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Khanna S, Li C, Amarasekera AT, Bhat A, Chen HHL, Gan GCH, Tan TC. Echocardiographic parameters of cardiac structure and function in the diagnosis of acute myocarditis in adult patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Echocardiography 2024; 41:e15760. [PMID: 38345413 DOI: 10.1111/echo.15760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) plays a key role in the initial work-up of myocarditis where the identification of pathologic structural and functional changes may assist in its diagnosis and management. The aim of this systematic review was to appraise the evidence for the utility of echocardiographic parameters of cardiac structure and function in the diagnosis of myocarditis in adult populations. METHODS A systematic literature search of medical databases was performed using PRISMA principles to identify all relevant studies assessing TTE parameters in adult patients with myocarditis (1995-2020; English only; PROSPERO registration CRD42021243598). Data for a range of structural and functional TTE parameters were individually extracted and those with low heterogeneity were then meta-analyzed using a random-effects model for effect size, and assessed through standardized mean difference (SMD). RESULTS Available data from six studies (with a pooled total of 269 myocarditis patients and 240 controls) revealed that myocarditis can be reliably differentiated from healthy controls using echocardiographic measures of left ventricular (LV) size and systolic function, in particular LV end-diastolic diameter, LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) (p ≤ .01 for all). LV-GLS demonstrated the highest overall effect size, followed by LVEF and LVEDD (SMD: |0.46-1.98|). Two studies also demonstrated that impairment in LV-GLS was associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in this population, irrespective of LVEF. CONCLUSIONS LV-GLS demonstrated the greatest overall effect size and therefore ability to differentiate myocarditis populations from healthy controls. GLS was also shown to be a predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, in this population. HIGHTLIGHTS What is already known on this subject? Myocarditis is a disease process that is often a diagnosis of exclusion, as it frequently mimics other acute cardiac pathologies. Transthoracic echocardiography is traditionally the initial imaging modality used for noninvasive structural assessment in populations with myocarditis. What might this study add? This study demonstrates that left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain, LV ejection fraction and LV end-diastolic diameter can differentiate between myocarditis patients and healthy controls. LV-GLS demonstrated the greatest overall effect size when comparing these two populations, in comparison to the other measures. How might this impact on clinical practice? This study demonstrates that assessment of myocardial deformation indices allows for sensitive discrimination between myocarditis patients from healthy controls. Routine assessment of LV-GLS may serve as an important diagnostic tool in the acute care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Khanna
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cindy Li
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anjalee T Amarasekera
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Faculty of Cardiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aditya Bhat
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Faculty of Cardiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Henry H L Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gary C H Gan
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Faculty of Cardiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy C Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Faculty of Cardiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Novo G, Di Lisi D, La Franca E, Carmina MG, Trovato RL, Romano G, Novo S, Clemenza F, Di Bella G, Bellavia D. Usefulness of longitudinal systolic strain and delayed enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance in depicting risk of supraventricular arrythmias in patients with acute myocarditis and preserved left ventricular function. Echocardiography 2022; 39:294-301. [DOI: 10.1111/echo.15306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Novo
- Department of Health Promotion Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties Cardiology Unit University Hospital P. Giaccone University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - Daniela Di Lisi
- Department of Health Promotion Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties Cardiology Unit University Hospital P. Giaccone University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - Eluisa La Franca
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation IRCCS ⁻ ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies) Palermo Italy
| | | | - Rosaria Linda Trovato
- Department of Health Promotion Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties Cardiology Unit University Hospital P. Giaccone University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - Giuseppe Romano
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Hospital V. Cervello Palermo Italy
| | - Salvatore Novo
- Department of Health Promotion Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties Cardiology Unit University Hospital P. Giaccone University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - Francesco Clemenza
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation IRCCS ⁻ ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies) Palermo Italy
| | - Gianluca Di Bella
- Clinical and Experimental Department of Medicine and Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Diego Bellavia
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Hospital V. Cervello Palermo Italy
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Usefulness of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation in Children Hospitalized for Acute Myocarditis who Develop Arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 2021; 152:113-119. [PMID: 34148631 PMCID: PMC10103582 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias occur in 3-40% of patients with acute myocarditis and cause significant morbidity and mortality. Myocardial injury also results in abnormal myocardial deformation. The relationship between left ventricular (LV) deformation, measured by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE), and arrhythmia in pediatric myocarditis is unknown. We evaluated the association between 2D-STE and arrhythmias in children hospitalized with acute myocarditis. We reviewed patients ≤ 18 years hospitalized for acute myocarditis from 2008 to 2018. Arrhythmias were defined as 1) non-sustained or sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, 2) sustained supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), 3) high-grade or complete heart block, and 4) any arrhythmia treated with an antiarrhythmic medication. Systolic LV strain values (including LV global longitudinal strain (GLS), global circumferential strain (GCS), and six segments of LV regional long axis strain) were obtained from initial echocardiograms during hospitalization. Of 66 patients hospitalized, 23 (35%) had arrhythmias. SVT was the predominant arrhythmia (74%). Global and regional strain indices were reduced in the arrhythmia group: LV GLS [-8.9 (IQR -13.6, -6.1) vs. -13.7 (IQR -16.9, -9.7), p = 0.038]; basal inferior/septal [-10.7 (IQR -15.5, -7.8) vs. -16.4 (IQR -18, -11.8), p = 0.009]; basal anterior/lateral [-7.1 (IQR -12.8, -4.7) vs. -9.4 (IQR -16.7, -7.4), p = 0.025]; and mid inferior/septal segments [-9 (IQR -13, -7.7) vs. -14.1 (IQR -22.5, -10.7), p = 0.007]. After controlling for age, reductions in GLS and segmental strain in the two basal and two mid-segments were associated with increased arrhythmia occurrence (p <0.05). Our findings suggest that echocardiographic LV deformation by 2D-STE may be useful in identifying pediatric patients with acute myocarditis at risk for arrhythmias.
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Ghanizada M, Kristensen SL, Bundgaard H, Rossing K, Sigvardt F, Madelaire C, Gislason GH, Schou M, Hansen ML, Gustafsson F. Long-term prognosis following hospitalization for acute myocarditis - a matched nationwide cohort study. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2021; 55:264-269. [PMID: 33754917 DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2021.1900596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the long-term risk of heart failure (HF) and all-cause mortality, in patients discharged alive following hospitalization for myocarditis. Background. Prognosis in patients with apparently uncomplicated myocarditis is in general perceived as good, but data on long-term outcomes are sparse. Methods. From nationwide Danish registries we included patients without prior cardiac disease, discharged alive with a first-time diagnosis of myocarditis 1996-2016. Patients were matched 1:10 by age- and sex, with controls from the general population. Risk of HF hospitalization and death in cases and controls was compared by use of adjusted Cox regression analyses. Results. We identified 1557 patients with a first-time diagnosis of myocarditis, 72% men, median age 39 years. Patients with myocarditis had more hypertension, diabetes, and cancer, and received more pharmacotherapy prior to hospitalization compared to matched controls. During a mean follow-up of 8.5 years, the event rate of HF hospitalization was 8.7 vs. 2.2 per 1000 patient-years (py) in cases and controls; HR 4.59 (95% CI; 3.58-5.88) and for all-cause mortality, event rate 21.9 vs 11.2 per 1000 py; HR 2.10 (95% CI; 1.82-2.43). Among 784 patients with no events or HF medication one year after diagnosis, risk of HF hospitalization (HR 2.15; 95% CI; 1.18-3.92), and all-cause mortality (HR 1.62; 95% CI; 1.21-2.16) remained elevated compared to matched controls. Conclusion. Myocarditis in younger patients without prior cardiac disease was associated with a long-term excess risk of HF hospitalization, and death, even in patients free of events and HF medication 1 year after discharge.HighlightsMyocarditis ranges from chest discomfort to severe heart failure.In most patients, left ventricular ejection fraction recovers but the long-term adverse cardiac risk is unknown.Patients with myocarditis and no prior cardiac disease were at higher risk of death and heart failureRoutine follow-up may be warranted following an episode of acute myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kasper Rossing
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flora Sigvardt
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Gunnar H Gislason
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Schou
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten L Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Gustafsson
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Marketou M, Kontaraki J, Patrianakos A, Kochiadakis G, Anastasiou I, Fragkiadakis K, Plevritaki A, Papadaki ST, Chlouverakis G, Parthenakis F. Peripheral Blood MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Myocardial Damage in Acute Viral Myocarditis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030420. [PMID: 33804042 PMCID: PMC8000267 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: microRNAs (miRs) have emerged as important modulators of cardiovascular development and disease. Our aim was to determine whether cardiac-related miRs such as miR-21-5p and miR-1-3p were differentially expressed in acute viral myocarditis and whether any of them was related with the extent of myocardial damage and left ventricular dysfunction. Methods: We enrolled 40 patients with acute viral myocarditis. Blood samples were taken on admission and miRs expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: miR-21-5p, miR-1-3p were significantly elevated in acute myocarditis. miR-21-5p levels showed a strong correlation with global longitudinal strain (r = 0.71, p < 0.01), while miR-1-3p had significant correlations with troponin I (r = 0.79, p < 0.01). Conclusions: The expression of miR-21-5p and miR-1-3p in peripheral blood is increased in acute viral myocarditis, and this increase is correlated with myocardial damage and indicative of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marketou
- Cardiology Department, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (A.P.); (G.K.); (I.A.); (K.F.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Joanna Kontaraki
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
| | - Alexandros Patrianakos
- Cardiology Department, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (A.P.); (G.K.); (I.A.); (K.F.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (F.P.)
| | - George Kochiadakis
- Cardiology Department, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (A.P.); (G.K.); (I.A.); (K.F.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Ioannis Anastasiou
- Cardiology Department, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (A.P.); (G.K.); (I.A.); (K.F.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Konstantinos Fragkiadakis
- Cardiology Department, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (A.P.); (G.K.); (I.A.); (K.F.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Anthoula Plevritaki
- Cardiology Department, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (A.P.); (G.K.); (I.A.); (K.F.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Sofia Thalia Papadaki
- Cardiology Department, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (A.P.); (G.K.); (I.A.); (K.F.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Gregory Chlouverakis
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
| | - Fragiskos Parthenakis
- Cardiology Department, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (A.P.); (G.K.); (I.A.); (K.F.); (A.P.); (S.T.P.); (F.P.)
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Stempien-Otero A. Maintaining Matrix Composure Under Stress. Circ Res 2019; 124:1149-1150. [PMID: 30973810 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.314843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- April Stempien-Otero
- From the Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
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