Association of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) rs2241766 polymorphism and dyslipidemia in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients

ADIPOQ-rs2241766 polymorphism is associated with changes in cholesterol levels of Mexican adolescents

BACKGROUND

The ADIPOQ gene encodes a fat-derived protein hormone with a preponderant role in the homeostasis of glucose and fatty acids. However, previous association studies between ADIPOQ genetic variants and metabolic disorders have shown controversial results. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the ADIPOQ-rs2241766 polymorphism on diverse biochemical parameters (i.e., insulin resistance, atherogenic index, overweight and obesity) in an adolescent population from Mexico.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study with convenience sampling was carried out in 356 adolescents from Northern Mexico. They were classified by sex and BMI-z score. The biochemical parameters were measured from blood samples using conventional methods. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).

RESULTS

In low and normal weight groups, GG carriers had a significantly higher cholesterol level (P ≤ 0.05) than TG and TT carriers. However, there was no association between ADIPOQ-rs2241766 polymorphism and atherogenic index, overweight, or obesity.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that the cholesterol levels are under the influence of the ADIPOQ-rs2241766 polymorphism in Mexican adolescents and may explain how ADIPOQ variants increase the risk of developing metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, further studies are required to rule out the influence of other genetic and non-genetic factors.

Polymorphisms of adiponectin gene and gene–lipid interaction with hypertension risk in Chinese coal miners: A matched case-control study

Objective

Low serum adiponectin level can predict hypertension development, and adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) polymorphisms have been reported to be linked with hypertension risk. Whereas, the interaction between ADIPOQ polymorphisms and environmental factors on the susceptibility of hypertension remained unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of ADIPOQ polymorphisms with hypertension risk and their interaction with lipid levels in coal miners.

Methods

A matched case-control study with 296 case-control pairs was performed in a large coal mining group located in North China. The participants were questioned by trained interviewers, and their ADIPOQ genotype and lipid levels were determined. Logistic regression, stratified analysis, and crossover analysis were applied to evaluate the effects of rs2241766, rs1501299, and rs266729 genotypes and gene–lipid interaction on hypertension risk.

Results

In this matched case-control study, the genotypes of rs2241766 TG+GG, rs1501299 GT+TT, and rs266729 CG+GG were marginally related to hypertension risk. Individuals with high total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level were susceptible to hypertension (TC: odds ratio [OR] = 1.807, 95% confidence intervals [95%CI] = 1.266–2.581; LDL-C: OR = 1.981, 95%CI = 1.400–2.803; HDL-C: OR = 1.559, 95%CI = 1.093–2.223). Antagonistic interactions were detected between rs2241766 and TC, rs1501299 and TC, rs2241766 and LDL-C, and rs1501299 and HDL-C (rs2241766 and TC: OR = 0.393, 95%CI = 0.191–0.806; rs1501299 and TC: OR = 0.445, 95%CI = 0.216–0.918; rs2241766 and LDL-C: OR = 0.440, 95%CI = 0.221–0.877; rs1501299 and HDL-C: OR = 0.479, 95%CI = 0.237–0.967). Stratified analysis showed that hypertension risk was high for the subjects with rs2241766 TG+GG or rs1501299 GG under the low lipid level but low for those under the high lipid level. In the case group, the TC and LDL-C levels for rs2241766 TG+GG were lower than those for rs2241766 GG, and the TC and HDL-C levels for rs1501299 GT+TT were higher than those for rs1501299 GG.

Conclusions

Although the effects of ADIPOQ polymorphisms alone were not remarkable, an antagonistic interaction was observed between ADIPOQ polymorphisms and lipid levels.

Functional Haplotypes in the ADIPOQ Gene are Associated with Underweight, Immunosuppression and Viral Suppression in Kenyan HIV-1 Infected Antiretroviral Treatment Naive and Experienced Injection Substance Users

Background

Human immunodeficiency virus and injection substance use have an influence on genes and gene expression. These effects could be beneficial or detrimental in defining disease outcomes. Adiponectin gene is key in modulating metabolic and immunoregulatory functions. Understanding the effects of human immunodeficiency virus and injection substance use on the gene in the context of antiretroviral therapy is important for predicting disease outcomes.

Methods

This cross-sectional genetic study determined polymorphisms in the promoter region of adiponectin gene. Two variants were analyzed: rs2241766 and rs266729. Polymorphisms were associated with clinical markers of disease outcome; underweight, immunosuppression and viral suppression. The variants were genotyped via random fragment length polymorphism.

Result

GC haplotype was associated with higher odds of having underweight (OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.83-4.60; P=0.008 vs. OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.89-4.71; P=0.006) in antiretroviral treatment - naive and experienced injection substance users and immunosuppression (OR, 1.90; 95% CI 1.67-3.98, P=0.041) in naive. Bonferroni correction revealed GC haplotype carriers only to have low body mass index in both naive (median, 14.8; IQR, 3.2 kg/m²; P=0.002) and experienced (median, 15.2; IQR, 3.2 kg/m²; P=0.002) injection substance users. Circulating total adiponectin levels were higher in naive (median, 19.5; IQR, 7.9 µg/ml) than - experienced (median, 12.0; IQR, 4.4 µg/ml) injection substance users (P=0.0001). GC carriers presented with low serum adiponectin levels in both study groups.

Conclusion

The study revealed haplotypes of adiponectin gene at loci rs2241766 and rs266729 that could determine disease outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus -1 antiretroviral treatment- naive and experienced injection substance users.

Sleep disruption and duration are associated with variants in genes involved in energy homeostasis in adults with HIV/AIDS

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether selected genes and plasma markers involved in energy homeostasis are associated with sleep disruption or duration in adults with HIV/AIDS.

METHODS

A sample of 289 adults with HIV/AIDS wore a wrist actigraph for 72 h to estimate total sleep time (TST) and wake after sleep onset (WASO). Twenty-three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) spanning 5 energy homeostasis genes (adiponectin [ADIPOQ], ghrelin [GHRL], leptin [LEP], peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha [PPARA], and -gamma [PPARG]) were genotyped using a custom array. Plasma markers of energy homeostasis (adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin) were measured by commercial multiplex assay.

RESULTS

After adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics (race/ethnicity, gender, CD4 cell count, waist circumference, medications), both WASO and TST were associated with SNPs in ADIPOQ (rs182052), LEP (rs10244329, rs3828942), PPARA (rs135551, rs4253655), and PPARG (rs709151). Additional SNPs in ADIPOQ were associated with WASO (rs1501299, rs3821799, rs6773957) and TST (rs2241766). TST was also associated with SNPs in GHRL (rs26802), LEP (rs11760956), PPARA (rs135547, rs8138102, rs4253776), and PPARG (rs12490265, rs796313). Many covariate-adjusted associations involved a significant interaction with markers of HIV (viral load, years since diagnosis). Among plasma markers, higher adiponectin was associated with less WASO, higher ghrelin and glucose levels with shorter TST, and higher leptin with longer TST.

CONCLUSIONS

Replication of SNPs in all five genes and three plasma markers of energy homeostasis were associated with objective sleep measures. HIV disease influenced many of the associations. Findings strengthen evidence for associations between energy homeostasis genetics and poor sleep, and provide direction for pharmacological intervention research.

HIV AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS COINFECTION. WHO IS THIS PATIENT TODAY?

BACKGROUND

- The increase in the survival following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has seen the emergence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, renal and cardiovascular diseases as important morbidity and mortality causes together with HIV.

OBJECTIVE

- The present study aimed to investigate the differences between HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfected and HIV-monoinfected regarding demographic and clinical aspects from a HIV/AIDS clinic in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

METHODS

- Review of medical records of 1,030 HIV infected individuals aged 18 years or more in an urban HIV/AIDS clinic based in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. Clinical and demographical Data were collected from the records of the patients attended between March 2008 and December 2012.

RESULTS

- The present study is a cross-sectional study among HIV-infected patients attended at a public HIV/AIDS clinic in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus in the present study cohort was 11.8% (CI 95%: 9.9%-13.8%). Hypertension and pathological proteinuria were more common in the coinfected compared to monoinfected group. By the other hand, dyslipidemia were more common among monoinfected patients. There was no difference between the groups regarding CD4+ count or HIV-RNA. Variables significant in the univariate analysis with P<0.05 were further analyzed using a Poisson regression model with robust variance. Coinfected were likely to be older, with lower lipid levels and higher prevalence of pathological proteinuria compared to HIV-monoinfected patients. Although coinfected patients had higher prevalence of tenofovir-based regimen, there was a strong association between hepatitis C virus individuals to pathological proteinuria and dyslipidemia.

CONCLUSION

- Clinicians should recognize that coinfected and monoinfected individuals are different groups regarding the traditional and HIV-related risk factors and should be managed and screened individually in order to prevent cardiovascular and renal complications.

Effect of adiponectin-encoding gene ADIPOQ single nucleotide polymorphisms +45 and +276 on serum lipid levels after antiretroviral therapy in Japanese patients with HIV-1-infection

Objectives

To investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the adiponectin-encoding gene ADIPOQ and changes in serum lipid levels in HIV-1-infected patients after antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods

ART-naïve HIV-1-infected patients were recruited to this prospective analysis. SNP +45 and SNP +276 genotype was determined by direct sequencing. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to analyse the effects of genotype, and predisposing conditions on serum total cholesterol and triglyceride in the 4 months before and after ART initiation.

Results

The study enrolled 78 patients with HIV-1-infection (73 male, five female; age range 22–67 years). HIV-1 viral load ≥5 log₁₀ copies/ml, baseline total cholesterol ≥160 mg/dl, and CD4⁺ lymphocyte count <200/µl were associated with increased serum total cholesterol levels after ART initiation. Protease inhibitor treatment and body mass index ≥25 kg/m² were associated with increased triglyceride levels after ART initiation. There were no significant associations between SNP +45 or SNP +276 genotype and serum total cholesterol or triglyceride levels.

Conclusions

SNP +45 and SNP +276 genotype is not associated with changes in serum total cholesterol or triglyceride levels after ART initiation.

Adiponectin: A biomarker for chronic hepatitis C?

Adiponectin, a hormone primarily synthesized and secreted by adipose tissue, plays a pivotal role in lipid metabolism. Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is characterized by disordered lipid metabolism, which may potentially evolve into steatosis over a period of time. A growing body of evidence appears to link decreased adiponectin plasma levels with severe CHC-related steatosis, which suggests a potential role of this adipokine as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for clinical application. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the current status of adiponectin research in the context of CHC, concentrating predominantly on its roles in CHC, and its potential relevance as a biomarker for CHC.

Serum adiponectin in HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus mono- and co-infected Kenyan injection drug users

Adiponectin is an important marker of anthropometric profiles of adipose tissue. However, association of adiponectin and adiposity in HIV mono- and co-infected and hepatitis (HCV) injection drug users (IDUs) has not been elucidated. Therefore, the relationship of total adiponectin levels with anthropometric indices of adiposity was examined in HIV mono-infected (anti-retroviral treatment, ART-naive, n=16 and -experienced, n=34); HCV mono-infected, n=36; HIV and HCV co-infected (ART-naive, n=5 and -experienced, n=13); uninfected, n=19 IDUs; and healthy controls, n=16 from coastal Kenya. Anthropometric indices of adiposity were recorded and total circulating adiponectin levels were measured in serum samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Adiponectin levels differed significantly amongst the study groups (P<0.0001). Post-hoc analyses revealed decreased levels in HIV mono-infected ART-naive IDUs in comparison to uninfected IDUs (P<0.05) and healthy controls (P<0.05). However, adiponectin levels were elevated in HCV mono-infected IDUs relative to HIV mono-infected ART-naive (P<0.001) and -experienced (P<0.001) as well as HIV and HCV co-infected ART-naive (P<0.05) IDUs. Furthermore, adiponectin correlated with weight (ρ=0.687; P=0.003) and BMI (ρ=0.598; P=0.014) in HIV mono-infected ART-naive IDUs; waist circumference (ρ=-0.626; P<0.0001), hip (ρ=-0.561; P=0.001) circumference, and bust-to-waist ratio (ρ=0.561; P=0.001) in HIV mono-infected ART-experienced IDUs; waist girth (ρ=0.375; P=0.024) in HCV mono-infected IDUs; and waist-to-hip ratio (ρ=-0.872; P=0.048) in HIV and HCV co-infected ART-naive IDUs. Altogether, these results suggest suppression of adiponectin production in treatment-naive HIV mono-infected IDUs and that circulating adiponectin is a useful surrogate marker of altered adiposity in treatment-naive and -experienced HIV and HCV mono- and co-infected IDUs.

Association between adiponectin polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal cancer

PURPOSE

To discuss the association between adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene rs2241766 and rs1501299 polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal cancer, and to analyze the role of the interaction between these two loci and environmental factors in colorectal cancer pathogenesis.

METHODS

The case-control study was performed with a 1:1 match. A self-designed questionnaire was used to perform a face-to-face survey with 600 new primary colorectal cancer cases confirmed by histopathology as well as 600 cases of people receiving a physical examination at the same time. The general information, lifestyle, and diet habits, etc. were collected from two groups of study subjects. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to identify ADIPOQ rs2241766 and rs1501299 genotypes.

RESULTS

After adjusting for factors such as colorectal cancer family history, body-mass index (BMI), daily sedentary time, weekly red meat intake frequency, as well regular tea drinking, conditional logistic regression analysis indicated that rs2241766 TG+GG carriers had a higher risk of colorectal cancer than TT carriers (OR=1.433, 95% CI: 1.014-1.985); rs1501299 GT+TT carriers had a lower risk of colorectal cancer than GG carriers (OR=0.723, 95% CI: 0.531-0.902). Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis showed that ADIPOQ rs2241766 and rs1501299 could have interaction with red meat intake (p=0.001).

CONCLUSION

ADIPOQ rs2241766 and rs1501299 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could be associated with colorectal pathogenesis and could have interactions with red meat intake. Both factors impact colorectal cancer occurrence.

rs7903146 polymorphism at transcription factor 7 like 2 gene is associated with total cholesterol and lipoprotein profile in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients

Transcription factor 7 like 2 (TCF7L2) rs7903146 polymorphism has been associated with metabolic disturbance and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism and potential disturbances on the lipid profile in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients. We performed a cross-sectional study on 263 HIV/HVC-coinfected patients. TCF7L2 polymorphism was genotyped by GoldenGate assay. The analysis was performed by linear and logistic regression under a dominant model of inheritance. The variables analyzed were total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), non-HDL-C, and triglycerides. Patients harboring the rs7903146 TT/TC genotype showed a diminished concentration of TC (p=0.003), LDL-C (p=0.004), HDL-C (p=0.012), and non-HDL-C (p=0.013), a lower percentage of TC≥200 mg/dl (p=0.038), and a higher percentage of HDL≤40 mg/dl (p=0.023). In addition, we observed that rs7903146 was differently related to fasting serum lipid levels according to the HCV-genotype (HCV-GT). With regard to HCV-GT1 patients, the rs7903146 TT/TC genotype was associated with lower levels of HDL-C [adjusted arithmetic mean ratio (aAMR)=0.91; p=0.049] and an elevated percentage of patients with HDL-C≤40 mg/dl [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=3.26; p=0.003]. For HCV-GT3 patients, the rs7903146 TT/TC genotype was associated with lower serum values of TC (aAMR=0.81; p=0.037), LDL-C (aAMR=0.67; p=0.001), and non-HDL-C (aAMR=0.75; p=0.002) and a reduced percentage of TC≥200 mg/dl (aOR=0.089; p=0.037). In conclusion, the TCF7L2 rs7903146 TT/TC genotype was associated with lower levels of TC, LDL, and HDL in HCV-GT3 patients, and lower levels of HDL-C in HCV-GT1 patients, suggesting a role in cardiovascular disease and a potential use as a biomarker in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients.

PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism was associated with favorable cardiometabolic risk profile in HIV/HCV coinfected patients: a cross-sectional study

Background

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-2 gene (PPARγ2) rs1801282 (Pro12Ala) polymorphism has been associated with lower risk of metabolic disturbance and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between the Pro12Ala polymorphism and cardiometabolic risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients.

Methods

We carried out a cross-sectional study on 257 HIV/HCV coinfected patients. PPARγ2 polymorphism was genotyped by GoldenGate® assay. The main outcome measures were: i) serum lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), LDL-C/HDL-C, and atherogenic index (AI)); ii) homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) values; iii) serum adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1), hepatic growth factor (HGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF)). Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with gamma distribution (log-link) were used to investigate the association between PPARγ2 polymorphism and continuous outcome variables. This test gives the differences between groups and the arithmetic mean ratio (AMR) in continuous outcome variables between groups.

Results

The rs1801282 CG/GG genotype was associated with low values of cholesterol (adjusted arithmetic mean ratio (aAMR) = 0.87 (95% of confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.79; 0.96); p = 0.004) and LDL-C (aAMR = 0.79 (95% CI = 0.68; 0.93); p = 0.004). Furthermore, rs1801282 CG/GG was associated with low values of HOMA-IR (aAMR = 0.69 (95% CI = 0.49; 0.98); p = 0.038) among patients with significant liver fibrosis (F ≥ 2). Moreover, rs1801282 CG/GG was also associated with low serum values of hepatic growth factor (HGF) (aAMR = 0.61 (95% CI = 0.39; 0.94); p = 0.028), and nerve growth factor (NGF) (aAMR = 0.47 (95% CI = 0.26; 0.84); p = 0.010). The serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and PAI-1 did not show significant differences.

Conclusions

The presence of PPARγ2 rs1801282 G allele (Ala variant) was associated with a protective cardiometabolic risk profile versus CC genotype in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Thus, PPARγ2 rs1801282 polymorphism may play a significant role in the development of metabolic disorders in HIV/HCV coinfected patients, and might have an influence on the cardiovascular risk.