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Blazo JA, Smith AL, Whiteman SD, Kashy DA. Sibling comparisons, sibling relationship quality, and perceived sport competence in young athletes. Psychol Sport Exerc 2024; 72:102613. [PMID: 38412908 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Siblings are overlooked, yet potentially meaningful social agents in youth sport. To better understand the role of siblings in youth sport, we examined the association between sibling sport-referenced comparisons, relationship qualities, and perceived sport competence. The tendency to make sibling comparisons was expected to be positively related to sport competence perceptions and this association was further expected to be moderated by markers of sibling relationship quality. Participants were 47 sport-involved sibling dyads that included older siblings (25 female, 22 male, Mage = 10.94 ± 1.49 yrs) who were predominately first-born children (83%) and their younger siblings (23 female, 24 male participants, Mage = 8.45 ± 1.01 yrs) who were mostly second-born children (79%). Participants completed established assessments of comparison tendency, sibling relationship qualities, and sport competence perceptions. Analyses revealed a three-way interaction between birth position (younger or older sibling), tendency to compare, and sibling warmth predicting sport competence (p < .05). Younger siblings with a greater tendency to make sibling comparisons and higher warmth perceptions reported higher sport competence perceptions. The findings suggest that sibling-based comparisons and relational warmth may be salient for younger siblings in gauging their competence, whereas older siblings utilize alternative sources of competence information.
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Wezenberg D, Lindblom H, Sonesson S, Hägglund M. Prevalence and intensity of pain in male and female amateur football players: A prospective cohort study. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:222-227. [PMID: 38331632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence and intensity of pain due to a football-related injury during activities of daily living and during training and/or match play in both male and female and youth and adult amateur players. DESIGN A prospective cohort study involving amateur football players. METHODS Players (n = 502, median age 18 years, range 14-46) responded to weekly questionnaires during one season, including the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire. Weekly pain prevalence and pain intensity (measured on the numeric rating scale [range 0-10]) during activities of daily living and while playing football were determined. RESULTS A total of 6601 weekly questionnaires were collected (response rate 63.7 %). Average weekly pain prevalence during activities of daily living was 17.2 % for all players, and 15.7 % among players who participated in training and/or match play. Pain prevalence during training and/or match play was 18.3 % with an average pain intensity of 4.0. In 21.3 % of cases the recorded pain intensity was >5. Sex, age, and mode of injury onset (sudden or gradual) were not significant predictors of pain intensity. CONCLUSION At a given week, one in six football players experiences pain during activities of daily living from a football-related injury. Almost one in five players reports pain while playing football, of whom >20% report a pain intensity above 5. Oftentimes, injury-related pain present while playing football transcends to activities of daily living. This warrants further monitoring and adequate management of pain within amateur football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Wezenberg
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Unit of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden; Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden.
| | - Hanna Lindblom
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Unit of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Sweden; Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden. https://twitter.com/lindblom_hanna
| | - Sofi Sonesson
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Unit of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Sweden; Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden. https://twitter.com/SofiSonesson
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Unit of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Sweden; Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden. https://twitter.com/MHgglundSWIPE
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Sambol S, Dadswell K, Hanlon C. Beyond stereotypes: The role of exposure in reshaping Children's biases towards women as coaches in sports. Psychol Sport Exerc 2024; 73:102634. [PMID: 38554927 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The underrepresentation of women in sports coaching, linked to discrimination and bias may, according to contact theory, be mitigated by increasing the visibility of women coaches, especially among children. Our study examined whether young athletes exposed to women coaches affected their explicit and implicit biases compared to unexposed peers. Seventy-five children aged between 4 and 17 years were evaluated using two explicit attitude measures and an Implicit Association Task. Results indicated that participants with women coach experience were more explicitly satisfied with woman coaches, preferred them more as potential coaches, and associated men with sports less than those without such exposure. Whilst exposure and implicit bias significantly predicted explicit satisfaction, exposure did not moderate the bias relationship. This suggests that exposure to women coaches reduces negative attitudes in young athletes but does not significantly affect the underlying influence of implicit biases, indicating a need for more comprehensive strategies to address gender inequalities in sports coaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stjepan Sambol
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Kara Dadswell
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare Hanlon
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Guevara SA, Donaldson A, Keegan RJ, Appaneal RN, Smyth EA, Waddington G, Mahony K, Mara JK, Drew MK. Gender and socioecological level differences in stakeholders' perceptions of athlete attrition factors in an Australian high-performance pathway system. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:197-203. [PMID: 37985254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to build on previous work by the authors. It examines how socioecological level and gender influence high-performance sport system (HPSS) stakeholders' perspectives of the relative importance and feasibility to address athlete attrition factors within an Australian high-performance pathway system (HPPS). DESIGN Mixed methods. METHODS Sub-analysis was conducted of rating data from 30 participants who had contributed to identifying 83 statements in 13 clusters in a previous Concept Mapping study. The 13 clusters were statistically analysed in 'R' using cumulative link mixed models (CLMMs) to determine differences in perceived importance and feasibility between 1) socioecological levels, and 2) genders. RESULTS Mean ratings for 11 and three of the 13 clusters were statistically significantly different between at least two of the five socioecological levels, for importance and feasibility, respectively. Athletes had the largest variation in mean ratings from the most (athlete health 4.59), to least (performance potential 2.83) important cluster, when compared to the other four socioecological levels. There were statistically significant differences between the ratings between genders (Men/Women) for two clusters for each rating scale: Importance: 'athlete health' (M3.33:W3.84 [p 0.012]); 'performance potential' (M3.35:W2.57; [p 0.001]), Feasibility: 'abuse and mismanagement of health' (M2.97:W3.68; [p 0.000]) and 'athlete health' (M2.54:W3.33; [p 0.000]). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the need to implement more robust athlete attrition monitoring protocols. It also highlights the importance of listening to youth athletes' voices, and enabling equal gender representation to ensure holistically tailored environments are created to retain talented athletes in high-performance pathway programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Guevara
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Canberra, Australia; New South Wales Institute of Sport, Australia; Athlete Performance Health, AIS Operations, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia.
| | - Alex Donaldson
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact, La Trobe University, Australia.
| | | | - Renee N Appaneal
- Athlete Performance Health, AIS Operations, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia
| | - Erin A Smyth
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Canberra, Australia.
| | - Gordon Waddington
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Canberra, Australia.
| | - Kate Mahony
- New South Wales Institute of Sport, Australia.
| | - Jocelyn K Mara
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Canberra, Australia.
| | - Michael K Drew
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Canberra, Australia.
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Tamminen KA, Bonk D, Eckardt VC, Sutherland S, McEwen C. Development of the Stressors among Parents in Youth Sport Survey (SPYSS). Psychol Sport Exerc 2024; 70:102541. [PMID: 37775065 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parents of youth sport athletes report a variety of stressors associated with their child's participation in youth sport settings. However, research examining associations between parents' stressors and relevant outcomes is limited due to the lack of a comprehensive and validated measure of parents' stressors in youth sport. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to develop and provide preliminary validation of the Stressors among Parents in Youth Sport Survey (SPYSS). METHOD In Study 1 we developed an initial version of the survey and tested the factor structure of the scale using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with a sample of 1187 Canadian parents of minor hockey athletes. In Study 2, we administered the SPYSS to an independent sample of 783 parents with children participating in multiple sports, who also completed measures of parent stress and well-being, as well as parent-athlete outcomes, to establish convergent and divergent validity evidence and test associations with relevant outcomes for youth sport parents. RESULTS The results from Study 1 supported the development of a 42-item survey of parental stressors in youth sport. Results from Study 2 provided further evidence for the factor structure and validity evidence of a measure assessing parental stressors in youth sport. CONCLUSIONS The SPYSS assesses the frequency and intensity of a variety of stressors relevant for parents of youth sport athletes. The measure may be a useful tool for researchers, sport organizations, and practitioners to assess, monitor, and target the stressors experienced by parents in youth sport settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devin Bonk
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Sara Sutherland
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Carolyn McEwen
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Canada
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Jeckell AS, Fontana RS, Gonzalez R. Review of Media Representation of Sport Concussion and Implications for Youth Sports. Clin Sports Med 2024; 43:159-172. [PMID: 37949509 DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Participation in sport can incur a risk of sport-related concussion (SRC). Media representation of SRC is frequently at odds with up-to-date scientific data. Our findings confirm a significant amount of false, confusing, or misleading terminology used in reporting on the topic, which is concerning as media is as a major source of SRC information. Individuals have a variable base of knowledge pertaining to this injury, and accurate understanding of SRC does not always correlate to appropriate action. Inaccurate portrayal of SRC media may contribute to the confusion surrounding it. Popular media presents an opportunity to convey evidence-based information on SRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Shea Fontana
- International Society for Sport Psychiatry; University of South Carolina School of Medicine - Greenville
| | - Rolando Gonzalez
- International Society for Sport Psychiatry; Golisano Children's Hospital of Southwest Florida; Florida State University College of Medicine
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Bengtsson D, Stenling A, Nygren J, Ntoumanis N, Ivarsson A. The effects of interpersonal development programmes with sport coaches and parents on youth athlete outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Sport Exerc 2024; 70:102558. [PMID: 37993028 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Interpersonal coach-and parent development programmes (CDP and PDP, respectively), have the goal to foster positive youth sport experiences through high-quality relations between coaches, parents, and youth athletes. In this paper we systematically reviewed the extant literature and estimate the overall magnitude of such programmes and how they can inform future interventions. Specifically, we aimed to: (a) conduct a systematic review on the literature of interpersonal CDPs and PDPs within the youth sport context; (b) examine the effects of such interventions on youth athlete outcomes via a meta-analysis. English written peer-reviewed publications and grey literature was identified through electronic search in databases and manual searches of reference lists. By utilising a priori criteria for inclusion and exclusion, 33 studies describing interpersonal CDPs, and PDPs were identified in the systematic review. Studies that presented required data for estimation of Hedge's g effect sizes were included in the meta-analysis (k = 27). By and large, the included studies used a quasi-experimental design (58%), sampled from team sports (79%), and reported several delivery methods (e.g., workshops, audio feedback, observations, peer group discussions) and outcome measures (e.g., anxiety, autonomous motivation, self-confidence). Some interventions were based on the same delivery protocols (e.g., Coach Effectiveness Training, Mastery Approach to Coaching) or theoretical frameworks (e.g., Achievement Goal Theory, Self-Determination Theory). The meta-analysis showed statistically significant small, and medium, effect sizes on a subsample of youth athlete outcomes (e.g., task-related climate, fun and enjoyment, anxiety), indicating that coach interpersonal skills can contribute to positive youth sport experiences. Theory-based interpersonal CDPs and PDPs are recommended to expand the knowledge in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Bengtsson
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Kristian IV:s väg 3, 301 18, Halmstad, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Stenling
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Vindarnas torg, Mediagränd 14, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Norway
| | - Jens Nygren
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Kristian IV:s väg 3, 301 18, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Nikos Ntoumanis
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Kristian IV:s väg 3, 301 18, Halmstad, Sweden; Danish Centre of Motivation and Behaviour Science (DRIVEN), Department of Sports Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Andreas Ivarsson
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Kristian IV:s väg 3, 301 18, Halmstad, Sweden
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Le RK, Lempke LB, Anderson MN, Johnson RS, Schmidt JD, Lynall RC. Quantifying head impact biomechanical differences between commonly employed cleaning levels: a critical research interpretation consideration. Brain Inj 2023; 37:1173-1178. [PMID: 37166252 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2023.2211351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wearable accelerometry devices quantify on-field frequency and severity of head impacts to further improve sport safety. Commonly employed post-data collection cleaning techniques may affect these outcomes. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to compare game impact rates and magnitudes between three different cleaning levels (Level-1: impacts recorded within start and end times, Level-2: impacts during pauses/breaks removed, Level-3: video verified) for male youth tackle football. METHODS Participants (n = 23, age = 10.9 ± 0.3 yrs, height = 150.0 ± 8.3 cm, mass = 41.6 ± 8.4 kg) wore Triax SIM-G sensors throughout Fall 2019. Impact rates, ratios (IRRs), and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were used to compare levels. Random-effects general linear models were used to compare peak linear acceleration (PLA;g) and angular velocity (PAV;rads/s). RESULTS Level-1 resulted in higher impact rates (4.57; 95%CI = 4.14-5.05) compared to Level-2 (3.09; 95%CI = 2.80-3.42; IRR = 1.48; 95%CI = 1.34-1.63) and Level-3 datasets (2.56; 95%CI = 2.30-2.85; IRR = 1.78; 95%CI = 1.60-1.98). Level-2 had higher impact rates compared to Level-3 (1.21; 95%CI = 1.08-1.35). Level-1 resulted in higher PAV than Level-2 and Level-3 (p < 0.001) datasets. PLA did not differ across datasets (p = 0.296). CONCLUSIONS Head impact data should be filtered of pauses/breaks, and does not substantially differ outcome estimates compared to time-intensive video verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Le
- Department of Exercise Science, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Concussion Research Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Landon B Lempke
- Michigan Concussion Center, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Melissa N Anderson
- Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concussion Research Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Rachel S Johnson
- Department of Kinesiology, Center for Orthopaedic & Biomechanics Research, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Applied Research Division, St. Luke's Health System, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Julianne D Schmidt
- Department of Kinesiology, Concussion Research Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert C Lynall
- Department of Kinesiology, Concussion Research Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Ojala J, Nikander A, Aunola K, De Palo J, Ryba TV. The role of career adaptability resources in dual career pathways: A person-oriented longitudinal study across elite sports upper secondary school. Psychol Sport Exerc 2023; 67:102438. [PMID: 37665891 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obtaining education is an important milestone in athletes' preparation for their professional career after sport. Literature indicates that combining school and sport is not an easy task for many aspiring youth athletes. It has been proposed that career adaptability, which refers to psychosocial resources enabling individuals to solve complex occupational transitions, present and anticipated vocational development tasks, and career related challenges could be a relevant concept for applied work with student-athletes. In this study, we examined whether there are distinct developmental profiles of career adaptability among adolescent athletes across the upper secondary school years. We also investigated the associations between career adaptability and sport withdrawal and academic achievement. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 391 Finnish-speaking student-athletes completed the questionnaire on career adaptability (Career Adapt-Abilities Scale - Dual Career Form; Ryba & Aunola, 2015; Ryba et al., 2017) at the beginning and end of upper secondary school. The participants' background information about their sport participation and grade point average were collected upon completion of each grade of upper secondary school. The data were analysed using cluster analysis, cross-tabulation, and one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Four distinct adaptability profiles were identified: higher adaptability, lower adaptability, increasing adaptability, and decreasing adaptability. Higher and lower adaptability profiles showed stable levels of adaptability across time, whereas the adaptability level either increased or decreased in the other two profiles. Student-athletes with a lower career adaptability profile were overrepresented among those who withdrew from competitive sports, and they reported lower grade point averages than those with higher scores of career adaptability. CONCLUSIONS High scores of career adaptability were associated with high grades, whereas low scores of career adaptability were associated with low grades and a probability to withdraw from competitive sport. Therefore, it is recommended that career adaptability be considered as important self-regulation resources for sustaining dual career pathways over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juulia Ojala
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Aku Nikander
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kaisa Aunola
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Tatiana V Ryba
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland; Methodology Center for Human Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Burke S, Sharp LA, Woods D, Paradis KF. Advancing a grounded theory of parental support in competitive girls' golf. Psychol Sport Exerc 2023; 66:102400. [PMID: 37665862 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Parental support in youth sport has been associated with positive athlete outcomes, such as sport enjoyment and continued participation. Although research has demonstrated the significant and influential role parents fulfil in the youth sport context, there remains a dearth of theoretical frameworks detailing parental support in youth sport and an absence of empirical research examining parental support across athlete development stages and sports. The present study sought to examine athletes' perceptions of parental support, with a view to advancing a grounded theory of parental support in youth golf. Fourteen online synchronous focus groups were conducted with an international sample (Australia, Canada, England, Finland, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland) of 61 girls, in the specialising (n = 27) and investment stages (n = 34) of athlete development. Data were analysed in three phases: open-coding, axial coding, and theoretical integration. The substantive grounded theory is constructed on the core category of 'Individual Parental Support Preferences'. This core category is underpinned by four sub-categories of parental support which were evident across development stages: instrumental, informational, emotional, and autonomy support, and is influenced by a host of athlete (e.g., athletes' performance), parent (e.g., parents' knowledge), and contextual characteristics (e.g., location). Unconditional parental support is an important aspect of emotional support, however the concept of adopting a person-first approach to sport parenting is novel. These results provide a rich and novel insight of parental support in girls' golf, advancing a grounded theoretical understanding of parental support mechanisms in a youth sport context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Burke
- School of Sport, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, United Kingdom.
| | - Lee-Ann Sharp
- School of Sport, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, United Kingdom
| | - David Woods
- School of Sport, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle F Paradis
- School of Sport, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, United Kingdom
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Detanico D, Kons RL. Physical performance and somatic maturity in male and female judo athletes: An analysis in different age categories. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 34:28-33. [PMID: 37301553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maturity status is an important parameter to understand physical performance in young judo athletes, especially considering different age categories. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the role of each age category (U13, U15, and U18) on physical performance between and within the age groups. METHODS Sixty-five male athletes from the U13 (n = 17), U15 (n = 30), and U18 categories (n = 18), and 28 female from the U13 (n = 9), U15 (n = 15), and U18 categories (n = 4) participated in this study. The assessments were performed at two moments separated by 48 h and included anthropometric measurements and physical tests (standing long jump, medicine ball throw, handgrip strength, Special Judo Fitness Test, and Judogi Grip Strength Test). The athletes also provided their date of birth and judo experience. One-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation were used with significant level set at 5%. RESULTS The main results showed higher values of somatic variables (maturity status and body size) and physical performance in the U18 compared to U15 and U13 in male and female (p < 0.05), but no differences between U15 and U13 (p > 0.05). In general, training experience, chronological age, and somatic variables were correlated (moderate to very large magnitude) with physical performance in all age categories for male (r = 0.40-0.66, p < 0.05) and female groups (r = 0.49-0.73, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We concluded that U18 athletes showed higher values of somatic maturity, training experience, and physical performance compared to U13 and U15 categories, with no differences between U13 and U15. In general, training experience, chronological age, and somatic variables were correlated with physical performance in all age categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Detanico
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rafael L Kons
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil.
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Fleming DJM, Dorsch TE, Serang S, Hardiman AL, Blazo JA, Farrey T, Lerner JB, Solomon J. The association of families' socioeconomic and demographic characteristics with parents' perceived barriers to returning to youth sport following the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol Sport Exerc 2023; 65:102348. [PMID: 36465329 PMCID: PMC9710102 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Developmentally appropriate sport contexts have the potential to positively influence young people's physiological, psychological, and social outcomes. However, little is known about how families returned to sport in the wake of COVID-19-related restrictions or how socioeconomic and demographic factors influenced parents' perceptions of barriers to returning. A nationally representative sample (N = 6183) of American youth sport parents completed a questionnaire in which they provided demographic information and answered questions related to the barriers they perceived in returning to sport, such as the risk of their child getting sick. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationships among a range of socioeconomic and demographic factors and these barriers to returning. Results suggest that parents from racially minoritized and urban neighborhoods held higher levels of concern over health-related and practical barriers to returning to sport. Findings highlight the importance of designing available, equitable, and appropriate youth sport contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tom Farrey
- Aspen Institute Project Play Initiative, United States
| | | | - Jon Solomon
- Aspen Institute Project Play Initiative, United States
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Barboza-Neto R, Nobari H, Aidar FJ, Almeida-Neto PF, Silva AF, Medeiros RMV, Clemente FM, de Queiros VS, de Matos DG, da Silva LF, Badicu G, Dantas PMS, de Araújo Tinôco Cabral BG. Relative age effects on speed trials in Brazilian athletics. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:19. [PMID: 36774525 PMCID: PMC9921047 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relative age effect (RAE) is a concept related to the possible advantage that older athletes would have over younger ones within the same category. Although many studies have approached this subject in individual sports, there are few clippings by events within the sport. More detailed analyses are necessary for a better understanding of how RAE behaves in sports, especially in athletics, the subject of this study. The objective of this study was to analyze the RAE on speed in track and field events as a whole, separating the flat races from the hurdles races. METHODS The Brazilian Ranking of Brazilian Athletics Confederation was used for data analysis, and the sample was composed of the 50 best-placed marks in the ranking of speed events in athletics in the categories Under(U)-16 and U-18 (female and male). Statistical analysis was calculated by chi-square, and the effect size was checked by Cramer's V. Likelihood-ratio test (L-Ratio) assessed the probability of the RAE occurring in the total sample and by age groups. RESULTS In the total sample the results pointed to the emergence of RAE in males in both categories (U-16: p < 0.001; V: 0.13; L-Ratio: 3.64, U-18: p < 0.001; V: 0.13; L-Ratio: 3.80), whereas in females no such effect was found in any category (U-16: p = 0.6; V: 0.09; L-Ratio: 0.09, U-18: p = 0.6; V: 0.07; L-Ratio: 0.12). When the results were separated by type of event, there was only a RAE in the shallow event in the U-18 female category (p = 0.3; V: 0.11; L-Ratio: 8.72). CONCLUSION The results allow us to conclude that there is a RAE in the speed trials of Brazilian athletics in the U16 and U18 categories for men, while this effect appears only in the shallow trials of the U18 category for women, indicating that the RAE has incidence when there is more participation and competition in the sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Barboza-Neto
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XPhysical Activity and Health, Departament of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Brasov, Romania. .,Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran. .,Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Felipe J. Aidar
- grid.411252.10000 0001 2285 6801Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Paulo Francisco Almeida-Neto
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XPhysical Activity and Health, Departament of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- grid.27883.360000 0000 8824 6371Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’ Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal ,grid.513123.70000 0004 6416 6210Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Polytechnic Institute of Maia, 5001-801 Maia, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- grid.27883.360000 0000 8824 6371Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’ Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal ,grid.421174.50000 0004 0393 4941Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Victor Sabino de Queiros
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XPhysical Activity and Health, Departament of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Dihogo Gama de Matos
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Cardiorespiratory and Physiology of Exercise Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Luiz Felipe da Silva
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XPhysical Activity and Health, Departament of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Georgian Badicu
- grid.5120.60000 0001 2159 8361Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Brasov, Romania
| | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XPhysical Activity and Health, Departament of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinôco Cabral
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XPhysical Activity and Health, Departament of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
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14
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Elliott S, Pankowiak A, Eime R, Drummond M. Sport parenting during the COVID-19 pandemic: Perceptions of parents and youth in Australia. Psychol Sport Exerc 2023; 64:102299. [PMID: 36213492 PMCID: PMC9528014 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on parental involvement in youth sport is largely unknown. The objective of the study presented in this paper was to understand parental involvement in relation to their child's participation in organised sport during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using an interpretive descriptive methodology, online qualitative interviews and online focus groups with parents and youth (15-18 years) (n = 29) were conducted during June 2020. Following a rigorous reflexive thematic analysis, four themes illustrated the nature of sport parenting during this stressful and uncertain period: (a) reshaping sport parenting identity, (b) the unexpected growth of sport parenting responsibilities, (c) responding to children's loss of sport, and (d) policies impact family commitment and attitudes to returning to sport. The findings are discussed considering Harwood and Knight's (2015) postulates of parenting expertise in sport and offer potential ideas to better support parents and children situated in unexpectedly stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Elliott
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Aurélie Pankowiak
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rochelle Eime
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Murray Drummond
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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15
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Post EG, Rosenthal MD, Pennock AT, Rauh MJ. Attitudes and beliefs of little league baseball parents regarding sport specialization and college scholarship availability. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 50:471-477. [PMID: 34176442 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2021.1949251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies of parents of adolescent athletes identified a belief among parents of the importance of early specialization for skill development. However, it is unclear if these attitudes and beliefs are also held among parents of baseball athletes, which is the second-most popular boy's sport in the United States. The purpose of this study was to describe the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of parents of Little League baseball players regarding sport specialization and college scholarships. METHODS Two-hundred and forty-four parents of Little League baseball players (female parents: 60.7%, parent age: 41.1 ± 6.2 years old, male children: 98.0%, child age: 9.5 ± 1.6 years old) completed an anonymous online questionnaire regarding parent attitudes and beliefs on sport specialization and college scholarships. RESULTS Most parents (72.4%) felt that specialization would increase their child's baseball ability either 'quite a bit' or 'a great deal.' Fewer than half of all parents (42.0%) reported that specialization was either 'quite a bit' or 'a great deal' of a problem. Parents underestimated the availability of Division I college baseball scholarship availability (median [IQR]: 5 [4-10]), compared to the actual value of 11.7 scholarships per Division I roster. Only 10.2% of parents (N = 25) reported that they believed it was 'somewhat' or 'very' likely that their child would receive a college baseball scholarship. CONCLUSION Further efforts are needed to understand parent attitudes and beliefs regarding sport specialization and college scholarships in various sports to better understand current trends in youth sport participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Post
- Department of Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenthal
- Division of Physical Therapy Education, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Mitchell J Rauh
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe youth sport participation behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic as reported by parents of youth sport athletes, to examine the association of family demographics with the likelihood of children resuming sports, and to qualitatively report the factors influencing parental decision-making regarding youth sport participation during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A national sample of parents of youth athletes from across the United States (n=236, age: 39.2±8.1 years, 57.2% female) were recruited to complete an online questionnaire by Qualtrics Online Samples (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) using a combination of actively managed, double-opt-in market research panels. The questionnaire focused on changes in child sport participation and family finances as a result of COVID-19 and included both close-ended and open-ended questions. RESULTS Most parents (63.1%) reported the time their children spent participating in organized youth sports had decreased because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Three-quarters of parents (75.5%) reported that it was likely that their children would fully resume participating in organized youth sports within the next year. Parents whose financial situation was worsened by COVID-19 were less likely to report that their children would resume sports in the upcoming year. Three domains related to parental decision-making emerged from the open-ended responses: safety, fear, and normalcy. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the factors influencing changes in youth sport participation during the pandemic can allow systems to implement strategies for safe participation in youth sport and physical activity among children. Encouraging participation in outdoor sports with appropriate safety precautions such as masking, social distancing, and hygiene may reduce fear of participation among parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Post
- Indiana State University, Terre Haute, United States.
| | | | - Darleesa Doss
- Indiana State University, Terre Haute, United States
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17
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Costa DC, Valente-Dos-Santos J, Sousa-E-Silva P, Martinho DV, Duarte JP, Tavares OM, Castanheira JM, Oliveira TG, Abreu S, Leite N, Agostinete RR, Fernandes RA, Courteix D, Coelho-E-Silva MJ. Growth, body composition and bone mineral density among pubertal male athletes: intra-individual 12-month changes and comparisons between soccer players and swimmers. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:275. [PMID: 35562680 PMCID: PMC9102354 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Puberty is a period of intense changes in human body and, additionally, participation in sports is viewed as prominent form of physical activity among male adolescent athletes. The current study was aimed to examine the intra-individual changes in body composition and bone tissue during years of maximal growth and the effect of 12-month participation in sports contrasting in mechanical impact. Methods The sample included 40 male adolescent athletes (soccer: n = 20; swimming: n = 20) aged 12.57 ± 0.37 years who were followed for 12 months. Stature and body mass were measured, bone mineral content (BMC), areal bone mineral density (aBMD), lean soft and fat tissues assessed using DXA. Food intake was estimated using a questionnaires and training sessions individually monitored. Repeated measures ANOVA tested the differences between sports and 12-month intra-individual variation (time moments: TM1, TM2). The analyses on aBMD for total body and total body less head were repeated controlling for variation in stature at baseline. Results Soccer players completed 63 ± 31 sessions (95 ± 47 h). Respective values for swimmers were 248 ± 28 sessions and 390 ± 56 h. In general, the analysis of aBMD as dependent variable evidenced significant effect of sport-associated variation (F = 5.254, p < 0.01; η2 = 0.35) and 12-month increments, particularly at lower limbs (F = 97.238, p < 0.01; η2 = 0.85). Respective mean values for aBMD were SCCTM1 = 0.885 g.cm−2, SWMTM1 = 0.847 g.cm−2, SCCTM2 = 0.939 g.cm−2, SWMTM2 = 0.880. Regarding the lean soft tissue, the magnitude of effects was very large for intra-individual variation (F = 223.043, p < 0.01; η2 = 0.92) and moderate between sports (F = 7.850, p < 0.01; η2 = 0.41): SCCTM1 = 30.6 kg, SWMTM1 = 34.9 kg, SCCTM2 = 35.8 kg, SWMTM2 = 40.5 kg). Finally, d-cohen values reporting percentage of intra-individual changes in aBMD between soccer players ad swimmers were large for the trochanter (d = 1.2; annual increments: SCC = 8.1%, SWM = 3.6%). Conclusion Puberty appeared as a period of significant intra-individual changes in lean soft tissue and bone mineral density. With increasing accumulated training experience, mean difference between sports contrasting in mechanical impact tended to me more pronounced in particular at the lower limbs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-022-03321-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Costa
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Valente-Dos-Santos
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies, CIDEFES, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Sousa-E-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo V Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João P Duarte
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Oscar M Tavares
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M Castanheira
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tomás G Oliveira
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Neiva Leite
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo R Agostinete
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Rômulo A Fernandes
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Daniel Courteix
- Laboratory AME2P, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, 3040-248, Coimbra, Portugal.
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18
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Harvey S, Gano-Overway L, Baghurst T, Blom L, Eisenmann J. 50 Million Strong TM: The Contribution of Sports Coaching. Res Q Exerc Sport 2022:1-12. [PMID: 34983325 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1976715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the Society of Health and Physical Educators of America (SHAPE America) launched 50 Million StrongTM with goals of improving physical literacy, increasing physical activity levels, and encouraging lifelong physical activity among children by the year 2029. Not only are youth sports programs crucial to meeting 50 Million StrongTM goals, but it also requires the purposeful efforts of sport coaches, program administrators, researchers, coach educators, and coach developers. While it is encouraging that research on sport coaching topics appears to be growing, there is still much to learn about how to prepare coaches to provide quality sport experiences for their athletes. Consequently, to further this call, it is crucial to understand the current state of sports coaching research and propose future research needs in the discipline. The purpose of this paper is to identify research needs in sports coaching and coach education/development that assists in achieving the 50 Million StrongTM goals of SHAPE America. Throughout the paper, critical research questions are identified in two main areas: 1) coaches' roles in developing physically literate athletes, and 2) developing coaches in regards to coach learning, the efficacy of coach education, and coach health and well-being. Furthermore, commensurate with other papers in the series commissioned by the SHAPE America Research Consortium, we discuss these areas within a social ecological model to understand the impact of the bi-directional interactions between environmental factors and individual behaviors.
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19
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Kim S, Connaughton DP. Soccer, concussions, and safety: Perceptions of parents of youth soccer participants. J Safety Res 2021; 77:255-262. [PMID: 34092316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rate of concussions in youth soccer is among the highest of all youth sports. Parents play an important role in caring for their children and making decisions regarding whether they should participate in a sport, such as soccer, where concussions are well known. This study examined parental perceptions regarding: (a) coaches' role in concussion management, (b) heading restriction policies, and (c) overall concussion risk and participation issues. METHOD Online surveys were completed by 419 parents of youth soccer players who participated in the largest U.S. youth soccer programs nationwide. RESULTS Findings indicated 44.5% of the respondents had considered keeping their children from playing organized soccer and 47.2% were concerned about a potential decline in youth soccer participation due to concussions. Nearly 69% of responding parents agreed that heading should be banned for participants 10 years old or younger, while 56.5% thought heading should not be limited for participants 13 or older. Only 35% of parents were very confident about their child's coach's ability to properly identify concussions and remove those suspected of a concussion from play. Parents' socioeconomic status (SES), soccer coaching and playing experience, and previous history of concussion(s) were key predictors of greater perceived risk about concussions. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study shed light on parents' perceptions about concussions and related safety issues in youth soccer. Understanding what parents believe about concussions is vital to preserve youth soccer participation and can be used to strengthen education and policies that promote a safer environment for youth sport participants. Practical Applications: Youth soccer coaches can benefit from stronger, comprehensive educational efforts at the league/club level. Additionally, parents of youth athletes who are in the lower SES communities should be targeted to receive concussion safety information and/or interventions that would improve their knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding concussion safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Kim
- St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Pkwy, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
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20
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Kellstedt DK, Schenkelberg MA, Essay AM, Von Seggern MJ, Rosenkranz RR, Welk GJ, High R, Dzewaltowski DA. Youth sport participation and physical activity in rural communities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 79:46. [PMID: 33832548 PMCID: PMC8028731 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Physical activity, a high-frequency health behavior, varies by where children live, learn, and play. Children accumulate physical activity in adult-led in-school and out-of-school settings. Youth sport is a potential setting for physical activity, but there are differences in youth sport participation based on age, sex, and socioeconomic status. There is a gap in understanding demographic influences on youth sport participation and how these factors interact to influence physical activity. This study examines influences of grade, sex, and family income on youth sport participation and these factors and youth sport participation on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of children in rural communities. Methods Children (n = 418 3rd–6th graders) living in two rural communities completed the online Youth Activity Profile as part of Wellscapes, a type 3 hybrid implementation-effectiveness community randomized trial. Mixed models with community as a random effect examined main effects and interactions of grade, sex, and family income on youth sport participation and these factors and youth sport participation on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Results About 80% of children engaged in youth sport, and full-pay lunch students were almost four times more likely to have youth sport participation than students with free/reduced lunch (OR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.95, 7.8). Females and 6th graders (p < 0.05) had lower physical activity than comparison groups. Males with higher family income had greater physical activity; females with higher family income had less physical activity. For 6th graders, high family income had less effect on physical activity than similar 3rd-5th graders (p < 0.01). Conclusions While a fairly high percentage of children participate in youth sports, there are disparities in rural communities on youth sport participation and physical activity outcomes based on age, sex, and family income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra K Kellstedt
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | | | - Ann M Essay
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mary J Von Seggern
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Gregory J Welk
- College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Robin High
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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21
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Rommers N, Rössler R, Shrier I, Lenoir M, Witvrouw E, D'Hondt E, Verhagen E. Motor performance is not related to injury risk in growing elite-level male youth football players. A causal inference approach to injury risk assessment. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:881-885. [PMID: 33752967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the causal relation between growth velocity and injury in elite-level youth football players, and to assess the mediating effects of motor performance in this causal pathway. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS We measured the body height of 378 male elite-level football players of the U13 to U15 age categories three to four months before and at the start of the competitive season. At the start of the season, players also performed a motor performance test battery, including motor coordination (Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder), muscular performance (standing broad jump, counter movement jump), flexibility (sit and reach), and endurance measures (YoYo intermittent recovery test). Injuries were continuously registered by the academies' medical staff during the first two months of the season. Based on the causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) that identified our assumptions about causal relations between growth velocity (standardized to cm/y), injuries, and motor performance, the causal effect of growth velocity on injury was obtained by conditioning on maturity offset. We determined the natural indirect effects of growth velocity on injury mediated through motor performance. RESULTS In total, 105 players sustained an injury. Odds ratios (OR) showed a 15% increase in injury risk per centimetre/year of growth velocity (1.15, 95%CI: 1.05-1.26). There was no causal effect of growth on injury through the motor performance mediated pathways (all ORs were close to 1.0 with narrow 95%CIs). CONCLUSIONS Growth velocity is causally related to injury risk in elite-level youth football players, but motor performance does not mediate this relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Rommers
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roland Rössler
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ian Shrier
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erik Witvrouw
- Department of Physical Therapy and Motor Rehabilitation, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva D'Hondt
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Elliott S, Drummond MJ, Prichard I, Eime R, Drummond C, Mason R. Understanding the impact of COVID-19 on youth sport in Australia and consequences for future participation and retention. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:448. [PMID: 33673812 PMCID: PMC7935002 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 continues to represent the single biggest challenge to contemporary community sport globally. Compliance with social distancing policies, strict return-to-play protocols, and COVID-19 specific training has, perhaps, forever changed the way that children and young people engage in organised sport. Within this context, and while many children and families seek to re-engage with community sport, we (researchers and sport practitioners) have an obligation to ask questions about how the pandemic has impacted youth sport, understand the short- and long-term consequences, and explore what (if any) opportunities can be seized to assist and improve future participation and retention. The aim of this paper was to present an in-depth exploration of the impact of COVID-19 on youth sport in South Australia. Methods Within an interpretive descriptive methodology, this qualitative investigation draws on rich, individual interview and focus group data with 39 youth (ages 15–18), parents, coaches, and sport administrators. A reflexive thematic analysis was undertaken, leading to the development of four substantive themes. Results We conceptualised the ‘4 Rs’ to advance theoretical understandings about the pandemic’s impact on youth sport, including the themes ‘recognising struggle’, ‘reconnection’, ‘re-engaging after restrictions, and ‘reimagining sport’. The themes captured insights about a decline in mental wellbeing and physical activity, an increase in family connectedness, the challenge for sports to attract volunteers and participants back into sport, and the opportunities to reset values and philosophies underpinning the provision of youth sport. Conclusion The findings provide valuable insight into the youth sport setting as a result of the global pandemic and suggest that families, sporting clubs and sporting organisations require additional resources and tools (for example, support for parents to facilitate their children’s training at home during lockdown) to aid recovery efforts and to ensure the survival and prosperity of youth sport into the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10505-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Elliott
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia.
| | - M J Drummond
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - I Prichard
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - R Eime
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Drummond
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - R Mason
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia.,Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Elliott S, Drummond MJ, Prichard I, Eime R, Drummond C, Mason R. Understanding the impact of COVID-19 on youth sport in Australia and consequences for future participation and retention. BMC Public Health 2021. [PMID: 33673812 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10,505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 continues to represent the single biggest challenge to contemporary community sport globally. Compliance with social distancing policies, strict return-to-play protocols, and COVID-19 specific training has, perhaps, forever changed the way that children and young people engage in organised sport. Within this context, and while many children and families seek to re-engage with community sport, we (researchers and sport practitioners) have an obligation to ask questions about how the pandemic has impacted youth sport, understand the short- and long-term consequences, and explore what (if any) opportunities can be seized to assist and improve future participation and retention. The aim of this paper was to present an in-depth exploration of the impact of COVID-19 on youth sport in South Australia. METHODS Within an interpretive descriptive methodology, this qualitative investigation draws on rich, individual interview and focus group data with 39 youth (ages 15-18), parents, coaches, and sport administrators. A reflexive thematic analysis was undertaken, leading to the development of four substantive themes. RESULTS We conceptualised the '4 Rs' to advance theoretical understandings about the pandemic's impact on youth sport, including the themes 'recognising struggle', 'reconnection', 're-engaging after restrictions, and 'reimagining sport'. The themes captured insights about a decline in mental wellbeing and physical activity, an increase in family connectedness, the challenge for sports to attract volunteers and participants back into sport, and the opportunities to reset values and philosophies underpinning the provision of youth sport. CONCLUSION The findings provide valuable insight into the youth sport setting as a result of the global pandemic and suggest that families, sporting clubs and sporting organisations require additional resources and tools (for example, support for parents to facilitate their children's training at home during lockdown) to aid recovery efforts and to ensure the survival and prosperity of youth sport into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Elliott
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia.
| | - M J Drummond
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - I Prichard
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - R Eime
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Drummond
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - R Mason
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Pila E, Gilchrist JD, Huellemann KL, Adam MEK, Sabiston CM. Body surveillance prospectively linked with physical activity via body shame in adolescent girls. Body Image 2021; 36:276-282. [PMID: 33545529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The socialization of girls to habitually monitor their bodies, via the process of body surveillance, contributes to an increased risk of negative physical and psychological experiences. The present study examined if body surveillance may also contribute to the decrease in physical activity that is observed in girls during adolescence, and if this association is mediated by body shame (operationalized as both experienced and anticipated shame when imagining changes to one's body in the future). Physically active adolescent girls (n = 206) reported body surveillance at baseline, and measures of experienced and anticpated body shame, and physical activity two years later. Body surveillance was indirectly associated with physical activity via the experience and anticipation of body shame. Specifically, the experience of body shame was associated with lower reported engagement in physical activity (b = -0.13, 95 % CI [-0.23, -0.03]), whereas the anticipation of body shame was associated with higher physical activity (b = 0.07, 95 % CI [0.01, 0.15]), possibly for the purpose of appearance management. Due to the opposing directional effects of experienced versus anticipated body shame, it is important to consider both facets of this emotional experience in understanding how vigilant bodily monitoring impacts physical activity engagement in adolescent girls.
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J H, K P, M L, K S, P K, A H, Vm M, J P. Association between lower extremity muscle strength and acute ankle injury in youth team-sports athletes. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 48:188-195. [PMID: 33508694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate lower extremity muscle strength as risk factor for an acute ankle injury in youth athletes. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Basketball and floorball clubs. PARTICIPANTS 188 youth (≤21) male and 174 female athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES 1RM leg press, maximal concentric isokinetic quadriceps and hamstrings as well as maximal isometric hip abductor strength were measured and athletes were followed for an acute ankle injury up to three years. Cox regression models were used in statistical analyses. RESULTS In males, greater 1RM leg press and maximal quadriceps strength increased the risk of any type of acute ankle injury (Hazard ratio [HR] for 1 SD increase, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.12-2.39] and 1.43 [95% CI, 1.01-2.01], respectively). In females, greater 1RM leg press and difference between legs in hip abduction strength increased the risk of acute non-contact ankle injury (HR for 1 SD increase, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.03-2.02] and 1.44 [95% CI, 1.03-2.00], respectively). However, ROC curve analyses showed AUC:s of 0.57-0.64 indicating "fail" to "poor" combined sensitivity and specifity of these tests. CONCLUSION Greater strength in both sexes along with asymmetry in hip abductor strength in females increased the risk of acute ankle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hietamo J
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland; KHKS, Hämeenlinna, Finland.
| | - Pasanen K
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland; Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leppänen M
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Steffen K
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kannus P
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland; Departement of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Tampere University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heinonen A
- University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mattila Vm
- Departement of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Tampere University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Parkkari J
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland; Departement of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Tampere University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Kim S, Connaughton DP. Youth Soccer Parents' Attitudes and Perceptions About Concussions. J Adolesc Health 2021; 68:184-90. [PMID: 32636138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Parents are important figures in properly managing youth sport concussions. Although media attention has predominantly centered on concussions in contact/collision sports, evidence suggests that the concussion rate in soccer is comparable to those found in contact/collision sports. Given the high rate of concussions in youth soccer, this study aimed to examine parents of youth soccer athletes' attitudes and perceptions about concussions and associated factors. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted by surveying parents of youth soccer athletes from the five largest organized youth soccer programs across the U.S. The researchers developed a questionnaire after an extensive literature review and by modifying previously used instruments. RESULTS Overall, 419 parents completed the survey. The vast majority (85%) agreed that a concussion is a serious injury, but only 27.9% believed that their child could suffer a concussion during the next season. Parents were most concerned about permanent brain damage when their child suffers a concussion. The vast majority (4.37 ± .89) perceived concussion reporting as an important injury prevention strategy. Greater appreciation and perceived risk about concussions was found particularly among parents who received concussion education and those who had witnessed or heard about a concussive incidence(s). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that youth soccer parents have high appreciation and perceived risk about concussions. However, the need for more targeted education was noted, as improvements to better manage and reduce concussions can be made. Future research should continue examining youth sport parents' belief and understanding about concussions as well as factors affecting them.
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Rotolo T, Lengefeld M. Clearing the cobwebs: An analysis of the timing of youth concussion legislation in U.S. states. Soc Sci Med 2020; 265:113491. [PMID: 33162197 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
After decades of ignoring head injury in youth sports, U.S. states passed youth concussion legislation with stipulations about when athletes can return to play. Why were some states slower to pass laws than others? We consider this question through the lens of institutional medicalization, where medically informed policies are enacted. Our study recognizes the uneven nature of policy enactment across time and space with event history methods. We explore the influence of high school sport participation and other variables on the timing of legislation in all fifty states, 2007-2014. States with more high school football participation, as well as states with a strong college football presence, passed concussion laws later. Conversely, states with stronger orientations toward gender egalitarianism adopted laws sooner. These factors reflect sources of receptivity and resistance that underlie the process of institutional medicalization. Our approach offers one of the few quantitative studies of institutional medicalization and provides a template for future quantitative research in this area.
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Tamminen KA, McEwen CE, Kerr G, Donnelly P. Examining the impact of the Respect in Sport Parent Program on the psychosocial experiences of minor hockey athletes. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2035-2045. [PMID: 32491972 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1767839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Models of positive youth development suggest that athletes may be influenced by parent education programmes; however, there is little research examining the impact of such programmes on athlete outcomes. This study examined the impact of the Respect in Sport Parent Program on athlete outcomes among minor hockey players over three years. This study consisted of cross-sectional and longitudinal online surveys measuring athletes' positive and negative developmental experiences, prosocial and antisocial behaviours, parental support and pressure, and sport enjoyment and commitment. Athletes completed at least one online survey during the study period (N = 366; 84.2% males; 14-19 years of age; M = 15.4 years), and 83 athletes completed multiple surveys for longitudinal analyses. Cross-sectional results comparing athletes in leagues adopting the programme at different time points indicated significant differences in prosocial behaviours towards teammates. Multilevel longitudinal analyses revealed improvements in athletes' antisocial behaviours towards opponents, initiative, goal setting, and cognitive skills over time, regardless of whether they were in a league that implemented the programme. However, athletes in leagues that implemented the programme during the study reported greater improvements in antisocial behaviours towards opponents, and there were trends with respect to improved personal and social skills. These findings provide suggestions to improve the delivery and impact of parent education programmes in youth sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Tamminen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carolyn E McEwen
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gretchen Kerr
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter Donnelly
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Abstract
Objective Bio-banding (BB) has been introduced to account for varying maturity and to improve the talent development of junior soccer players. To date, research that investigated the physiological and technical effects of BB is sparse. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare effects of BB with CA on selected technical and tactical parameters in U13 and U14 soccer players. Results BB significantly increased the number of duels (p = 0.024) and set pieces (p = 0.025) compared to chronological age. The mean time of ball possession per action was reduced (p = 0.021) and the rate of successful passes was lower with BB (p = 0.001). Meanwhile, the total number of passes was unaffected (p = 0.796), and there was a trend towards a lower difference in ball possession between BB teams (p = 0.058). In addition, BB reduced the distances covered while jogging (p = 0.001), running (p = 0.038) and high-speed running (p = 0.035). With BB, an increased number of duels, unsuccessful passes and set pieces resulted in a quicker change of match play situations between teams. While physical demand was reduced, BB seems to result in a more technically and tactically challenging game. Benefits in long-term player development, however, require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Romann
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Alpenstrasse 18, 2532, Magglingen, Switzerland.
| | - Dennis Lüdin
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Alpenstrasse 18, 2532, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Dennis-Peter Born
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Alpenstrasse 18, 2532, Magglingen, Switzerland
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V. Martinho D, Valente-dos-Santos J, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Gutiérrez AO, Duarte JP, Lourenço-Farinha P, Luz LGO, Gonçalves-Santos J, Machado DRL, Leite N, Conde J, Castanheira JM, Cumming SP, Sherar LB, Malina RM. Scaling left ventricular mass in adolescent female soccer players. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:157. [PMID: 32284059 PMCID: PMC7153237 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to examine the contribution of chronological age (CA), skeletal maturation, training experience and concurrent body size descriptors, to inter-individual variance in left ventricular mass (LVM) among female adolescent soccer players. METHODS The sample included 228 female soccer players 11.8-17.1 years. Training experience defined as years of participation in competitive soccer (range 2-9 years), was obtained by interview. Stature, body mass and skinfolds (triceps, medial calf) were measured. Fat mass was estimated; Fat-free mass was derived. LVM was assessed by echocardiography. Skeletal maturity status was as the difference of skeletal age (SA, Fels method) minus CA. RESULTS Fat-free mass was the most prominent single predictor of LVM (R2 = 36.6%). It was associated with an allometric coefficient close to linearity (k = 0.924, 95%CI: 0.737 to 1.112). A significant multiplicative allometric model including body mass, fat-free mass, CA, training experience and skeletal maturity status was also obtained (R = 0.684; R2 = 46.2%). CONCLUSION Stature has limitations as a valid size descriptor of LVM. Body mass, fat-free mass, training experience, CA, body mass and skeletal maturity status were relevant factors contributing to inter-individual variability in LVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo V. Martinho
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Valente-dos-Santos
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arturo O. Gutiérrez
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
- Sonora Institute of Technology, Sonora, Mexico
| | - João P. Duarte
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Lourenço-Farinha
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Leonardo G. O. Luz
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
- LACAPS, Federal University of Alagoas, Arapiraca, Brazil
| | | | - Dalmo R. L. Machado
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Neiva Leite
- Physical Education Department, Research Nucleus of Quality of Life, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana Brazil
| | - Jorge Conde
- Department of Clinical Physiology, School of Health and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. Castanheira
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Physiology, School of Health and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Lauren B. Sherar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, USA
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
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Aubert S, Barnes JD, Tremblay MS. Evaluation of the process and outcomes of the Global Matrix 3.0 of physical activity grades for children and youth. J Exerc Sci Fit 2020; 18:80-88. [PMID: 32636889 PMCID: PMC7327778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objective Participation in the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance (AHKGA) Global Matrix initiative represents a significant work and resource investment for Report Card teams. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the process and findings of the Global Matrix 3.0 and formulate recommendations for improvement. Methods The evaluation of the Global Matrix 3.0 was planned prior to its development and a list of potential process, impact, and outcome indicators were pre-identified. These indicators were informed by online surveys, direct reports, MailChimp's statistics, Google Analytics of the AHKGA website, and emails sent to the AHKGA Board of Directors. Results Five online surveys were completed by 88%-100% of the targeted respondents. High satisfaction ratings were observed for most of the Global Matrix 3.0 methods, key steps, concepts, and the resources (e-blasts and website) provided by the AHKGA. A total of 496 open-ended comments were provided in the five surveys, including 199 comments reporting issue(s), and 38 reporting both positive feedback and issue(s). The participating Report Card teams successfully assigned a grade to each physical activity indicator, produced a Report Card document, and wrote a short Report Card article. Conclusion This evaluation process allowed for the identification of needed improvements and the formulation of recommendations for future Global Matrix initiatives. This work highlighted the need for the development of physical activity behavior assessment tools that would be internationally adopted and culturally adaptable to varying contexts to improve the standardization of physical activity surveillance at the global scale.
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Rommers N, Rössler R, Goossens L, Vaeyens R, Lenoir M, Witvrouw E, D'Hondt E. Risk of acute and overuse injuries in youth elite soccer players: Body size and growth matter. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:246-251. [PMID: 31694798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated anthropometric measures and growth as risk factors for overuse and acute injuries in younger (U10-U12) and older (U13-U15) elite level soccer players. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Height, weight, and sitting height were measured at the start and the end of the 2016-2017 competitive season and growth velocities were calculated. Throughout the season, injuries were registered continuously by the (para-)medical staff of the included clubs. We analyzed the injury risk using multilevel Poisson regression models, accounting for club and team clustering. RESULTS Of the included 314 players (11.7±1.7 years of age), 160 players sustained 133 overuse and 163 acute injuries (i.e. 106 injuries in 69 players of the younger group, 190 in 91 players of the older group). In the younger group, risk of overuse injuries was associated with an increase in leg length over the season (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.620 [95% CI 1.230-2.117]) and risk of acute injuries with relatively younger age (IRR 1.003 [95% CI 1.000-1.006]). In the older group, a higher leg length was associated with an increased risk of overuse injuries (IRR 1.055 [95% CI 1.011-1.108]), and a higher weight and a lower growth rate with an increased risk of acute injuries (IRR 1.043 [95% CI 1.021-1.067] and 0.903 [95% CI 0.831-0.981], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Injury risk factors differ by age group and type of injury. The age-specific anthropometric and growth-related risk factors should be monitored and these risk profiles should be considered to manage injury risk effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Rommers
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium; Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO), Belgium.
| | - Roland Rössler
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, The Netherlands; Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lennert Goossens
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Roel Vaeyens
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Erik Witvrouw
- Department of Physical Therapy and Motor Rehabilitation, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Eva D'Hondt
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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Abstract
The study empirically tested the postulate of the Developmental Model of Sport Participation (DMSP; Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2007). Practice and play in the development of sport expertise. In R. Eklund & G. Tenenbaum (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (pp. 184-202). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley) that diversified childhood self-led sport play will beneficially affect future, adolescent intrinsic motivation. Participants were 178 elite youth athletes (age 15.3 ± 1.5 years) from several game and non-game sports; 117 were members of the federal state or national junior squad in their respective sport. A questionnaire measured current (adolescent) intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of the youth athletes using the Sport Motivation Scale (Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Tuson, K. M., Brière, N. M., & Blais, M. R. (1995). Towards a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The sport motivation scale (SMS). Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 35-53) and their earlier volume of childhood engagement (through 12 years) in coach-led practice and self-led play in their respective main sport and other sports. Analyses revealed that adolescent intrinsic motivation was not significantly correlated with earlier childhood self-led sport activities, self-led play in particular, or childhood sports diversification. Furthermore, considering all different types of childhood sport activities together in multiple regression analyses, they did not provide meaningful explanatory power regarding adolescent intrinsic or extrinsic motivation. In summary, the results did not provide support for the postulate of the DMSP among elite youth athletes. The findings suggest that future research may seek to enable more robust empirical substantiation of the DMSP postulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Thomas
- a Department of Sport Science , University of Kaiserslautern , Kaiserslautern , Germany
| | - Arne Güllich
- a Department of Sport Science , University of Kaiserslautern , Kaiserslautern , Germany
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Tribolet R, Watsford ML, Coutts AJ, Smith C, Fransen J. From entry to elite: The relative age effect in the Australian football talent pathway. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:741-745. [PMID: 30598253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the first instance and prevalence of the Relative Age Effect (RAE) in the male Australian Football (AF) talent development pathway through to the Australian Football League (AFL). DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional analysis. METHODS Birthdate distribution was accessed from an U10-U12 AF academy trial (n=514), U13-U19 AF academy players (n=408), AFL state, national and international combines (n=2989), AFL Rising Star nominees (n=50) and the top ten AFL Brownlow vote recipients (n=50) between 2013-2017. RESULTS Chi-squared analysis showed significant overrepresentation to early born players in the selection year for both quartile and half-year compared to the previously known distribution at different stages of the talent pathway. Odds ratio demonstrated bias to players born in quartiles one and two of the selection year compared to players born in quartile four in every cohort examined. CONCLUSIONS RAEs appear between ages 10-12 in the male AF development pathway and continue to senior professional competition. RAEs are amplified as the competition for positions increases and at points where selection cut-offs occur. Interestingly, players receiving votes for the AFL's best and fairest award were 12.6 times more likely to be born in the first half of the year. This may suggest a latent effect, which has long term benefits for relatively older players. Nonetheless, the RAE affects career progression in a male AF talent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Tribolet
- Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia; Sydney Swans Academy, Australia.
| | - Mark L Watsford
- Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Job Fransen
- Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia; Sydney Swans Academy, Australia
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Gjesdal S, Wold B, Ommundsen Y. Promoting additional activity in youth soccer: a half-longitudinal study on the influence of autonomy-supportive coaching and basic psychological need satisfaction. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:268-276. [PMID: 29974824 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1495394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationships between perceptions of coach autonomy support, basic psychological need satisfaction and the frequency at which youth soccer players engage in additional soccer activity outside of team sessions. We employed structural equation modelling to test a two-wave (T1 and T2) half-longitudinal study to see if basic psychological need satisfaction mediated the relationship between coach autonomy support and additional soccer activity across a competitive season. The sample consisted of 527 youth soccer players, aged 10-15 years. Results revealed moderate to strong temporal stability for autonomy, competence, relatedness and frequency of additional soccer activity. Furthermore, no support is offered for mediation as T1 coach autonomy support was not related to any of the three basic needs at T2 when accounting for their T1 levels. However, a positive relationship between T1 autonomy and T2 additional soccer activity emerged. This suggests that those who experience high levels of autonomy in the team setting at the start of the season report an increased frequency of additional activity at the end of the season. Results are discussed in light of the Self-Determination Theory and the Trans-Contextual Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siv Gjesdal
- a Department of Coaching and Psychology , The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Bente Wold
- b Department of Health Promotion and Development , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Yngvar Ommundsen
- a Department of Coaching and Psychology , The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway
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Tribolet R, Bennett KJM, Watsford ML, Fransen J. A multidimensional approach to talent identification and selection in high-level youth Australian Football players. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2537-2543. [PMID: 29695189 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1468301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There is limited research in talent identification in youth Australian Football (AF), especially the factors that underpin selection into higher-level development programs. Therefore, this study explored age-related differences in high-level youth AF players and investigated characteristics influencing selection into a high-level development program. Anthropometry (stature, sitting height, body mass), maturity (estimated age at peak height velocity), motor competence (Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder), fitness (change of direction speed, lower body power and upper body muscular endurance) and coach skill ratings (kicking, marking and handballing) of 277 state academy players (U13-U15) were assessed. MANOVAs identified significant age-related differences for anthropometry, fitness, and coach skill ratings. Furthermore, 90.9 and 90.0% of U15 selected and deselected players were classified correctly. Selected players were more mature, taller, heavier, more explosive, faster at changing directions, and had superior kick technique and marking results. These results demonstrate considerable age-group performance outcome differences, highlighting that high-level academies should aim to select or deselect after 15 years of age. Additionally, it appears earlier maturing players are favoured for selection into a high-level academy. While practitioners must consider the confounding effect of maturation, early maturing players may be favoured for their ability to withstand increasing demands in higher-level youth AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Tribolet
- a Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science , University of Technology Sydney , Moore Park , Australia
| | - Kyle J M Bennett
- a Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science , University of Technology Sydney , Moore Park , Australia
| | - Mark L Watsford
- a Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science , University of Technology Sydney , Moore Park , Australia
| | - Job Fransen
- a Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science , University of Technology Sydney , Moore Park , Australia
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Borghese MM, Janssen I. Development of a measurement approach to assess time children participate in organized sport, active travel, outdoor active play, and curriculum-based physical activity. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:396. [PMID: 29566665 PMCID: PMC5865369 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children participate in four main types of physical activity: organized sport, active travel, outdoor active play, and curriculum-based physical activity. The objective of this study was to develop a valid approach that can be used to concurrently measure time spent in each of these types of physical activity. METHODS Two samples (sample 1: n = 50; sample 2: n = 83) of children aged 10-13 wore an accelerometer and a GPS watch continuously over 7 days. They also completed a log where they recorded the start and end times of organized sport sessions. Sample 1 also completed an outdoor time log where they recorded the times they went outdoors and a description of the outdoor activity. Sample 2 also completed a curriculum log where they recorded times they participated in physical activity (e.g., physical education) during class time. RESULTS We describe the development of a measurement approach that can be used to concurrently assess the time children spend participating in specific types of physical activity. The approach uses a combination of data from accelerometers, GPS, and activity logs and relies on merging and then processing these data using several manual (e.g., data checks and cleaning) and automated (e.g., algorithms) procedures. In the new measurement approach time spent in organized sport is estimated using the activity log. Time spent in active travel is estimated using an existing algorithm that uses GPS data. Time spent in outdoor active play is estimated using an algorithm (with a sensitivity and specificity of 85%) that was developed using data collected in sample 1 and which uses all of the data sources. Time spent in curriculum-based physical activity is estimated using an algorithm (with a sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 92%) that was developed using data collected in sample 2 and which uses accelerometer data collected during class time. There was evidence of excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability of the estimates for all of these types of physical activity when the manual steps were duplicated. CONCLUSIONS This novel measurement approach can be used to estimate the time that children participate in different types of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Borghese
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, 28 Division St, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Ian Janssen
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, 28 Division St, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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Kearney PE, Hayes PR, Nevill A. Faster, higher, stronger, older: Relative age effects are most influential during the youngest age grade of track and field athletics in the United Kingdom. J Sports Sci 2018. [PMID: 29513142 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1449093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The relative age effect (RAE) is a common phenomenon in youth sport, whereby children born early in the selection year are more likely to experience success and to sustain participation. There is a lack of research investigating variables which influence RAEs within track and field athletics. Such information is vital to guide policies in relation to competition structure, youth development squads and coach education. A database of competition results was analysed to determine the extent to which RAEs were present in track and field athletics in the United Kingdom. Subsequent analyses examined whether age, sex, event and skill level influenced the RAE. Examination of 77,571 records revealed that RAEs were widespread, but most pronounced during Under 13 (U13) competitions; that is, during athletes' first exposure to formal track and field competition. Sex, event and skill level further influenced the existence and magnitude of RAEs at different age grades. Relative age is a key influencing factor within track and field athletics, especially at the youngest age category. Consequently, national governing bodies need to consider what administrative and stakeholder initiatives are necessary to minimise the effects of RAEs on young athletes' early experiences of competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Kearney
- a Physical Education & Sport Sciences Department , University of Limerick , Limerick , Ireland
| | - Philip R Hayes
- b Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation , Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Alan Nevill
- c Institute of Sport & Human Sciences , University of Wolverhampton , Wolverhampton , UK
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Vertommen T, Kampen J, Schipper-van Veldhoven N, Uzieblo K, Van Den Eede F. Severe interpersonal violence against children in sport: Associated mental health problems and quality of life in adulthood. Child Abuse Negl 2018; 76:459-468. [PMID: 29253798 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In a recent large-scale prevalence study of interpersonal violence (IV) against child athletes in the Netherlands and Belgium we found that 9% of adult respondents who participated in organized sports before the age of 18 had experienced severe psychological violence, 8% severe physical violence, and 6% severe sexual violence in various sport settings. While the general literature has repeatedly shown that exposure to IV during childhood is associated with mental health problems in adulthood and to a lesser extent with reduced quality of life (QOL), these relationships have not been demonstrated in (former) athletes. Thus, the current study aims to assess the association of severe childhood IV in sport and adult wellbeing. Depression, anxiety, and somatization were assessed in the same general population sample (N = 4043) using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) and QOL with the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-Brèf). The association between severe IV in sport and adult wellbeing was investigated using multiple linear regression while controlling for demographics, recent life events, and relatives' psychological problems. We found severe sexual, physical, and psychological childhood IV in sport to be associated with more adult psychological distress and reduced QOL. Polyvictimization shows the strongest correlation with poorer wellbeing and QOL. Recent life events, relatives' psychological problems, marital status, and level of education were significant covariates in the psychological symptoms and QOL assessed. We hope that these new insights prompt sport administrators to implement broad spectrum child protection measures and raise the awareness of mental health professionals about the necessity to also screen for adverse childhood experiences in the sport context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Vertommen
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Applied Psychology, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jarl Kampen
- StatUa, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Biometris, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolette Schipper-van Veldhoven
- Netherlands Olympic Committee and Netherlands Sports Confederation (NOC*NSF), Arnhem, The Netherlands; Research Centre Human Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Kasia Uzieblo
- Department of Applied Psychology, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium; Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Den Eede
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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Fenton SA, Duda JL, Appleton PR, Barrett TG. Empowering youth sport environments: Implications for daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and adiposity. J Sport Health Sci 2017; 6:423-433. [PMID: 30356602 PMCID: PMC6189245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests involvement in youth sport does not guarantee daily guidelines for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) are met, and participation may not mitigate the risks associated with physical inactivity. The need to promote higher habitual MVPA engagement amongst children active in the youth sport context has therefore been underlined. Framed by self-determination theory, the aim of the present study was to examine the implications of the motivational climate created in youth sport, for children's daily engagement in MVPA and associated adiposity. Specifically, we sought to test a motivational sequence in which children's perceptions of an empowering coach-created motivational climate were related to autonomous and controlled motivation, which in turn predicted sport-related enjoyment. Finally, enjoyment was assumed to predict accelerometer assessed daily MVPA and, following this, adiposity. METHODS Male and female youth sport participants aged 9-16 years (n = 112) completed multi-section questionnaires assessing their perceptions of the motivational climate created in youth sport (i.e., autonomy supportive, task involving, socially supportive), autonomous and controlled motivation, and sport-related enjoyment. Daily MVPA engagement was determined via 7 days of accelerometry. Percent body fat (BF%) was estimated using bio-electrical impedance analysis. RESULTS Path analysis revealed perceptions of an empowering motivational climate positively predicted players' autonomous motivation, and in turn, sport-related enjoyment. Enjoyment was also significantly negatively related to players' BF%, via a positive association with daily MVPA. CONCLUSION Fostering more empowering youth sport environments may hold implications for the prevention of excess adiposity, through encouraging higher habitual MVPA engagement. Findings may inform the optimal design of youth sport settings for MVPA promotion, and contribute towards associated healthy weight maintenance amongst youth active in this context. Longitudinal and intervention studies are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A.M. Fenton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joan L. Duda
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paul R. Appleton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Timothy G. Barrett
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Vertommen T, Kampen J, Schipper-van Veldhoven N, Wouters K, Uzieblo K, Van Den Eede F. Profiling perpetrators of interpersonal violence against children in sport based on a victim survey. Child Abuse Negl 2017; 63:172-182. [PMID: 27923185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The current article reports on perpetrator characteristics gathered in the first large-scale prevalence study on interpersonal violence against children in sport in the Netherlands and Belgium. Using retrospective web survey design, 4043 adults answered questions on their experiences in youth sport. The study looks at the number of perpetrators as well as individual descriptive characteristics (sex, age, and role in the sport organization) of perpetrators of psychological, physical and sexual violence as reported retrospectively by victim-respondents. This information was then clustered to provide an overview of the most common perpetrator profiles. Results show that in all types of interpersonal violence in sport, perpetrators are predominantly male peer athletes who frequently operate together in (impromptu) groups. Several differences between the three types of interpersonal violence are highlighted. While incidents of physical violence perpetrated by coaches tend to be less severe compared to those by other perpetrators, acts of sexual violence committed by a coach are significantly more severe. The presented findings shed new light on perpetrators of interpersonal violence in sport, nuancing the predominant belief that the male coach is the main perpetrator while providing nuanced information that can be utilized to improve prevention and child protection measures and other safeguarding initiatives in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Vertommen
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Applied Psychology, Thomas More University College, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jarl Kampen
- StatUA, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Biometris, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolette Schipper-van Veldhoven
- Netherlands Olympic Committee and Netherlands Sports Confederation (NOC*NSF), Arnhem, The Netherlands; Research Centre Human Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Kristien Wouters
- Department of Scientific Coordination and Biostatistics, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kasia Uzieblo
- Department of Applied Psychology, Thomas More University College, Antwerp, Belgium; Experimental-clinical and health psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Den Eede
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; University Department of Psychiatry, campus Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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Woods CT, Cripps A, Hopper L, Joyce C. A comparison of the physical and anthropometric qualities explanatory of talent in the elite junior Australian football development pathway. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:684-8. [PMID: 27899276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the physical and anthropometric qualities explanatory of talent at two developmental levels in junior Australian football (AF). DESIGN Cross-sectional observational. METHODS From a total of 134 juniors, two developmental levels were categorised; U16 (n=50; 15.6±0.3 y), U18 (n=84; 17.4±0.5 y). Within these levels, two groups were a priori defined; talent identified (U16; n=25; 15.7±0.2 y; U18 n=42; 17.5±0.4 y), non-talent identified (U16; n=25; 15.6±0.4 y; U18; n=42; 17.3±0.6 y). Players completed seven physical and anthropometric assessments commonly utilised for talent identification in AF. Binary logistic regression models were built to identify the qualities most explanatory of talent at each level. RESULTS A combination of standing height, dominant leg dynamic vertical jump height and 20m sprint time provided the most parsimonious explanation of talent at the U16 level (AICc=60.05). At the U18 level, it was a combination of body mass and 20m sprint time that provided the most parsimonious explanation of talent (AICc=111.27). CONCLUSIONS Despite similarities, there appears to be distinctive differences in physical and anthropometric qualities explanatory of talent at the U16 and U18 level. Coaches may view physical and anthropometric qualities more (or less) favourably at different levels of the AF developmental pathway. Given these results, future work should implement a longitudinal design, as physical and/or anthropometric qualities may deteriorate (or emerge) as junior AF players develop.
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Gardner LA, Magee CA, Vella SA. Social climate profiles in adolescent sports: Associations with enjoyment and intention to continue. J Adolesc 2016; 52:112-23. [PMID: 27544492 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study explored whether adolescent sports participants' perceptions of the social climate fall into distinct profiles, and whether these profiles are related to enjoyment and intention to continue. A Latent Profile Analysis using 313 Australian sports participants (Mage = 13.03 years) revealed four distinct profiles: positive social climate (45.1%), diminished social climate (19.8%), positive coach relationship quality (19.8%), and positive friendship quality (15.3%). Individuals within the positive social climate and the positive coach relationship quality profiles reported relatively higher levels of enjoyment and intention to continue than individuals in the diminished social climate and the positive friendship quality profiles. Indirect path analyses found the social climate profiles were linked with intention to continue through enjoyment. Results highlight the value of investigating multiple dimensions of the social climate and suggest that the coach may be of particular importance in this age group. Findings have implications for understanding youth sports participation and preventing dropout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Gardner
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Christopher A Magee
- Centre for Health Initiatives, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Stewart A Vella
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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