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Grillo R, da Silva YS, Tavares MG, Borba AM, Samieirad S, Naclério-Homem MDG. Which sports have a higher risk of maxillofacial injuries? JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2023; 124:101341. [PMID: 36414173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sports etiology is one of the most common causes of maxillofacial injuries. This work aimed to provide an up-to-date review of sports-related maxillofacial injuries. METHODS An updated review was conducted on Pubmed and Google Scholar. No publication year and language restrictions were applied. Two different search strategies were performed, the first addressed which sports, generally associated with maxillofacial injuries, and the second search was conducted to determine the frequency of maxillofacial injuries associated with each sport individually. RESULTS The first search returned 26 articles distributed across different sports, from different countries, and with varied age distribution. The second search displayed 85 articles on individual sports group. Papers were rated and categorized according by the sport associated to the reported injury. A useful sports risk scale for maxillofacial injuries has been developed. Peculiar themes from all participating sports were evaluated. The use of protective equipment and other preventive measures were highlighted. CONCLUSIONS Some sports with ball and cycling can be considered riskier sports for maxillofacial injuries. Athlete education and the mandatory use of mouthguards, helmets, and eye protection, among other things, are crucial to prevent these injuries. Tailor-made mouthguards and protective masks, which are becoming cheaper, are in vogue. The Sports-related Maxillofacial Injuries Risk scale can be useful for athletes, athletic coaches, and maxillofacial surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Grillo
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Traumatology and Prosthesis - Faculty of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculdade Patos de Minas, Brasília, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Alexandre Meireles Borba
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, General Hospital of Cuiaba, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Sahand Samieirad
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial surgery, Mashhad dental school, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maria da Graça Naclério-Homem
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Traumatology and Prosthesis - Faculty of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo, Brazil
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World Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma (WORMAT) project: A multicenter prospective analysis of epidemiology and patterns of maxillofacial trauma around the world. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022; 123:e849-e857. [PMID: 35545192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The World Oral Maxillofacial Trauma (WORMAT) project was performed to analyze the causes and characteristics of maxillofacial fractures managed in 14 maxillofacial surgery divisions over a 1-year period. METHODS The following data were collected: age, sex, cause and mechanism of maxillofacial fracture, alcohol and/or drug abuse at the time of trauma, fracture site, Facial Injury Severity Scale score (FISS), associated injury, day of trauma, timing and type of treatment, and length of hospitalization. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. RESULTS Between 30 September 2019 and 4 October 2020, 2,387 patients (1,825 males and 562 females [ratio 3.2:1], 47.6% aged 20-39 years [mean age 37.2 years, median 33.0 years]) were hospitalised. The main cause of maxillofacial fracture was road traffic accidents (RTA), which were statistically associated with male adults as like as assault, sport, and work (p<0,05). Half of the fractures involved the middle third of the face, statistically associated with fall and assault (p<0.05). Trauma in multiple locations was significantly associated with longer hospital stay (p<0.05). The mean length of hospitalization was 3.9 days (95% Confidence Interval 3.7-4.2). CONCLUSIONS This prospective, multicenter epidemiological study confirmed that young adult males were the ones most commonly affected by maxillofacial fracture. RTAs and assaults are statistically associated with the adult population, while falls are associated with females and older population.
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Romeo I, Sobrero F, Roccia F, Dolan S, Laverick S, Carlaw K, Aquilina P, Bojino A, Ramieri G, Duran‐Valles F, Bescos C, Segura‐Pallerès I, Ganasouli D, Zanakis SN, de Oliveira Gorla LF, Pereira‐Filho VA, Gallafassi D, Leonardo Perez F, Alalawy H, Kamel M, Samieirad S, Jaisani MR, Rahman SA, Rahman T, Aladelusi T, Hassanein AG, Goetzinger M, Bottini GB. A multicentric, prospective study on oral and maxillofacial trauma in the female population around the world. Dent Traumatol 2022; 38:196-205. [PMID: 35390219 PMCID: PMC9321108 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Approximately 20% of patients with maxillofacial trauma are women, but few articles have analysed this. The aim of this multicentric, prospective, epidemiological study was to analyse the characteristics of maxillofacial fractures in the female population managed in 14 maxillofacial surgery departments on five continents over a 1-year period. METHODS The following data were collected: age (0-18, 19-64, or ≥65 years), cause and mechanism of the maxillofacial fracture, alcohol and/or drug abuse at the time of trauma, fracture site, Facial Injury Severity Scale score, associated injury, day of trauma, timing and type of treatment, and length of hospitalization. RESULTS Between 30 September 2019 and 4 October 2020, 562 of 2387 patients hospitalized with maxillofacial trauma were females (24%; M: F ratio, 3.2:1) aged between 1 and 96 years (median age, 37 years). Most fractures occurred in patients aged 20-39 years. The main causes were falls (43% [median age, 60.5 years]), which were more common in Australian, European and American units (p < .001). They were followed by road traffic accidents (35% [median age, 29.5 years]). Assaults (15% [median age, 31.5 years]) were statistically associated with alcohol and/or drug abuse (p < .001). Of all patients, 39% underwent open reduction and internal fixation, 36% did not receive surgical treatment, and 25% underwent closed reduction. CONCLUSION Falls were the main cause of maxillofacial injury in the female population in countries with ageing populations, while road traffic accidents were the main cause in African and some Asian centres, especially in patients ≤65 years. Assaults remain a significant cause of trauma, primarily in patients aged 19-64 years, and they are related to alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Romeo
- Division of Maxillofacial SurgeryCittà della Salute e della ScienzaUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Federica Sobrero
- Division of Maxillofacial SurgeryCittà della Salute e della ScienzaUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Fabio Roccia
- Division of Maxillofacial SurgeryCittà della Salute e della ScienzaUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Sean Dolan
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Sean Laverick
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Kirsten Carlaw
- Department Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillofacial SurgeryNepean HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Peter Aquilina
- Department Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillofacial SurgeryNepean HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Alessandro Bojino
- Division of Maxillofacial SurgeryCittà della Salute e della ScienzaUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Guglielmo Ramieri
- Division of Maxillofacial SurgeryCittà della Salute e della ScienzaUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Francesc Duran‐Valles
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryHospital Universitario Vall D’HebronBarcelonaSpain
| | - Coro Bescos
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryHospital Universitario Vall D’HebronBarcelonaSpain
| | - Ignasi Segura‐Pallerès
- Division of Maxillofacial SurgeryCittà della Salute e della ScienzaUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Dimitra Ganasouli
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryHippokration General HospitalAthensGreece
| | - Stelios N. Zanakis
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryHippokration General HospitalAthensGreece
| | | | | | - Daniel Gallafassi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryDepartment of Diagnosis and SurgerySão Paulo State UniversityUNESPAraçatuba, São PauloBrazil
| | - Faverani Leonardo Perez
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryDepartment of Diagnosis and SurgerySão Paulo State UniversityUNESPAraçatuba, São PauloBrazil
| | - Haider Alalawy
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryGazi Alhariri HospitalMedical CityBaghdadIraq
| | - Mohammed Kamel
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryGazi Alhariri HospitalMedical CityBaghdadIraq
| | - Sahand Samieirad
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | | | - Sajjad Abdur Rahman
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryAligarh Muslim UniversityAligarhIndia
| | - Tabishur Rahman
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryAligarh Muslim UniversityAligarhIndia
| | - Timothy Aladelusi
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryCollege of MedicineUniversity of IbadanIbadanNigeria
| | - Ahmed Gaber Hassanein
- Maxillofacial Surgery UnitFaculty of MedicineGeneral Surgery DepartmentSohag UniversitySohagEgypt
| | - Maximilian Goetzinger
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Gian Battista Bottini
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
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Puolakkainen T, Murros OJ, Abio A, Thorén H, Snäll J. Sports-based distribution of facial fractures - findings from a four-season country. Acta Odontol Scand 2022; 80:191-196. [PMID: 34555306 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2021.1980609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between injury mechanisms and sports-related facial fractures, and to evaluate the changes in incidence rates of facial fractures sustained in sports-related events in a 30-year period. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study included all patients sports-related facial fractures admitted to a tertiary trauma centre during 2013-2018. Specific fracture types, sports, injury mechanisms as well as patient- and injury related variables are presented. The results underwent evaluated statistically with logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Facial fractures occurred most frequently while playing ice hockey and football. Unilateral zygomatic-maxillary-orbital and isolated mandibular fractures accounted for 74.2% of all fracture types. In total, 99 patients (46.5%) required surgical intervention for their facial injuries. About 12.7% of patients sustained associated injuries in addition to facial fractures. Overall, the number of sports-related facial fractures has increased during the last three decades mostly due to the surging rates of ice hockey- and football-related facial fractures. CONCLUSIONS Sport-related facial fractures have markedly increased in different sports disciplines during the past decades. The use of safety gear to protect the facial area should be enforced particularly in ice hockey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Puolakkainen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli-Jussi Murros
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Abio
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna Thorén
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Finland
| | - Johanna Snäll
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Mertz KC, Bolia IK, English MG, Cho AW, Trasolini N, Hasan LK, Haratian A, Diaz P, Romano R, Gamradt SC, Weber AE. Epidemiology and Outcomes of Maxillofacial Injuries in NCAA Division I Athletes Participating in 13 Sports. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221083577. [PMID: 35340727 PMCID: PMC8949702 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221083577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Maxillofacial injuries account for an estimated 11% of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sport-related injuries and occur at a rate of 0.2-1.5 injuries per 1000 athletic events/exposures. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report the epidemiology, treatment, and outcomes of maxillofacial injuries in NCAA Division I athletes participating in 13 sports. It was hypothesized that the rate of maxillofacial injuries would be greater than previously reported in national registry studies. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A single-institution registry was utilized to retrieve the maxillofacial injuries and surgical procedures recorded over 4 athletic seasons, for the years 2015 through 2019, across 13 NCAA Division I sports. The incidence of injuries per sport was reported as the number per 1000 athlete-exposure (AE) hours. The time lost from participation and time to complete injury resolution per sport were reported as the mean and range. Results: A total of 193 maxillofacial injuries occurred over 4 seasons. The overall incidence of maxillofacial injuries was 2.06 injuries per 1000 AE hours. The injury incidence for male and female athletes was 1.92 and 2.43 injuries per 1000 AE hours, respectively. Men’s basketball (8.30 injuries per 1000 AE hours) and men’s water polo (8.15 injuries per 1000 AE hours) had the highest rates of all sports. Overall, 20 athletes (10.4%) required surgery. The mean time to resolution across all sports was 33.3 days (range, 0-336 days) per injury. The mean time lost across all sports was 17.1 days (range, 0-336 days) per injury. Conclusion: At a single NCAA Division I institution, maxillofacial injuries occurred at a higher rate than previously thought and could lead to significant time lost from sport participation. Basketball players were at the highest risk of this injury. Across all sports, male athletes took longer to return to sport after a maxillofacial injury compared to female athletes, but the latter required more time to fully recover. Maxillofacial injuries may require surgical treatment, and their prevention is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Mertz
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ioanna K Bolia
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Margaret G English
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Austin W Cho
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Trasolini
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laith K Hasan
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aryan Haratian
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul Diaz
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Russ Romano
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Seth C Gamradt
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander E Weber
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Bojino A, Roccia F, Carlaw K, Aquilina P, Rae E, Laverick S, Romeo I, Iocca O, Copelli C, Sobrero F, Segura-Pallerès I, Ganasouli D, Zanakis SN, de Oliveira Gorla LF, Pereira-Filho VA, Gallafassi D, Perez Faverani L, Alalawy H, Kamel M, Samieirad S, Jaisani MR, Rahman SA, Rahman T, Aladelusi T, Hassanein AG, Duran-Valles F, Bescos C, Goetzinger M, Bottini GB. A multicentric prospective analysis of maxillofacial trauma in the elderly population. Dent Traumatol 2022; 38:185-195. [PMID: 35150461 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The growth of the global elderly population will lead to an increase in traumatic injuries in this group, including those affecting the maxillofacial area, with a heavier load on health systems. The aim of this multicentric prospective study was to understand and evaluate the incidences, causes and patterns of oral and maxillofacial injuries in patients aged over 60 years admitted to 14 maxillofacial surgical departments around the world. METHODS The following data were collected: gender, cause and mechanism of maxillofacial fracture, alcohol and drug abuse at the time of trauma, fracture site, Facial Injury Severity Scale score, associated injury, day of trauma, timing and type of treatment and length of hospitalization. Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametric and association tests, as well as linear regression. RESULTS Between 30 September 2019 and 4 October 2020, 348 out of 2387 patients (14.6%), 197 men and 151 women (ratio 1.3:1; mean age 72.7 years), were hospitalized. The main causes of the maxillofacial fractures were falls (66.4%), followed by road traffic accidents (21.5%) and assaults (5.2%). Of the 472 maxillofacial fractures, 69.7% were in the middle third of the face, 28% in the lower third and 2.3% in the upper third. Patients with middle third fractures were on average 4.2 years older than patients with lower third fractures (95% CI 1.2-7.2). Statistical analysis showed that women were more involved in fall-related trauma compared with males (p < .001). It was also shown that road traffic accidents cause more fractures in the lower third (p < .001) and in the middle third-lower third complex compared with upper third (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Maxillofacial fractures in the elderly were more frequent in European and Australian centres and affected men slightly more than women. Falls were the leading cause of fractures, especially among women. The middle third of the face was most often affected, and conservative treatment was the most common choice for the management of such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bojino
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Roccia
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Kirsten Carlaw
- Department Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Aquilina
- Department Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Euan Rae
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Sean Laverick
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Irene Romeo
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Oreste Iocca
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Copelli
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Sobrero
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ignasi Segura-Pallerès
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Dimitra Ganasouli
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios N Zanakis
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Daniel Gallafassi
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Perez Faverani
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Haider Alalawy
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gazi Alhariri Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Kamel
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gazi Alhariri Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sahand Samieirad
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehul Rajesh Jaisani
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Sajjad Abdur Rahman
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Tabishur Rahman
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Timothy Aladelusi
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed Gaber Hassanein
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Francesc Duran-Valles
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coro Bescos
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maximilian Goetzinger
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gian Battista Bottini
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Correlation Between Sports-Related Maxillofacial Injuries and Head Injuries: A Five-Year Retrospective Study. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 33:1170-1173. [PMID: 34930879 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As sports have become more diverse and demanding, the number of patients with a maxillofacial injury accompanied by a cranial injury or neurological symptoms has increased. This study examined the correlation between sports-related maxillofacial injuries and head injuries. PATIENTS AND METHODS Among the patients who visited the emergency department of Pusan National University Dental Hospital due to a maxillofacial injury from sporting activities between 2014 and 2018, those who additionally had head injuries were retrospectively examined. Sporting activities were classified according to the American Academy of Pediatrics classification, and severity of injuries was determined using the Facial Injury Severity Scale (FISS). Patients whose medical records showed neurological symptoms and who underwent brain computed tomography for concomitant head injury were selected. The association between each of these variables, including age and gender, was statistically analyzed. RESULTS A total of 95 patients were included in this study, most of whom were male teenagers, and cycling was the most common cause of injuries. The mean FISS score was 0.79. Brain computed tomography was conducted for 91 patients, and 28 patients reported neurological symptoms. Only 11 patients underwent advanced evaluation in the neurology or neurosurgery department. Most patients were diagnosed with contusion and concussion and were monitored without any treatment. CONCLUSIONS Higher FISS values did not reflect the severity of maxillofacial and head injury. In this study, there were some patients with cranial fracture and cerebral hemorrhage with mild neurosurgical symptoms of facial trauma. Although the incidence of head trauma is not high, the necessity of wearing protective equipment cannot be overemphasized because severe trauma is permanent. Neurological signs and symptoms of patients with maxillofacial trauma should not be overlooked and require a thorough evaluation.
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Gallagher N, Collyer J, Shelley MJ, Sneddon KJ, Bowe CM. Football-related maxillofacial injuries. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 60:584-588. [PMID: 35027217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Maxillofacial injuries sustained playing sports are becoming increasingly common, and in the UK where football is the most popular team sport, associated maxillofacial injuries are a regular occurrence. This study retrospectively examined data on patients who were referred with facial injuries sustained playing football between 2007 and 2019 (n = 265). Demographics, mechanism of injury, diagnosis, and treatment received were analysed. The mean (SD) age was 25 (11.0) years (range 3-85) and there was a strong male predominance (n = 256, 97% male). Facial fractures were diagnosed in 143 (54%) patients. The most common injury was a midface fracture and the most common mechanism of injury was a clash of heads. Patients with a facial fracture were significantly more likely to have sustained a concurrent head injury (p = 0.006). Those who were elbowed or punched were significantly more likely to have a facial fracture than a soft tissue or dentoalveolar injury (p ≤ 0.05). Players who clashed heads were significantly more likely to have a midface fracture (p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, football-related maxillofacial injuries predominantly affect young adult males following a clash of heads. An elbow or punch to the face carries a significant risk of facial fracture and concurrent head injury. Therefore, to reduce the percentage of maxillofacial injuries seen in this sport, observed intentional contact between players, using an elbow or fist to the face in particular, must continue to carry the highest sanction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gallagher
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Victoria Hospital Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, United Kingdom
| | - J Collyer
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Victoria Hospital Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, United Kingdom
| | - M J Shelley
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Victoria Hospital Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, United Kingdom
| | - K J Sneddon
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Victoria Hospital Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, United Kingdom
| | - C M Bowe
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Victoria Hospital Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, United Kingdom.
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