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Blackman RK, Crowe DA, DeNicola AL, Sakellaridi S, Westerberg JA, Huynh AM, MacDonald AW, Sponheim SR, Chafee MV. Shared Neural Activity But Distinct Neural Dynamics for Cognitive Control in Monkey Prefrontal and Parietal Cortex. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2767-2781. [PMID: 36894317 PMCID: PMC10089244 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1641-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand how prefrontal networks mediate forms of cognitive control disrupted in schizophrenia, we translated a variant of the AX continuous performance task that measures specific deficits in the human disease to 2 male monkeys and recorded neurons in PFC and parietal cortex during task performance. In the task, contextual information instructed by cue stimuli determines the response required to a subsequent probe stimulus. We found parietal neurons encoding the behavioral context instructed by cues that exhibited nearly identical activity to their prefrontal counterparts (Blackman et al., 2016). This neural population switched their preference for stimuli over the course of the trial depending on whether the stimuli signaled the need to engage cognitive control to override a prepotent response. Cues evoked visual responses that appeared in parietal neurons first, whereas population activity encoding contextual information instructed by cues was stronger and more persistent in PFC. Increasing cognitive control demand biased the representation of contextual information toward the PFC and augmented the temporal correlation of task-defined information encoded by neurons in the two areas. Oscillatory dynamics in local field potentials differed between cortical areas and carried as much information about task conditions as spike rates. We found that, at the single-neuron level, patterns of activity evoked by the task were nearly identical between the two cortical areas. Nonetheless, distinct population dynamics in PFC and parietal cortex were evident. suggesting differential contributions to cognitive control.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We recorded neural activity in PFC and parietal cortex of monkeys performing a task that measures cognitive control deficits in schizophrenia. This allowed us to characterize computations performed by neurons in the two areas to support forms of cognitive control disrupted in the disease. Subpopulations of neurons in the two areas exhibited parallel modulations in firing rate; and as a result, all patterns of task-evoked activity were distributed between PFC and parietal cortex. This included the presence in both cortical areas of neurons reflecting proactive and reactive cognitive control dissociated from stimuli or responses in the task. However, differences in the timing, strength, synchrony, and correlation of information encoded by neural activity were evident, indicating differential contributions to cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael K Blackman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Brain Sciences Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MD/PhD), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - David A Crowe
- Brain Sciences Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417
- Department of Biology, Augsburg University, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454
| | - Adele L DeNicola
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Brain Sciences Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417
| | - Sofia Sakellaridi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Brain Sciences Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417
| | | | - Anh M Huynh
- Department of Biology, Augsburg University, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454
| | - Angus W MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454
| | - Matthew V Chafee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Brain Sciences Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417
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Guo J, Shubeck K, Hu X. Relationship Between Item and Source Memory: Explanation of Connection-Strength Model. Front Psychol 2021; 12:691577. [PMID: 34659007 PMCID: PMC8511408 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.691577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The controversy in the relationship between item memory and source memory is a focus of episodic memory. Some studies show the trade-off between item memory and source memory, some show the consistency between them, and others show the independence between them. This review attempts to point out the connection-strength model, implying the different types and strengths of the important role of the item-source connections in the relationship between item memory and source memory, which is based on the same essence in the unified framework. The logic of the model is that when item memory and source memory share the same or relevant connection between item and source, they positively connect, or they are independently or negatively connected. This review integrates empirical evidence from the domains of cognition, cognitive neuroscience, and mathematical modeling to validate our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Guo
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Keith Shubeck
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
- Institute for Intelligent Systems, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Xiangen Hu
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
- Institute for Intelligent Systems, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
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Li S, Constantinidis C, Qi XL. Drifts in Prefrontal and Parietal Neuronal Activity Influence Working Memory Judgments. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3650-3664. [PMID: 33822919 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) plays a critical role in spatial working memory and its activity predicts behavioral responses in delayed response tasks. Here, we addressed if this predictive ability extends to other working memory tasks and if it is present in other brain areas. We trained monkeys to remember the location of a stimulus and determine whether a second stimulus appeared at the same location or not. Neurophysiological recordings were performed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). We hypothesized that random drifts causing the peak activity of the network to move away from the first stimulus location and toward the location of the second stimulus would result in categorical errors. Indeed, for both areas, in nonmatching trials, when the first stimulus appeared in a neuron's preferred location, the neuron showed significantly higher firing rates in correct than in error trials; and vice versa, when the first stimulus appeared at a nonpreferred location, activity in error trials was higher than in correct. The results indicate that the activity of both dlPFC and PPC neurons is predictive of categorical judgments of information maintained in working memory, and neuronal firing rate deviations are revealing of the contents of working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihai Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Christos Constantinidis
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Xue-Lian Qi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Ben Hadj Hassen S, Ben Hamed S. Functional and behavioural correlates of shared neuronal noise variability in vision and visual cognition. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Marcos E, Genovesio A. Determining Monkey Free Choice Long before the Choice Is Made: The Principal Role of Prefrontal Neurons Involved in Both Decision and Motor Processes. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:75. [PMID: 27713692 PMCID: PMC5031774 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When choices are made freely, they might emerge from pre-existing neural activity. However, whether neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PF) show this anticipatory effect and, if so, in which part of the process they are involved is still debated. To answer this question, we studied PF activity in monkeys while they performed a strategy task. In this task when the stimulus changed from the previous trial, the monkeys had to shift their response to one of two spatial goals, excluding the one that had been previously selected. Under this free-choice condition, the prestimulus activity of the same neurons that are involved in decision and motor processes predicted future choices. These neurons developed the same goal preferences during the prestimulus presentation as they did later in the decision phase. In contrast, the same effect was not observed in motor-only neurons and it was present but weaker in decision-only neurons. Overall, our results suggest that the PF neuronal activity predicts upcoming actions mainly through the decision-making network that integrate in time decision and motor task aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarni Marcos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Genovesio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
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Arias P, Corral-Bergantiños Y, Robles-García V, Madrid A, Oliviero A, Cudeiro J. Bilateral tDCS on Primary Motor Cortex: Effects on Fast Arm Reaching Tasks. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160063. [PMID: 27490752 PMCID: PMC4973905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects produced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the motor system have been widely studied in the past, chiefly focused on primary motor cortex (M1) excitability. However, the effects on functional tasks are less well documented. Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of tDCS-M1 on goal-oriented actions (i.e., arm-reaching movements; ARM), in a reaction-time protocol. Methods 13 healthy subjects executed dominant ARM as fast as possible to one of two targets in front of them while surface EMG was recorded. Participants performed three different sessions. In each session they first executed ARM (Pre), then received tDCS, and finally executed Post, similar to Pre. Subjects received three different types of tDCS, one per session: In one session the anode was on right-M1 (AR), and the cathode on the left-M1 (CL), thus termed AR-CL; AL-CR reversed the montage; and Sham session was applied likewise. Real stimulation was 1mA-10min while subjects at rest. Three different variables and their coefficients of variation (CV) were analyzed: Premotor times (PMT), reaction-times (RT) and movement-times (MT). Results triceps-PMT were significantly increased at Post-Sham, suggesting fatigue. Results obtained with real tDCS were not different depending on the montage used, in both cases PMT were significantly reduced in all recorded muscles. RT and MT did not change for real or sham stimulation. RT-CV and PMT-CV were reduced after all stimulation protocols. Conclusion tDCS reduces premotor time and fatigability during the execution of fast motor tasks. Possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Arias
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine, INEF Galicia and Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
- * E-mail: )
| | - Yoanna Corral-Bergantiños
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine, INEF Galicia and Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Verónica Robles-García
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine, INEF Galicia and Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Antonio Madrid
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine, INEF Galicia and Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Antonio Oliviero
- FENNSI Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Cudeiro
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine, INEF Galicia and Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Estimulación Cerebral de Galicia, A Coruña, Spain
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Arcizet F, Mirpour K, Foster DJ, Charpentier CJ, Bisley JW. LIP activity in the interstimulus interval of a change detection task biases the behavioral response. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:2637-48. [PMID: 26334012 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00604.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
When looking around at the world, we can only attend to a limited number of locations. The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) is thought to play a role in guiding both covert attention and eye movements. In this study, we tested the involvement of LIP in both mechanisms with a change detection task. In the task, animals had to indicate whether an element changed during a blank in the trial by making a saccade to it. If no element changed, they had to maintain fixation. We examine how the animal's behavior is biased based on LIP activity prior to the presentation of the stimulus the animal must respond to. When the activity was high, the animal was more likely to make an eye movement toward the stimulus, even if there was no change; when the activity was low, the animal either had a slower reaction time or maintained fixation, even if a change occurred. We conclude that LIP activity is involved in both covert and overt attention, but when decisions about eye movements are to be made, this role takes precedence over guiding covert attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Arcizet
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Koorosh Mirpour
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel J Foster
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Caroline J Charpentier
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS), Lyon, France
| | - James W Bisley
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and Department of Psychology and the Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Qi XL, Constantinidis C. Lower neuronal variability in the monkey dorsolateral prefrontal than posterior parietal cortex. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:2194-203. [PMID: 26269556 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00454.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex are two brain areas involved in cognitive functions such as spatial attention and working memory. When tested with identical tasks, only subtle differences in firing rate are present between neurons recorded in the two areas. In this article we report that major differences in neuronal variability characterize the two areas during working memory. The Fano factors of spike counts in dorsolateral prefrontal neurons were consistently lower than those of the posterior parietal cortex across a range of tasks, epochs, and conditions in the same monkeys. Variability differences were observed despite minor differences in firing rates between the two areas in the tasks tested and higher overall firing rate in the prefrontal than in the posterior parietal sample. Other measures of neuronal discharge variability, such as the coefficient of variation of the interspike interval, displayed the same pattern of lower prefrontal variability. Fano factor values were negatively correlated with performance in the working memory task, suggesting that higher neuronal variability was associated with diminished task performance. The results indicate that information involving remembered stimuli is more reliably represented in the prefrontal than the posterior parietal cortex based on the variability of neuronal responses, and suggest functional differentiation between the two areas beyond differences in firing rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lian Qi
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Christos Constantinidis
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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