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de Melo MB, Daldegan-Bueno D, Favaro VM, Oliveira MGM. The subiculum role on learning and memory tasks using rats and mice: A scoping review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105460. [PMID: 37939978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to systematically identify and summarize data related to subiculum involvement in learning and memory behavioral tasks in rats and mice. Following a systematic strategy based on PICO and PRISMA guidelines, we searched five indexed databases (PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, and PsycInfo) using a standardized search strategy to identify peer-reviewed articles published in English (pre-registration: osf.io/hm5ea). We identified 31 articles investigating the role of the subiculum in spatial, working, and recognition memories (n = 11), memories related to addiction models (n = 9), aversive memories (n = 7), and memories related to appetitive learning (n = 5). We highlight a dissociation in the dorsoventral axis of the subiculum with many studies exploring the ventral subiculum (n = 21) but only a few exploring the dorsal one (n = 10). We also observe the necessity of more data including mice, female animals, genetic tools, and better statistical approaches for replication purposes and research refinement. These findings provide a broad framework of the subiculum involvement in learning and memory, showing essential questions that can be explored by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Braga de Melo
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dimitri Daldegan-Bueno
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vanessa Manchim Favaro
- Setor de Investigação de Doenças Neuromusculares, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Mathieson E, Irving C, Koberna S, Nicholson M, Otto MW, Kantak KM. Role of preexisting inhibitory control deficits vs. drug use history in mediating insensitivity to aversive consequences in a rat model of polysubstance use. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:2377-2394. [PMID: 35391547 PMCID: PMC8989405 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The nature and predictors of insensitivity to aversive consequences of heroin + cocaine polysubstance use are not well characterized. OBJECTIVES Translational methods incorporating a tightly controlled animal model of drug self-administration and measures of inhibitory control and avoidance behavior might be helpful for clarifying this issue. METHODS The key approach for distinguishing potential contributions of pre-existing inhibitory control deficits vs. drug use history in meditating insensitivity to aversive consequences was comparison of two rat strains: Wistar (WIS/Crl), an outbred strain, and the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR/NCrl), an inbred strain shown previously to exhibit heightened cocaine and heroin self-administration and poor inhibitory control relative to WIS/Crl. RESULTS In separate tasks, SHR/NCrl displayed greater impulsive action and compulsive-like behavior than WIS/Crl prior to drug exposure. Under two different schedules of drug delivery, SHR/NCrl self-administered more cocaine than WIS/Crl, but self-administered a similar amount of heroin + cocaine as WIS/Crl. When half the session cycles were punished by random foot shock, SHR/NCrl initially were less sensitive to punishment than WIS/Crl when self-administering cocaine, but were similarly insensitive to punishment when self-administering heroin + cocaine. Based on correlation analyses, only trait impulsivity predicted avoidance capacity in rats self-administering cocaine and receiving yoked-saline. In contrast, only amount of drug use predicted avoidance capacity in rats self-administering heroin + cocaine. Additionally, baseline drug seeking and taking predicted punishment insensitivity in rats self-administering cocaine or heroin + cocaine. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings revealed in this animal model, human laboratory research concerning the nature and predictors of insensitivity to aversive consequences in heroin and cocaine polysubstance vs. monosubstance users is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elon Mathieson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Carolyn Irving
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sarah Koberna
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Megan Nicholson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Michael W Otto
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kathleen M Kantak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ródenas-González F, Blanco-Gandía MDC, Pascual M, Molari I, Guerri C, López JM, Rodríguez-Arias M. A limited and intermittent access to a high-fat diet modulates the effects of cocaine-induced reinstatement in the conditioned place preference in male and female mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2091-2103. [PMID: 33786639 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Palatable food and drugs of abuse activate common neurobiological pathways and numerous studies suggest that fat consumption increases vulnerability to drug abuse. In addition, preclinical reports show that palatable food may relieve craving for drugs, showing that an ad libitum access to a high-fat diet (HFD) can reduce cocaine-induced reinstatement. OBJECTIVE The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a limited and intermittent exposure to HFD administered during the extinction and reinstatement processes of a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). METHODS Male and female mice underwent the 10 mg/kg cocaine CPP. From post-conditioning onwards, animals were divided into four groups: SD (standard diet); HFD-MWF with 2-h access to the HFD on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays; HFD-24h, with 1-h access every day; and HFD-Ext with 1-h access to the HFD before each extinction session. RESULTS Our results showed that all HFD administrations blocked reinstatement in males, while only the HFD-MWF was able to inhibit reinstatement in females. In addition, HFD-Ext males needed fewer sessions to extinguish the preference, which suggests that administration of fat before being exposed to the environmental cues is effective to extinguish drug-related memories. HFD did not affect Oprμ gene expression but increased CB1r gene expression in the striatum in HFD-Ext males. CONCLUSIONS These results support that palatable food could act as an alternative reward to cocaine, accelerating extinction and blocking reinstatement, these effects being sex specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ródenas-González
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - María Pascual
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Principe Felipe Research Center, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS-Trastornos Adictivos), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Molari
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Principe Felipe Research Center, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS-Trastornos Adictivos), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miñarro López
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS-Trastornos Adictivos), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Unit of Research Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS-Trastornos Adictivos), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain.
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Kantak KM, Gauthier JM, Mathieson E, Knyazhanskaya E, Rodriguez-Echemendia P, Man HY. Sex differences in the effects of a combined behavioral and pharmacological treatment strategy for cocaine relapse prevention in an animal model of cue exposure therapy. Behav Brain Res 2020; 395:112839. [PMID: 32750464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Brief interventions of environmental enrichment (EE) or the glycine transporter-1 inhibitor Org24598 administered with cocaine-cue extinction training were shown previously to inhibit reacquisition of cocaine self-administration in male rats trained to self-administer a moderate 0.3 mg/kg dose of cocaine. Determining how EE and Org24598 synergize in combination in an animal model of cue exposure therapy is novel. Important changes made in this investigation were increasing the cocaine training dose to 1.0 mg/kg and determining sex differences. Adult male and female rats self-administering 1.0 mg/kg cocaine for 35-40 daily sessions exhibited an addiction-like phenotype under a second-order schedule of cocaine delivery and cue presentation. Rats next underwent 6 weekly extinction training sessions for which treatments consisted of EE or NoEE and Vehicle or Org24598 (3.0 mg/kg in males; 3.0 or 7.5 mg/kg in females). Rats then were tested for reacquisition of cocaine self-administration for 15 daily sessions. In males, the combined EE +3.0 mg/kg Org24598 treatment facilitated extinction learning and inhibited reacquisition of cocaine self-administration to a greater extent than no treatment and to individual EE or 3.0 mg/kg Org24598 treatments. In females, EE +7.5 mg/kg Org24598 facilitated extinction learning, but did not inhibit reacquisition of cocaine self-administration. Thus, there were sex differences in the ability of EE + Org24598 administered in conjunction with extinction training to inhibit cocaine relapse in rats exhibiting an addiction-like phenotype. These findings suggest that this multimodal treatment approach might be a feasible option during cue exposure therapy in cocaine-dependent men, but not women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Kantak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, USA; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, USA.
| | - Jamie M Gauthier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Elon Mathieson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | | | | | - Heng-Ye Man
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, USA; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, USA
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5
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Bender BN, Torregrossa MM. Molecular and circuit mechanisms regulating cocaine memory. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3745-3768. [PMID: 32172301 PMCID: PMC7492456 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Risk of relapse is a major challenge in the treatment of substance use disorders. Several types of learning and memory mechanisms are involved in substance use and have implications for relapse. Associative memories form between the effects of drugs and the surrounding environmental stimuli, and exposure to these stimuli during abstinence causes stress and triggers drug craving, which can lead to relapse. Understanding the neural underpinnings of how these associations are formed and maintained will inform future advances in treatment practices. A large body of research has expanded our knowledge of how associative memories are acquired and consolidated, how they are updated through reactivation and reconsolidation, and how competing extinction memories are formed. This review will focus on the vast literature examining the mechanisms of cocaine Pavlovian associative memories with an emphasis on the molecular memory mechanisms and circuits involved in the consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction of these memories. Additional research elucidating the specific signaling pathways, mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, and epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the circuits involved in associative learning will reveal more distinctions between consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction learning that can be applied to the treatment of substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke N Bender
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Mary M Torregrossa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Guo W, Long H, Bu Q, Zhao Y, Wang H, Tian J, Cen X. Role of BRD4 phosphorylation in the nucleus accumbens in relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior in mice. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12808. [PMID: 31364211 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking. Preliminary study suggested that bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), an epigenetic reader protein, participates in cocaine-induced reward and neuroplasticity. However, the exact role of BRD4 in cocaine addiction, particularly cocaine relapse, remains elusive. In this study, we found that BRD4 phosphorylation in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was closely related to the maintenance of cocaine reinforcement and relapse in different cocaine exposure paradigms. Cocaine significantly increased the binding of phosphorylated BRD4 (pBRD4) at the promoter of Gria2 and Bdnf genes in the NAc. (+)JQ1, a selective BRD4 inhibitor, markedly reduced the reinforcement and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behaviors, which was accompanied by the decreased expressions of GRIA2 and BDNF. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that (+)JQ1 clearly attenuated cocaine-enhanced binding of pBRD4 at the promotor of Gria2 and Bdnf genes. Blockade of casein kinase II significantly attenuated BRD4 phosphorylation and cocaine relapse-like behaviors, suggesting the important role of pBRD4 in modulating cocaine effect. Together, our findings suggest that BRD4 phosphorylation in the NAc modulates multiple addiction-related behaviors of cocaine and particularly relapse to cocaine-seeking behaviors. Inhibition of BRD4 activity may be a novel target against cocaine addiction and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of ShandongYantai University Yantai China
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu China
| | - Hailei Long
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu China
| | - Qian Bu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu China
- Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry, Textile and Food EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of ShandongYantai University Yantai China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of ShandongYantai University Yantai China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu China
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Hastings MH, Gauthier JM, Mabry K, Tran A, Man HY, Kantak KM. Facilitative effects of environmental enrichment for cocaine relapse prevention are dependent on extinction training context and involve increased TrkB signaling in dorsal hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2020; 386:112596. [PMID: 32194188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine-cue extinction training combined with brief interventions of environmental enrichment (EE) was shown previously to facilitate extinction and attenuate reacquisition of cocaine self-administration in rats. It is unknown whether or not the usefulness of this approach would be undermined if extinction training took place in a novel rather than familiar context. Drawing on previous studies involving pharmacological interventions, we hypothesized that the facilitative effects of EE for cocaine relapse prevention would be independent of the context used for extinction training. Rats trained to self-administer cocaine underwent cocaine-cue extinction training in either the familiar self-administration context or a novel context, with or without EE. Rats then were tested for reacquisition of cocaine self-administration in the familiar context. Target brain regions were lysed and probed for memory-related changes in receptors for glutamate and BDNF by western blotting. Contrary to our hypothesis, the facilitative effects of EE for cocaine relapse prevention were dependent on the context used for extinction training. While EE facilitated extinction regardless of context used, it inhibited cocaine relapse only after extinction training in the familiar context. EE was associated with increased GluA2 in nucleus accumbens, TrkB in dorsal hippocampus and activated TrkB in ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Of these, the changes in dorsal hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex mirrored outcomes of the cocaine relapse tests in that these changes were specific to rats receiving EE plus extinction training in the familiar context. These findings support a role for hippocampal-prefrontal BDNF-TrkB signaling in extinction-based relapse prevention strategies involving EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret H Hastings
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, USA; Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Jamie M Gauthier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, USA
| | - Kyle Mabry
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, USA
| | - Audrey Tran
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Heng-Ye Man
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, USA; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Kathleen M Kantak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, USA; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, USA.
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Extinction of Contextual Cocaine Memories Requires Ca v1.2 within D1R-Expressing Cells and Recruits Hippocampal Ca v1.2-Dependent Signaling Mechanisms. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11894-11911. [PMID: 29089442 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2397-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cocaine-associated contextual cues contributes significantly to relapse. Extinction of these contextual associations, which involves a new form of learning, reduces cocaine-seeking behavior; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. We report that extinction, but not acquisition, of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) in male mice increased Cav1.2 L-type Ca2+ channel mRNA and protein in postsynaptic density (PSD) fractions of the hippocampus, a brain region involved in drug-context associations. Moreover, viral-mediated deletion of Cav1.2 in the dorsal hippocampus attenuated extinction of cocaine CPP. Molecular studies examining downstream Cav1.2 targets revealed that extinction recruited calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaMK)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) to the hippocampal PSD. This occurred in parallel with an increase in phosphorylation of the AMPA GluA1 receptor subunit at serine 831 (S831), a CaMKII site, along with an increase in total PSD GluA1. The necessity of S831 GluA1 was further demonstrated by the lack of extinction in S831A GluA1 phosphomutant mice. Of note hippocampal GluA1 levels remained unaltered at the PSD, but were reduced near the PSD and at perisynaptic sites of dendritic spines in extinction-resistant S831A mutant mice. Finally, conditional knock-out of Cav1.2 in dopamine D1 receptor (D1R)-expressing cells resulted in attenuation of cocaine CPP extinction and lack of extinction-dependent changes in hippocampal PSD CaMKII expression and S831 GluA1 phosphorylation. In summary, we demonstrate an essential role for the hippocampal Cav1.2/CaMKII/S831 GluA1 pathway in cocaine CPP extinction, with data supporting contribution of hippocampal D1R-expressing cells in this process. These findings demonstrate a novel role for Cav1.2 channels in extinction of contextual cocaine-associated memories.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Continued drug-seeking behavior, a defining characteristic of cocaine addiction, can be precipitated by contextual cues, yet the molecular mechanisms required for extinction of these context-specific memories remain poorly understood. Here, we have uncovered a novel and selective role of the Cav1.2 L-type Ca2+ channel and its downstream signaling pathway in the hippocampus that mediate extinction of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP). We additionally provide evidence that supports a role of Cav1.2 within dopamine D1 receptor-expressing cells of the hippocampus for extinction of cocaine CPP. Therefore, these findings reveal a previously unknown role of Cav1.2 channels within the hippocampus and in D1 receptor-expressing cells in extinction of cocaine-associated memories, providing a framework for further exploration of mechanisms underlying extinction of cocaine-seeking behavior.
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9
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Gauthier JM, Lin A, Nic Dhonnchadha BÁ, Spealman RD, Man HY, Kantak KM. Environmental enrichment facilitates cocaine-cue extinction, deters reacquisition of cocaine self-administration and alters AMPAR GluA1 expression and phosphorylation. Addict Biol 2017; 22:152-162. [PMID: 26384129 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the combination of environmental enrichment (EE) with cocaine-cue extinction training on reacquisition of cocaine self-administration. Rats were trained under a second-order schedule for which responses were maintained by cocaine injections and cocaine-paired stimuli. During three weekly extinction sessions, saline was substituted for cocaine but cocaine-paired stimuli were presented. Rats received 4-h periods of EE at strategic time points during extinction training, or received NoEE. Additional control rats received EE or NoEE without extinction training. One week later, reacquisition of cocaine self-administration was evaluated for 15 sessions, and then GluA1 expression, a cellular substrate for learning and memory, was measured in selected brain regions. EE provided both 24 h before and immediately after extinction training facilitated extinction learning and deterred reacquisition of cocaine self-administration for up to 13 sessions. Each intervention by itself (EE alone or extinction alone) was ineffective, as was EE scheduled at individual time points (EE 4 h or 24 h before, or EE immediately or 6 h after, each extinction training session). Under these conditions, rats rapidly reacquired baseline rates of cocaine self-administration. Cocaine self-administration alone decreased total GluA1 and/or pSer845GluA1 expression in basolateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Extinction training, with or without EE, opposed these changes and also increased total GluA1 in ventromedial prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus. EE alone increased pSer845GluA1 and EE combined with extinction training decreased pSer845GluA1 in ventromedial prefrontal cortex. EE might be a useful adjunct to extinction therapy by enabling neuroplasticity that deters relapse to cocaine self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M. Gauthier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Boston University; Boston MA USA
| | - Amy Lin
- Department of Biology; Boston University; Boston MA USA
| | | | - Roger D. Spealman
- Department of Psychiatry; McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School; Belmont MA USA
| | - Heng-Ye Man
- Department of Biology; Boston University; Boston MA USA
| | - Kathleen M. Kantak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Boston University; Boston MA USA
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Jordan CJ, Andersen SL. Sensitive periods of substance abuse: Early risk for the transition to dependence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 25:29-44. [PMID: 27840157 PMCID: PMC5410194 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early substance use dramatically increases the risk of substance use disorder (SUD). Although many try drugs, only a small percentage transition to SUD. High reactivity of reward, habit, and stress systems increase risk. Identification of early risk enables targeted, preventative interventions for SUD. Prevention must start before the sensitive adolescent period to maximize resilience.
Early adolescent substance use dramatically increases the risk of lifelong substance use disorder (SUD). An adolescent sensitive period evolved to allow the development of risk-taking traits that aid in survival; today these may manifest as a vulnerability to drugs of abuse. Early substance use interferes with ongoing neurodevelopment to induce neurobiological changes that further augment SUD risk. Although many individuals use drugs recreationally, only a small percentage transition to SUD. Current theories on the etiology of addiction can lend insights into the risk factors that increase vulnerability from early recreational use to addiction. Building on the work of others, we suggest individual risk for SUD emerges from an immature PFC combined with hyper-reactivity of reward salience, habit, and stress systems. Early identification of risk factors is critical to reducing the occurrence of SUD. We suggest preventative interventions for SUD that can be either tailored to individual risk profiles and/or implemented broadly, prior to the sensitive adolescent period, to maximize resilience to developing substance dependence. Recommendations for future research include a focus on the juvenile and adolescent periods as well as on sex differences to better understand early risk and identify the most efficacious preventions for SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry, Mclean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, United States.
| | - Susan L Andersen
- Department of Psychiatry, Mclean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, United States
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11
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Gourley SL, Taylor JR. Going and stopping: Dichotomies in behavioral control by the prefrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:656-664. [PMID: 29162973 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rodent dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), specifically the prelimbic cortex (PL), regulates the expression of conditioned fear and behaviors interpreted as reward-seeking. Meanwhile, the ventral medial PFC, namely the infralimbic cortex (IL), is essential to extinction conditioning in both appetitive and aversive domains. Here we review evidence that supports, or refutes, this "PL-go/IL-stop" dichotomy. We focus on the extinction of conditioned fear and the extinction and reinstatement of cocaine- or heroin-reinforced responding. We then synthesize evidence that the PL is essential for developing goal-directed response strategies, while the IL supports habit behavior. Finally, we propose that some functions of the orbital PFC parallel those of the medial PFC in the regulation of response selection. Integration of these discoveries may provide points of intervention for inhibiting untethered drug seeking in drug use disorders, failures in extinction in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, or co-morbidities between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Gourley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jane R Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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Castilla-Ortega E, Serrano A, Blanco E, Araos P, Suárez J, Pavón FJ, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Santín LJ. A place for the hippocampus in the cocaine addiction circuit: Potential roles for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 66:15-32. [PMID: 27118134 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a chronic brain disease in which the drug seeking habits and profound cognitive, emotional and motivational alterations emerge from drug-induced neuroadaptations on a vulnerable brain. Therefore, a 'cocaine addiction brain circuit' has been described to explain this disorder. Studies in both cocaine patients and rodents reveal the hippocampus as a main node in the cocaine addiction circuit. The contribution of the hippocampus to cocaine craving and the associated memories is essential to understand the chronic relapsing nature of addiction, which is the main obstacle for the recovery. Interestingly, the hippocampus holds a particular form of plasticity that is rare in the adult brain: the ability to generate new functional neurons. There is an active scientific debate on the contributions of these new neurons to the addicted brain. This review focuses on the potential role(s) of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) in cocaine addiction. Although the current evidence primarily originates from animal research, these preclinical studies support AHN as a relevant component for the hippocampal effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain.
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Blanco
- Departament de Pedagogia i Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació, Psicologia i Treball Social, Universitat de Lleida, Spain
| | - Pedro Araos
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pavón
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis J Santín
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, Spain.
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Ventromedial prefrontal cortex pyramidal cells have a temporal dynamic role in recall and extinction of cocaine-associated memory. J Neurosci 2014; 33:18225-33. [PMID: 24227731 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2412-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In addicts, associative memories related to the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse can evoke powerful craving and drug seeking urges, but effective treatment to suppress these memories is not available. Detailed insight into the neural circuitry that mediates expression of drug-associated memory is therefore of crucial importance. Substantial evidence from rodent models of addictive behavior points to the involvement of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in conditioned drug seeking, but specific knowledge of the temporal role of vmPFC pyramidal cells is lacking. To this end, we used an optogenetics approach to probe the involvement of vmPFC pyramidal cells in expression of a recent and remote conditioned cocaine memory. In mice, we expressed Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or Halorhodopsin (eNpHR3.0) in pyramidal cells of the vmPFC and studied the effect of activation or inhibition of these cells during expression of a cocaine-contextual memory on days 1-2 (recent) and ∼3 weeks (remote) after conditioning. Whereas optical activation of pyramidal cells facilitated extinction of remote memory, without affecting recent memory, inhibition of pyramidal cells acutely impaired recall of recent cocaine memory, without affecting recall of remote memory. In addition, we found that silencing pyramidal cells blocked extinction learning at the remote memory time-point. We provide causal evidence of a critical time-dependent switch in the contribution of vmPFC pyramidal cells to recall and extinction of cocaine-associated memory, indicating that the circuitry that controls expression of cocaine memories reorganizes over time.
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