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Building, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Dagmar F Hernandez-Suarez
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Building, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Wong C, Chen S, Iyngkaran P. Cardiac Imaging in Heart Failure with Comorbidities. Curr Cardiol Rev 2017; 13:63-75. [PMID: 27492227 PMCID: PMC5324322 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666160803100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging modalities stand at the frontiers for progress in congestive heart failure (CHF) screening, risk stratification and monitoring. Advancements in echocardiography (ECHO) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) have allowed for improved tissue characterizations, cardiac motion analysis, and cardiac performance analysis under stress. Common cardiac comorbidities such as hypertension, metabolic syndromes and chronic renal failure contribute to cardiac remodeling, sharing similar pathophysiological mechanisms starting with interstitial changes, structural changes and finally clinical CHF. These imaging techniques can potentially detect changes earlier. Such information could have clinical benefits for screening, planning preventive therapies and risk stratifying patients. Imaging reports have often focused on traditional measures without factoring these novel parameters. This review is aimed at providing a synopsis on how we can use this information to assess and monitor improvements for CHF with comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiew Wong
- Flinders University, NT Medical School, Darwin Australia
| | - Sylvia Chen
- Flinders University, NT Medical School, Darwin Australia
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Depressed Myocardial Contractility: Can It Be Rescued? Am J Med Sci 2016; 352:428-432. [PMID: 27776727 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Current dogma suggests patients with advanced systolic heart failure have an irreversible depression in myocardial contractility. Recent experience with improved ventricular function during continuous flow ventricular assist devices used as destination therapy would suggest otherwise. Herein, cellular and molecular signaling involved in reversing depressed myocardial contractility would be addressed. This includes cardiomyocyte thyroid hormone signaling responsible for the reexpression of fetal gene program that preserves cell efficiency (work and energy consumed) and the rescue of an endogenous population of atrophic myocytes bordering on microdomains of fibrosis to improve contractile mass.
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Abstract
Echocardiography is currently a widely available imaging technique that can provide useful data in the field of sports cardiology particularly in two areas: pre-participation screening and analysis of the cardiac adaptation induced by exercise. The application of pre-participation screening and especially, the type and number of used diagnostic tests remains controversial. Echocardiography has shown though, higher sensitivity and specificity as compared to the ECG, following a protocol adapted to athletes focused on ruling out the causes of sudden death and the most common disorders in this population. It is still a subject of controversy the actual cost of adding it, but depending on the type of sport, echocardiography might be cost-effective if added in the first line of examination. Regarding the evaluation of cardiac adaptation to training in athletes, echocardiography has proved to be useful in the differential diagnosis of diseases that can cause sudden death, analysing both the left ventricle (hypertrophy cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, left ventricle non compaction) and the right ventricle (arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy). The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge and the clinical practical implications of it on the field of echocardiography when applied in sport cardiology areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Grazioli
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi iSunyer, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Sanz
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi iSunyer, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvia Montserrat
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi iSunyer, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bàrbara Vidal
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi iSunyer, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Sitges
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi iSunyer, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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