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Beal-Neves M, Ely CV, Duarte L, Affeldt-Ramos K, Ferreira PMA. Time since fire as a driver of taxonomic and phylogenetic patterns of grassland plant communities. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17219. [PMID: 39060371 PMCID: PMC11282237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fire plays a key role in grasslands, determining the distribution and evolution of species and boundaries with neighboring ecosystems. Evidence of community-wide responses to fire is largely based on taxonomic and functional descriptors, while the phylogenetic dimension is overlooked. Here we evaluated how the taxonomic and phylogenetic structure of grassland plant communities responded to a time since fire (TSF) gradient. We sampled 12 communities in Southern Brazil under varying TSF and calculated taxonomic species richness (S) and dominance (D), phylogenetic diversity (PD), and mean phylogenetic distances (MPD). We used Structural Equation Models to test the relationships between the environmental gradient and community descriptors. Communities with longer TSF presented higher PD and MPD but lower species richness and increased taxonomic dominance. These sites were dominated by monocots, specifically C4 grasses, but also presented exclusive clades, whereas recently-burned sites presented lower taxonomic dominance and more species distributed in a wider variety of clades. Our results indicate that these scenarios are interchangeable and dependent on fire management. Fire adaptation was not constrained by phylogenetic relatedness, contrasting with previous findings for tropical savannahs and indicating that temperate and tropical non-forest ecosystems from South America respond differently to fire, possibly due to different evolutionary histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Beal-Neves
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Interações, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução da Biodiversidade, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Vogel Ely
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Leandro Duarte
- Laboratório de Ecologia Funcional e Filogenética (LEFF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Kássia Affeldt-Ramos
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Interações, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução da Biodiversidade, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Maria Abreu Ferreira
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Interações, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução da Biodiversidade, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil.
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2
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Qin Z, Zhao Z, Xia L, Yu G, Miao A, Liu Y. Significant roles of core prokaryotic microbiota across soil profiles in an organic contaminated site: Insight into microbial assemblage, co-occurrence patterns, and potentially key ecological functions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116195. [PMID: 37207735 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Extreme environmental disturbances induced by organic contaminated sites impose serious impacts on soil microbiomes. However, our understanding of the responses of the core microbiota and its ecological roles in organic contaminated sites is limited. In this study, we took a typical organic contaminated site as an example and investigated the composition and structure, assembly mechanisms of core taxa and their roles in key ecological functions across soil profiles. Results presented that core microbiota with a considerably lower number of species (7.93%) than occasional taxa presented comparatively high relative abundances (38.04%) yet, which was mainly comprised of phyla Proteobacteria (49.21%), Actinobacteria (12.36%), Chloroflexi (10.63%), and Firmicutes (8.21%). Furthermore, core microbiota was more influenced by geographical differentiation than environmental filtering, which possessed broader niche widths and stronger phylogenetic signals for ecological preferences than occasional taxa. Null modelling suggested that stochastic processes dominated the assembly of the core taxa and maintained a stable proportion along soil depths. Core microbiota had a greater impact on microbial community stability and possessed higher functional redundancy than occasional taxa. Additionally, the structural equation model illustrated that core taxa played pivotal roles in degrading organic contaminants and maintaining key biogeochemical cycles potentially. Overall, this study deepens our knowledge of the ecology of core microbiota under complicated environmental conditions in organic contaminated sites, and provides a fundamental basis for preserving and potentially utilizing core microbiota to maintain soil health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Liling Xia
- Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Guangwen Yu
- China National Chemical Civil Engineering Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Aihua Miao
- China National Chemical Civil Engineering Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
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3
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Cui W, Li R, Fan Z, Wu L, Zhao X, Wei G, Shu D. Weak environmental adaptation of rare phylotypes sustaining soil multi-element cycles in response to decades-long fertilization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162063. [PMID: 36746286 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the ecological role of soil communities in the maintenance of multiple ecosystem functions is pivotal for the conservation and sustainability of soil biodiversity. However, few studies have investigated niche differentiation of abundant and rare microbiota, as well as their contributions to multiple soil elemental cycles, particularly in agroecosystems that have received decades of intense fertilization. Here, we characterized the environmental thresholds and phylogenetic signals for the environmental adaptation of both abundant and rare microbial subcommunities via amplicon sequencing and metagenomic sequencing and explored their importance in sustaining soil multiple nutrient cycling in agricultural fields that were fertilized for two decades. The results showed that rare taxa exhibited narrower niche breadths and weaker phylogenetic signals than abundant species. The assembly of abundant subcommunity was shaped predominantly by dispersal limitation (explained 71.1 % of the variation in bacteria) and undominated processes (explained 75 % of the variation in fungi), whereas the assembly of rare subcommunity was dominated by homogeneous selection process (explained 100 % of the variation in bacteria and 60 % of the variation in fungi). Soil ammonia nitrogen was the leading factor mediating the balance between stochastic and deterministic processes in both abundant (R2 = 0.15, P < 0.001) and rare (R2 = 0.08, P < 0.001) bacterial communities. Notably, the rare biosphere largely contributed to key soil processes such as carbon (R2bacteria = 0.03, P < 0.05; R2fungi = 0.05, P < 0.05) and nitrogen (R2bacteria = 0.03, P < 0.05; R2fungi = 0.17, P < 0.001) cycling. Collectively, these findings facilitate our understanding of the maintenance of rhizosphere bacterial and fungal diversity in response to agricultural fertilization and highlight the key role of rare taxa in sustaining agricultural ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Cui
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruochen Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhen Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Likun Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xining Zhao
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gehong Wei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Duntao Shu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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4
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Cao H, Li S, He H, Sun Y, Wu Y, Huang Q, Cai P, Gao CH. Stronger linkage of diversity-carbon decomposition for rare rather than abundant bacteria in woodland soils. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1115300. [PMID: 36937304 PMCID: PMC10017465 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1115300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil microbial diversity is important for maintaining ecosystem functions. However, the linkage between microbial diversity, especially rare and abundant bacterial diversity, and carbon decomposition remains largely unknown. In this study, we assessed the establishment and maintenance of rare and abundant bacterial α-diversities at the taxonomic and phylogenetic levels and their linkages with soil carbon decomposition separately in four Chinese woodlands. Compared to abundant bacteria, rare bacteria showed higher community diversity, tighter phylogenetic clustering, wider environmental breadth, stronger phylogenetic signals, and higher functional redundancy. The assembly of the abundant bacterial subcommunity was governed by stochastic (59.2%) and deterministic (41.8%) processes, whereas the assembly of the rare bacterial subcommunity was mainly dominated by deterministic processes (85.8%). Furthermore, total phosphorus, soil pH, and ammonium nitrogen balanced stochastic and deterministic processes in both rare and abundant bacterial subcommunities. Our results reveal that rare bacteria displayed stronger environmental adaptability and environmental constraint. Importantly, the α-diversities of rare taxa, rather than abundant taxa, were significantly related to carbon decomposition. This study provides a holistic understanding of biogeographic patterns of abundant and rare bacteria and their α-diversities in relation to carbon decomposition, thus helping us better predict and regulate carbon dynamics under the background of global climate change.
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5
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Remeš V, Harmáčková L, Matysioková B, Rubáčová L, Remešová E. Vegetation complexity and pool size predict species richness of forest birds. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.964180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disentangling regional and local drivers of species richness in communities is a long-term focus of ecology. Regional species pools affect local communities by providing their constituent species. Additionally, the amount and variety of resources enhance diversity locally. Here, we investigated whether the same ecological factor (vegetation complexity) shapes both regional and local species richness and thus drives local diversity both indirectly (via pool size) and directly (via facilitating the coexistence of species). We studied passerine birds of woodlands and forests in eastern Australia. We quantified regional species pool size and sampled local bird communities at 63 transects spanning 3,000 km. We estimated canopy height both regionally using satellite imagery and locally using vegetation sampling in the field. We studied how species pool size changed with regional canopy height and water availability, and how local species richness changed with pool size and local canopy height. Local species richness increased with both local canopy height and the size of the regional species pool. Pool size, in turn, increased with regional canopy height, which itself increased with water availability. Moreover, local species richness expressed as a proportion of the regional pool also increased with local canopy height. In sum, vegetation complexity indexed by canopy height had a doubly positive effect on local species richness: indirectly by promoting a large regional species pool and directly by facilitating the coexistence of disproportionately many species locally. Regional pools were larger in tall forests probably due to the legacy of extensive moist forests that once covered most of Australia, thus providing a sizeable potential for speciation, diversification, and species persistence. Local species richness was greater in tall, more productive forests with more vegetation layers likely due to more and varied resources (i.e., more potential niches), allowing the coexistence of more individuals and species of consumers.
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6
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Luna-Aranguré C, Vázquez-Domínguez E. Of pandas, fossils, and bamboo forests: ecological niche modeling of the giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca) during the Last Glacial Maximum. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is the most basal living species in the phylogeny of the family Ursidae, with a specialized diet composed of a variety of bamboo species. The evolutionary history and past distribution patterns of the giant panda remain poorly understood. Our aim was to integratively apply distinct methods to evaluate the evolutionary history and distributional patterns of the giant panda; these included phylogeography, ecological niche modeling (ENM), and fossil data. To this end, we characterized the panda’s past and present ecological niches and the environmental conditions that define them. To estimate the panda’s phylogeographic patterns and the environmental conditions (precipitation and temperature) available across its historical geographic range, we evaluated its past distribution during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Considering that modeling biotic interactions (e.g., foraging, predation) is still an enormous challenge, we propose a novel modeling strategy based on the panda’s specialized diet, using an ensemble of three bamboo genera with distribution across the panda’s historical geographic range. Finally, we tested the accuracy of our approach by evaluating its ability to predict the LGM fossils. Our results support that the panda’s diversification across its distribution happened ca. 2.7 million years (Mya), coinciding with the likely period when the panda changed from a carnivorous to a vegetarian diet (from the Pleistocene to the Pliocene), acquiring its exclusively bamboo-feeding habits until the mid-Holocene. Our findings provide evidence of a historical directional niche change along which the panda has currently reached the lower limits of temperature and precipitation conditions existing on the geography where its food is available. Our proposed ENM based on the panda’s food habits accurately predicted 85.7% of the LGM fossils, in stark contrast with the traditional approach of modeling the distribution of species by using exclusively its own occurrences. These results provide insights on how to include Eltonian components to undertake more robust ENM when only abiotic variables are available. We emphasize the importance of integrating fossil information, whenever available, into the niche modeling process to include the historical component when estimating species ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Luna-Aranguré
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edificio D, 1er Piso, Unidad de Posgrado, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Ella Vázquez-Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
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7
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Campos PV, Schaefer CEGR, Pontara V, Senra EO, Viana PL, Oliveira FS, Candido HG, Villa PM. Exploring the relationship between soil and plant evolutionary diversity in the Roraima table mountain OCBIL, Guayana Highlands. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
OCBIL theory aims to develop hypotheses that explain the evolutionary ecology of biota on old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes (OCBILs). The table mountain OCBILs of the Guayana Highlands are a major centre of Neotropical plant diversity; however, knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of plant community assembly at the mountaintops is still limited. We evaluated the effect of a fine-scale geoenvironmental gradient on the phylogenetic metrics of plant communities on the iconic, highly isolated Roraima table mountain of the Guayana Highlands. We selected three specific geoenvironments: Bonnetia-shrubby rupestrian grassland, peaty rupestrian grassland and sandy rupestrian grassland. We evaluated evolutionary history using species richness and phylogenetic metrics and analysed effects of the soil on phylogenetic metrics using linear models. Of the 55 species surveyed, 40% are endemic to the Guayana Highlands. Bonnetia-shrubby rupestrian grassland showed higher species richness (47) than peaty rupestrian grassland (30) and sandy rupestrian grassland (24). We observed significant differences in phylogenetic diversity and structure among geoenvironments. The highest phylogenetic diversity was found for Bonnetia-shrubby rupestrian grassland and sandy rupestrian grassland. Peaty rupestrian grassland had significantly lower mean pairwise phylogenetic distance and all standardized phylogenetic metrics. The values of standardized phylogenetic metrics were close to zero, suggesting random phylogenetic structure. The linear models revealed that soil texture explained most of the variation in phylogenetic metrics. Our results might be related to the long geological history of tepuis and the accumulation of lineages over tens of millions of years, which supports the OCBIL theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prímula Viana Campos
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Pontara
- Laboratório de Macroecologia e Evolução, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mundo Novo, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Lage Viana
- Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Fábio Soares Oliveira
- Departamento de Geografia/Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Manuel Villa
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Fundación para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad, Mérida, Venezuela
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8
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Wan W, Liu S, Li X, Xing Y, Chen W, Huang Q. Bridging Rare and Abundant Bacteria with Ecosystem Multifunctionality in Salinized Agricultural Soils: from Community Diversity to Environmental Adaptation. mSystems 2021; 6:e01221-20. [PMID: 33785569 PMCID: PMC8547000 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01221-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) vary along environmental gradients. However, little is known about interconnections between EMF and taxonomic and phylogenetic diversities of rare and abundant bacteria. Using MiSeq sequencing and multiple statistical analyses, we evaluated the maintenance of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversities of rare and abundant bacteria and their contributions to EMF in salinized agricultural soils (0.09 to 19.91 dS/m). Rare bacteria exhibited closer phylogenetic clustering and broader environmental breadths than abundant ones, while abundant bacteria showed higher functional redundancies and stronger phylogenetic signals of ecological preferences than rare ones. Variable selection (86.7%) dominated rare bacterial community assembly, and dispersal limitation (54.7%) and variable selection (24.5%) determined abundant bacterial community assembly. Salinity played a decisive role in mediating the balance between stochastic and deterministic processes and showed significant effects on functions and diversities of both rare and abundant bacteria. Rare bacterial taxonomic α-diversity and abundant bacterial phylogenetic α-diversity contributed significantly to EMF, while abundant bacterial taxonomic α-diversity and rare bacterial phylogenetic α-diversity did not. Additionally, abundant rather than rare bacterial community function had a significant effect on soil EMF. These findings extend our knowledge of environmental adaptation of rare and abundant bacteria and highlight different contributions of taxonomic and phylogenetic α-diversities of rare and abundant bacteria to soil EMF.IMPORTANCE Soil salinization is a worldwide environmental problem and threatens plant productivity and microbial diversity. Understanding the generation and maintenance of microbial diversity is essential to estimate soil tillage potential via investigating ecosystem multifunctionality. Our sequence-based data showed differences in environmental adaptations of rare and abundant bacteria at taxonomic and phylogenetic levels, which led to different contributions of taxonomic and phylogenetic α-diversities of rare and abundant bacteria to soil EMF. Studying the diversity of rare and abundant bacteria and their contributions to EMF in salinized soils is critical for guiding soil restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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9
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Wan W, Gadd GM, Yang Y, Yuan W, Gu J, Ye L, Liu W. Environmental adaptation is stronger for abundant rather than rare microorganisms in wetland soils from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2390-2403. [PMID: 33714213 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Disentangling the biogeographic patterns of rare and abundant microbes is essential in order to understand the generation and maintenance of microbial diversity with respect to the functions they provide. However, little is known about ecological assembly processes and environmental adaptation of rare and abundant microbes across large spatial-scale wetlands. Using Illumina sequencing and multiple statistical analyses, we characterized the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of rare and abundant bacteria and fungi in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau wetland soils. Abundant microbial taxa exhibited broader environmental thresholds and stronger phylogenetic signals for ecological traits than rare ones. By contrast, rare taxa showed higher sensitivity to environmental changes and closer phylogenetic clustering than abundant ones. The null model analysis revealed that dispersal limitation belonging to stochastic process dominated community assemblies of abundant bacteria, and rare and abundant fungi, while variable selection belonging to deterministic process governed community assembly of rare bacteria. Neutral model analysis and variation partitioning analysis further confirmed that abundant microbes were less environmentally constrained. Soil ammonia nitrogen was the crucial factor in mediating the balance between stochasticity and determinism of both rare and abundant microbes. Abundant microbes may have better environmental adaptation potential and are less dispersed by environmental changes than rare ones. Our findings extend knowledge of the adaptation of rare and abundant microbes to ongoing environmental change and could facilitate prediction of biodiversity loss caused probably by climate change and human activity in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center of the Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center of the Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenke Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center of the Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jidong Gu
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Environmental Engineering, Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Luping Ye
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center of the Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center of the Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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10
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Friedman NR, Miller ET, Ball JR, Kasuga H, Remeš V, Economo EP. Evolution of a multifunctional trait: shared effects of foraging ecology and thermoregulation on beak morphology, with consequences for song evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20192474. [PMID: 31847778 PMCID: PMC6939928 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While morphological traits are often associated with multiple functions, it remains unclear how evolution balances the selective effects of different functions. Birds' beaks function not only in foraging but also in thermoregulating and singing, among other behaviours. Studies of beak evolution abound, however, most focus on a single function. Hence, we quantified relative contributions of different functions over an evolutionary timescale. We measured beak shape using geometric morphometrics and compared this trait with foraging behaviour, climatic variables and song characteristics in a phylogenetic comparative study of an Australasian radiation of songbirds (Meliphagidae). We found that both climate and foraging behaviour were significantly correlated with the beak shape and size. However, foraging ecology had a greater effect on shape, and climate had a nearly equal effect on size. We also found that evolutionary changes in beak morphology had significant consequences for vocal performance: species with elongate-shaped beaks sang at higher frequencies, while species with large beaks sang at a slower pace. The evolution of the avian beak exemplifies how morphological traits can be an evolutionary compromise among functions, and suggests that specialization along any functional axis may increase ecological divergence or reproductive isolation along others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Friedman
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan.,Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eliot T Miller
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jason R Ball
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Haruka Kasuga
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Vladimír Remeš
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Evan P Economo
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
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11
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Cortés-Ramírez G, Ríos-Muñoz CA, Navarro-Sigüenza AG. Influence of phylogenetic structure and climate gradients on geographical variation in the morphology of Mexican flycatcher forests assemblages (Aves: Tyrannidae). PeerJ 2019; 7:e6754. [PMID: 31637112 PMCID: PMC6798907 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological variation is strongly related to variation in the ecological characteristics and evolutionary history of each taxon. To explore how geographical variation in morphology is related to different climatic gradients and phylogenetic structure, we analyzed the variation of morphological traits (body size, bill, and wing) of 64 species of tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) distributed in Mexico. We measured these morphological traits in specimens from biological collections and related them to the climatic and topographic data of each collection locality. We performed the analyses separately at two levels: (1) the regional level and (2) the assemblage level, which was split into (assemblage I) lowland forests and (assemblage II) highland forests and other vegetation types. We also calculated the phylogenetic structure of flycatchers of each locality in order to explore the influence of climatic variables and the phylogenetic structure on the morphological variation of tyrant flycatchers, by means of linear mixed-effects models. We mapped the spatial variation of the relationship between morphological traits and environmental gradients, taking into account the phylogenetic structure. Important climatic variables explaining the morphological variation were those of temperature ranges (seasonality) and the results suggest that the phylogenetic clustering increases towards the highlands of Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre del Sur, and the lowlands of Balsas Depression. For the regional level, the spatial distribution of body size showed a pattern coincident with Bergmann's rule, with increasing in size from south to north. In the tropical lowland forests assemblage, body size tend to increase in seasonally dry forests (western Mexico) and decrease in the humid ones (eastern Mexico). In the assemblage of highland forests and other types of vegetation, morphological trait values increased northeast to southwest. Phylogenetic structure helped to explain the variation of morphology at the assemblage level but not at the regional level. The patterns of trait variation in the lowland and highland assemblages suggest that parts of morphological variation are explained both by the climatic gradients and by the lineage relatedness of communities. Overall, our results suggest that morphological variation is best explained by a varied set of variables, and that regression models representing this variation, as well as integrating phylogenetic patterns at different community levels, provide a new understanding of the mechanisms underlying the links among biodiversity, its geographical setting, and environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gala Cortés-Ramírez
- Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César A. Ríos-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Arqueozoología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adolfo G. Navarro-Sigüenza
- Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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12
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Harmáčková L, Remešová E, Remeš V. Specialization and niche overlap across spatial scales: Revealing ecological factors shaping species richness and coexistence in Australian songbirds. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1766-1776. [PMID: 31329280 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ecological specialization enables the partitioning of resources and thus can facilitate the coexistence of species and promote higher species richness. Specialization and niche partitioning are expected to exert a decisive influence on local spatial scales, while species richness at regional scales should be shaped mostly by historical factors and abiotic conditions. Moreover, specialization is expected to be particularly important in communities that are exceptionally species rich for their environmental conditions. Concurrently, niche overlap in these communities should be minimized to enable species coexistence. We tested these hypotheses by studying specialization-richness relationship and niche overlap in assemblages of 298 species of songbirds (Passeriformes) across Australia. We used local (2-6 ha) to regional (bioregions) spatial scales and detailed data on habitat, diet and foraging behaviour (method, substrate and stratum). We expected the richness-specialization relationship to be particularly strong (a) on local spatial scales and (b) in communities exceptionally species rich for given environmental conditions (approximated by moisture and vegetation complexity). We also expected (c) low niche overlap in assemblages with specialized species. Only the third prediction was partly supported. First, while the specialization and species richness were often positively related, the strength and the direction of the relationship changed between traits and across spatial scales. The strength of the specialization-richness relationship was consistently positive only in foraging stratum, and it increased towards smaller spatial scales only in case of habitat and diet. Simultaneously, species in local communities demonstrated high overlap in habitat and diet. Second, we did not find particularly strong specialization-richness relationships in exceptionally species-rich communities. Third, we found the expected negative relationship between specialization and overlap in foraging stratum and substrate (in local communities), suggesting that species partition ecological space locally in terms of where they find food. Our expectations were only weakly supported. Specialization on foraging stratum was probably important in facilitating species coexistence. Conversely, although species were often specialized on habitat and diet, high overlap in these traits did not preclude their local coexistence. Overall, specialization and overlap in foraging traits were more important for species coexistence than habitat or diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Harmáčková
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Remešová
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Remeš
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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13
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McCullough JM, Joseph L, Moyle RG, Andersen MJ. Ultraconserved elements put the final nail in the coffin of traditional use of the genus
Meliphaga
(Aves: Meliphagidae). ZOOL SCR 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M. McCullough
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico
| | - Leo Joseph
- Australian National Wildlife Collection CSIRO National Research Collections Australia Australian Capital Territory Canberra Australia
| | - Robert G. Moyle
- Biodiversity Institute, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas
| | - Michael J. Andersen
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico
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14
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Muscarella R, Bacon CD, Faurby S, Antonelli A, Kristiansen SM, Svenning JC, Balslev H. Soil fertility and flood regime are correlated with phylogenetic structure of Amazonian palm communities. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:641-655. [PMID: 30395146 PMCID: PMC6417467 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Identifying the processes that generate and maintain biodiversity requires understanding of how evolutionary processes interact with abiotic conditions to structure communities. Edaphic gradients are strongly associated with floristic patterns but, compared with climatic gradients, have received relatively little attention. We asked (1) How does the phylogenetic composition of palm communities vary along edaphic gradients within major habitat types? and (2) To what extent are phylogenetic patterns determined by (a) habitat specialists, (b) small versus large palms, and (c) hyperdiverse genera? METHODS We paired data on palm community composition from 501 transects of 0.25 ha located in two main habitat types (non-inundated uplands and seasonally inundated floodplains) in western Amazonian rain forests with information on soil chemistry, climate, phylogeny and metrics of plant size. We focused on exchangeable base concentration (cmol+ kg-1) as a metric of soil fertility and a floristic index of inundation intensity. We used a null model approach to quantify the standard effect size of mean phylogenetic distance for each transect (a metric of phylogenetic community composition) and related this value to edaphic variables using generalized linear mixed models, including a term for spatial autocorrelation. KEY RESULTS Overall, we recorded 112 008 individuals belonging to 110 species. Palm communities in non-inundated upland transects (but not floodplain transects) were more phylogenetically clustered in areas of low soil fertility, measured as exchangeable base concentration. In contrast, floodplain transects with more severe flood regimes (as inferred from floristic structure) tended to be phylogenetically clustered. Nearly half of the species recorded (44 %) were upland specialists while 18 % were floodplain specialists. In both habitat types, phylogenetic clustering was largely due to the co-occurrence of small-sized habitat specialists belonging to two hyperdiverse genera (Bactris and Geonoma). CONCLUSIONS Edaphic conditions are associated with the phylogenetic community structure of palms across western Amazonia, and different factors (specifically, soil fertility and inundation intensity) appear to underlie diversity patterns in non-inundated upland versus floodplain habitats. By linking edaphic gradients with palm community phylogenetic structure, our study reinforces the need to integrate edaphic conditions in eco-evolutionary studies in order to better understand the processes that generate and maintain tropical forest diversity. Our results suggest a role for edaphic niche conservatism in the evolution and distribution of Amazonian palms, a finding with potential relevance for other clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Muscarella
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christine D Bacon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Søren Faurby
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Balslev
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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15
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Pinto-Ledezma JN, Jahn AE, Cueto VR, Diniz-Filho JAF, Villalobos F. Drivers of Phylogenetic Assemblage Structure of the Furnariides, a Widespread Clade of Lowland Neotropical Birds. Am Nat 2018; 193:E41-E56. [PMID: 30720362 DOI: 10.1086/700696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Species co-occurrence in local assemblages is shaped by distinct processes at different spatial and temporal scales. Here we focus on historical explanations and examine the phylogenetic structure of local assemblages of the Furnariides clade (Aves: Passeriformes), assessing the influence of diversification rates on the assembly and species co-occurrence within those assemblages. Using 120 local assemblages across Bolivia and Argentina and a nearly complete phylogeny for the clade, we analyzed assemblage phylogenetic structure, applying a recently developed model (DAMOCLES, or dynamic assembly model of colonization, local extinction, and speciation) accounting for the historical processes of speciation, colonization, and local extinction. We also evaluated how diversification rates determine species co-occurrence. We found that the assembly of Furnariides assemblages can be explained largely by speciation, colonization, and local extinction without invoking current local species interactions. Phylogenetic structure of open habitat assemblages mainly showed clustering, characterized by faster rates of colonization and local extinction than in forest habitats, whereas forest habitat assemblages were congruent with the model's equal rates expectation, thus highlighting the influence of habitat preferences on assembly and co-occurrence patterns. Our results suggest that historical processes are sufficient to explain local assemblage phylogenetic structure, while there is little evidence for species ecological interactions in avian assemblage diversity and composition.
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16
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Spalink D, Kriebel R, Li P, Pace MC, Drew BT, Zaborsky JG, Rose J, Drummond CP, Feist MA, Alverson WS, Waller DM, Cameron KM, Givnish TJ, Sytsma KJ. Spatial phylogenetics reveals evolutionary constraints on the assembly of a large regional flora. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1938-1950. [PMID: 30408151 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY We used spatial phylogenetics to analyze the assembly of the Wisconsin flora, linking processes of dispersal and niche evolution to spatial patterns of floristic and phylogenetic diversity and testing whether phylogenetic niche conservatism can account for these patterns. METHODS We used digitized records and a new molecular phylogeny for 93% of vascular plants in Wisconsin to estimate spatial variation in species richness and phylogenetic α and β diversity in a native flora shaped mainly by postglacial dispersal and response to environmental gradients. We developed distribution models for all species and used these to infer fine-scale variation in potential diversity, phylogenetic distance, and interspecific range overlaps. We identified 11 bioregions based on floristic composition, mapped areas of neo- and paleo-endemism to establish new conservation priorities and predict how community-assembly patterns should shift with climatic change. KEY RESULTS Spatial phylogenetic turnover most strongly reflects differences in temperature and spatial distance. For all vascular plants, assemblages shift from phylogenetically clustered to overdispersed northward, contrary to most other studies. This pattern is lost for angiosperms alone, illustrating the importance of phylogenetic scale. CONCLUSIONS Species ranges and assemblage composition appear driven primarily by phylogenetic niche conservatism. Closely related species are ecologically similar and occupy similar territories. The average level and geographic structure of plant phylogenetic diversity within Wisconsin are expected to greatly decline over the next half century, while potential species richness will increase throughout the state. Our methods can be applied to allochthonous communities throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spalink
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53704, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, 2138 TAMU, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53704, USA
| | - Pan Li
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Matthew C Pace
- New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, New York, 10485
| | - Bryan T Drew
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska-Kearney, 2401 11th Avenue, Kearney, Nebraska, 68849, USA
| | - John G Zaborsky
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53704, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rose
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53704, USA
| | - Chloe P Drummond
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53704, USA
| | - Mary Ann Feist
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53704, USA
| | - William S Alverson
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53704, USA
| | - Donald M Waller
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53704, USA
| | - Kenneth M Cameron
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53704, USA
| | - Thomas J Givnish
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53704, USA
| | - Kenneth J Sytsma
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53704, USA
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17
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Remeš V, Harmáčková L. Disentangling direct and indirect effects of water availability, vegetation, and topography on avian diversity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15475. [PMID: 30341321 PMCID: PMC6195560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33671-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate is a major driver of species diversity. However, its effect can be either direct due to species physiological tolerances or indirect, whereby wetter climates facilitate more complex vegetation and consequently higher diversity due to greater resource availability. Yet, studies quantifying both direct and indirect effects of climate on multiple dimensions of diversity are rare. We used extensive data on species distributions, morphological and ecological traits, and vegetation across Australia to quantify both direct (water availability) and indirect (habitat diversity and canopy height) effects of climate on the species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD), and functional diversity (FD) of 536 species of birds. Path analyses revealed that SR increased with wetter climates through both direct and indirect effects, lending support for the influence of both physiological tolerance and vegetation complexity. However, residual PD and residual FD (adjusted for SR by null models) were poorly predicted by environmental conditions. Thus, the FD and PD of Australian birds mostly evolved in concert with SR, with the possible exception of the higher-than-expected accumulation of avian lineages in wetter and more productive areas in northern and eastern Australia (with high residual PD), permitted probably by older biome age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Remeš
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, 77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Harmáčková
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, 77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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18
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García-Navas V, Westerman M. Niche conservatism and phylogenetic clustering in a tribe of arid-adapted marsupial mice, the Sminthopsini. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1204-1215. [PMID: 29808505 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The progressive expansion of the Australian arid zone during the last 20 Ma appears to have spurred the diversification of several families of plants, vertebrates and invertebrates, yet such taxonomic groups appear to show limited niche radiation. Here, we test whether speciation is associated with niche conservatism (constraints on ecological divergence) or niche divergence in a tribe of marsupial mice (Sminthopsini; 23 taxa) that includes the most speciose genus of living dasyurids, the sminthopsins. To that end, we integrated phylogenetic data with ecological niche modelling, to enable us to reconstruct the evolution of climatic suitability within Sminthopsini. Niche overlap among species was low-moderate (but generally higher than expected given environmental background similarity), and the degree of phylogenetic clustering increased with aridity. Climatic niche reconstruction illustrates that there has been little apparent evolution of climatic tolerance within clades. Accordingly, climatic disparity tends to be accumulated among clades, suggesting considerable niche conservatism. Our results also indicate that evolution of climatic tolerances has been heterogeneous across different dimensions of climate (temperature vs. precipitation) and across phylogenetic clusters (Sminthopsis murina group vs. other groups). Although some results point to the existence of shifts in climatic niches during the speciation of sminthopsins, our study provides evidence for substantial phylogenetic niche conservatism in the group. We conclude that niche diversification had a low impact on the speciation of this tribe of small, but highly mobile marsupials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente García-Navas
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Michael Westerman
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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19
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García-Navas V, Rodríguez-Rey M, Marki PZ, Christidis L. Environmental determinism, and not interspecific competition, drives morphological variability in Australasian warblers (Acanthizidae). Ecol Evol 2018; 8:3871-3882. [PMID: 29721264 PMCID: PMC5916309 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Interspecific competition is thought to play a key role in determining the coexistence of closely related species within adaptive radiations. Competition for ecological resources can lead to different outcomes from character displacement to, ultimately, competitive exclusion. Accordingly, divergent natural selection should disfavor those species that are the most similar to their competitor in resource use, thereby increasing morphological disparity. Here, we examined ecomorphological variability within an Australo‐Papuan bird radiation, the Acanthizidae, which include both allopatric and sympatric complexes. In addition, we investigated whether morphological similarities between species are related to environmental factors at fine scale (foraging niche) and/or large scale (climate). Contrary to that predicted by the competition hypothesis, we did not find a significant correlation between the morphological similarities found between species and their degree of range overlap. Comparative modeling based on both a priori and data‐driven identification of selective regimes suggested that foraging niche is a poor predictor of morphological variability in acanthizids. By contrast, our results indicate that climatic conditions were an important factor in the formation of morphological variation. We found a significant negative correlation between species scores for PC1 (positively associated to tarsus length and tail length) and both temperature and precipitation, whereas PC2 (positively associated to bill length and wing length) correlated positively with precipitation. In addition, we found that species inhabiting the same region are closer to each other in morphospace than to species outside that region regardless of genus to which they belong or its foraging strategy. Our results indicate that the conservative body form of acanthizids is one that can work under a wide variety of environments (an all‐purpose morphology), and the observed interspecific similarity is probably driven by the common response to environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente García-Navas
- Department of Integrative Ecology Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC) Seville Spain
| | | | - Petter Z Marki
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark.,Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Les Christidis
- National Marine Science Centre Southern Cross University Lismore NSW Australia.,School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
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20
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García-Navas V, Rodríguez-Rey M. The Evolution of Climatic Niches and its Role in Shaping Diversity Patterns in Diprotodontid Marsupials. J MAMM EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-018-9435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Friedman NR, Harmáčková L, Economo EP, Remeš V. Smaller beaks for colder winters: Thermoregulation drives beak size evolution in Australasian songbirds. Evolution 2017; 71:2120-2129. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Friedman
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology; Palacký University; Tř. 17 listopadu 50 Olomouc 77900 Czech Republic
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University; 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Lenka Harmáčková
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology; Palacký University; Tř. 17 listopadu 50 Olomouc 77900 Czech Republic
| | - Evan P. Economo
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University; 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Vladimír Remeš
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology; Palacký University; Tř. 17 listopadu 50 Olomouc 77900 Czech Republic
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22
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Tucker CM, Cadotte MW, Carvalho SB, Davies TJ, Ferrier S, Fritz SA, Grenyer R, Helmus MR, Jin LS, Mooers AO, Pavoine S, Purschke O, Redding DW, Rosauer DF, Winter M, Mazel F. A guide to phylogenetic metrics for conservation, community ecology and macroecology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:698-715. [PMID: 26785932 PMCID: PMC5096690 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of phylogenies in ecology is increasingly common and has broadened our understanding of biological diversity. Ecological sub-disciplines, particularly conservation, community ecology and macroecology, all recognize the value of evolutionary relationships but the resulting development of phylogenetic approaches has led to a proliferation of phylogenetic diversity metrics. The use of many metrics across the sub-disciplines hampers potential meta-analyses, syntheses, and generalizations of existing results. Further, there is no guide for selecting the appropriate metric for a given question, and different metrics are frequently used to address similar questions. To improve the choice, application, and interpretation of phylo-diversity metrics, we organize existing metrics by expanding on a unifying framework for phylogenetic information. Generally, questions about phylogenetic relationships within or between assemblages tend to ask three types of question: how much; how different; or how regular? We show that these questions reflect three dimensions of a phylogenetic tree: richness, divergence, and regularity. We classify 70 existing phylo-diversity metrics based on their mathematical form within these three dimensions and identify 'anchor' representatives: for α-diversity metrics these are PD (Faith's phylogenetic diversity), MPD (mean pairwise distance), and VPD (variation of pairwise distances). By analysing mathematical formulae and using simulations, we use this framework to identify metrics that mix dimensions, and we provide a guide to choosing and using the most appropriate metrics. We show that metric choice requires connecting the research question with the correct dimension of the framework and that there are logical approaches to selecting and interpreting metrics. The guide outlined herein will help researchers navigate the current jungle of indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Tucker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ColoradoBox 334BoulderCO80309‐0334U.S.A.
| | - Marc W. Cadotte
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Toronto‐ScarboroughScarboroughM1C 1A4Canada
- Stake Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong, Higher Education Institutes, College of Ecology and EvolutionSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Silvia B. Carvalho
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto4485‐661VairãoPortugal
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalH3A 1B1Canada
- African Centre for DNA BarcodingUniversity of JohannesburgPO Box 524Johannesburg2006South Africa
| | - Simon Ferrier
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Climate Adaptation FlagshipGPO BOX 1600Canberra2601Australia
| | - Susanne A. Fritz
- Biodiversity & Climate Research Centre (BiK‐F) and Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung60325Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe University60438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Rich Grenyer
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QYU.K.
| | - Matthew R. Helmus
- Department of Ecological Sciences ‐ Animal EcologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
- Center for Biodiversity, Department of BiologyTemple UniversitySuite 502PhiladelphiaPA19122U.S.A.
| | - Lanna S. Jin
- Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoRoom 3055TorontoM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Arne O. Mooers
- Department of BiologySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyV5A 1S6Canada
| | - Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation Sciences (UMR 7204 CESCO)Museum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QYUK
| | - Oliver Purschke
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5eDE‐04103LeipzigGermany
- Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Institute of BiologyMartin Luther University, Halle‐WittenbergDE‐06108Halle (Saale)Germany
- Department of Computer ScienceMartin‐Luther‐University, Halle‐WittenbergDE‐06120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - David W. Redding
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTU.K.
| | - Dan F. Rosauer
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityActon2601Australia
| | - Marten Winter
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5eDE‐04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Florent Mazel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), CNRS ‐ Université Grenoble Alpes (UMR 5553)BP 5338041Grenoble Cedex 9France
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Price JJ, Griffith SC. Open cup nests evolved from roofed nests in the early passerines. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20162708. [PMID: 28148749 PMCID: PMC5310614 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The architectural diversity of nests in the passerine birds (order Passeriformes) is thought to have played an important role in the adaptive radiation of this group, which now comprises more than half of avian species and occupies nearly all terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we present an extensive survey and ancestral state reconstruction of nest design across the passerines, focusing on early Australian lineages and including members of nearly all passerine families worldwide. Most passerines build open cup-shaped nests, whereas a minority build more elaborate domed structures with roofs. We provide strong evidence that, despite their relative rarity today, domed nests were constructed by the common ancestor of all modern passerines. Open cup nests evolved from enclosed domes at least four times independently during early passerine evolution, at least three of which occurred on the Australian continent, yielding several primarily cup-nesting clades that are now widespread and numerically dominant among passerines. Our results show that the ubiquitous and relatively simple cup-shaped nests of many birds today evolved multiple times convergently, suggesting adaptive benefits over earlier roofed designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jordan Price
- Department of Biology, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, MD 20686, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Simon C Griffith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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24
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Miller ET, Wagner SK, Harmon LJ, Ricklefs RE. Radiating despite a Lack of Character: Ecological Divergence among Closely Related, Morphologically Similar Honeyeaters (Aves: Meliphagidae) Co-occurring in Arid Australian Environments. Am Nat 2016; 189:E14-E30. [PMID: 28107055 DOI: 10.1086/690008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the relationship between form and function can inform use of morphology as a surrogate for ecology. How the strength of this relationship varies continentally can inform understanding of evolutionary radiations; for example, does the relationship break down when certain lineages invade and diversify in novel habitats? The 75 species of Australian honeyeaters (Meliphagidae) are morphologically and ecologically diverse, with species feeding on nectar, insects, fruit, and other resources. We investigated Meliphagidae ecomorphology and community structure by (1) quantifying the concordance between morphology and ecology (foraging behavior), (2) estimating rates of trait evolution in relation to the packing of ecological space, and (3) comparing phylogenetic and trait community structure across the broad environmental gradients of the continent. We found that morphology explained 37% of the variance in ecology (and 62% vice versa), and we uncovered well-known bivariate relationships among the multivariate ecomorphological data. Ecological trait diversity declined less rapidly than phylogenetic diversity along a gradient of decreasing precipitation. We employ a new method (trait fields) and extend another (phylogenetic fields) to show that while species in phylogenetically clustered, arid-environment assemblages are similar morphologically, they are as varied in foraging behavior as those from more diverse assemblages. Thus, although closely related and similar morphologically, these arid-adapted species have diverged in ecological space to a similar degree as their mesic counterparts.
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25
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Patrick LE, Stevens RD. Phylogenetic community structure of North American desert bats: influence of environment at multiple spatial and taxonomic scales. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1118-30. [PMID: 27061399 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous processes influence community structure. The relative importance of these processes is thought to vary with spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales: density-dependent interactions are thought to be most important at small scales; at intermediate scales, environmental conditions may be the most influential factor; and biogeographic processes are thought to be of greater importance at larger scales. Additionally, the stress-dominance hypothesis suggests that communities experiencing harsher environmental conditions will be predominantly structured by habitat filtering, whereas communities experiencing more favourable conditions will be structured predominantly by density-dependent interactions such as competition. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of environmental factors on phylogenetic community structure (PCS) of North American desert bats at multiple spatial and taxonomic scales. We also examined whether the stress-dominance hypothesis is upheld in desert bats across an environmental gradient. Phylogenetic community structure metrics were calculated using species pools that differed in spatial (from all deserts to individual deserts) and taxonomic (all bat taxa, a single family and a single genus) scales. We calculated mean temperature, precipitation and seasonality for each site to determine whether environmental gradients were related to degree of community structure. At the largest spatial and taxonomic scales, communities were significantly phylogenetically clustered while degree of clustering decreased at the smallest spatial and taxonomic scales. Climatic data, particularly mean temperature and temperature seasonality, were important predictors of PCS at larger scales and under harsher conditions, but at smaller scales and in less stressful conditions there was a weaker relationship between PCS and climate. This suggests that North American deserts, while harsh, are not uniform in the challenges they present to the faunas residing in them. Overall, the relationship between PCS and climatic data at large spatial and taxonomic scales, and in harsher conditions, suggests the influence of habitat filtering has been important in North American desert bat community assembly and that other processes have been important at smaller scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorelei E Patrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Richard D Stevens
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Museum of Texas Tech University, 007D Goddard Hall, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
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26
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Lv X, Xia L, Ge D, Wu Y, Yang Q. Climatic niche conservatism and ecological opportunity in the explosive radiation of arvicoline rodents (Arvicolinae, Cricetidae). Evolution 2016; 70:1094-104. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lv
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 PR China
- College of Life Science; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Lin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 PR China
| | - Deyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 PR China
| | - Yongjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education); College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Qisen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 PR China
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27
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Functional diversity through the mean trait dissimilarity: resolving shortcomings with existing paradigms and algorithms. Oecologia 2016; 180:933-40. [PMID: 26796409 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
While an increasing number of indices for estimating the functional trait diversity of biological communities are being proposed, there is a growing demand by ecologists to clarify their actual implications and simplify index selection. Several key indices relate to mean trait dissimilarity between species within biological communities. Among them, the most widely used include (a) the mean species pairwise dissimilarity (MPD) and (b) the Rao quadratic entropy (and related indices). These indices are often regarded as redundant and promote the unsubstantiated yet widely held view that Rao is a form of MPD. Worryingly, existing R functions also do not always simplify the use and differentiation of these indices. In this paper, we show various distinctions between these two indices that warrant mathematical and biological consideration. We start by showing an existing form of MPD that considers species abundances and is different from Rao both mathematically and conceptually. We then show that the mathematical relationship between MPD and Rao can be presented simply as Rao = MPD × Simpson, where the Simpson diversity index is defined as 1 - dominance. We further show that this relationship is maintained for both species abundances and presence/absence. This evidence dismantles the paradigm that the Rao diversity is an abundance-weighted form of MPD and indicates that both indices can differ substantially at low species diversities. We discuss the different interpretations of trait diversity patterns in biological communities provided by Rao and MPD and then provide a simple R function, called "melodic," which avoids the unintended results that arise from existing mainstream functions.
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28
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Svenning JC, Eiserhardt WL, Normand S, Ordonez A, Sandel B. The Influence of Paleoclimate on Present-Day Patterns in Biodiversity and Ecosystems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | | | - Signe Normand
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Alejandro Ordonez
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
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29
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Honorio Coronado EN, Dexter KG, Pennington RT, Chave J, Lewis SL, Alexiades MN, Alvarez E, Alves de Oliveira A, Amaral IL, Araujo‐Murakami A, Arets EJMM, Aymard GA, Baraloto C, Bonal D, Brienen R, Cerón C, Cornejo Valverde F, Di Fiore A, Farfan‐Rios W, Feldpausch TR, Higuchi N, Huamantupa‐Chuquimaco I, Laurance SG, Laurance WF, López‐Gonzalez G, Marimon BS, Marimon‐Junior BH, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Neill D, Palacios Cuenca W, Peñuela Mora MC, Pitman NCA, Prieto A, Quesada CA, Ramirez Angulo H, Rudas A, Ruschel AR, Salinas Revilla N, Salomão RP, Segalin de Andrade A, Silman MR, Spironello W, Steege H, Terborgh J, Toledo M, Valenzuela Gamarra L, Vieira ICG, Vilanova Torre E, Vos V, Phillips OL. Phylogenetic diversity of Amazonian tree communities. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado
- School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana Apartado Postal 784 Iquitos Peru
| | - Kyle G. Dexter
- School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3JN UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh EH3 5LR UK
| | | | - Jérôme Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 31062 France
| | - Simon L. Lewis
- School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
- Department of Geography University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Miguel N. Alexiades
- School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Marlowe Building Canterbury CT1 3EH UK
| | - Esteban Alvarez
- Jardín Botánico de Medellín Calle 73N 51D, 14 Medellín Colombia
| | | | - Iêda L. Amaral
- Projeto TEAM Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia C.P. 478 Manaus Brazil
| | - Alejandro Araujo‐Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado & Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565 Santa Cruz Bolivia
| | - Eric J. M. M. Arets
- Alterra Wageningen University and Research Centre PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Gerardo A. Aymard
- UNELLEZ‐Guanare Programa del Agro y el Mar Herbario Universitario (PORT) Mesa de Cavacas Estado Portuguesa 3350 Venezuela
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane 97387 Kourou Cedex French Guiana
- International Center for Tropical Botany Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Damien Bonal
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UMR EEF INRA‐Université de Lorraine 54280 Champenoux France
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Carlos Cerón
- Herbario Alfredo Paredes Universidad Central del Ecuador Casilla 17‐01‐2177 Quito Ecuador
| | | | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology University of Texas 2201 Speedway Stop C3200 Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - William Farfan‐Rios
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Wake Forest University 1834 Wake Forest Rd. Winston‐Salem 27109 NC USA
| | - Ted R. Feldpausch
- Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter EX4 4RJ UK
| | - Niro Higuchi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia C.P. 478 Manaus AM 69011‐970 Brazil
| | | | - Susan G. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology James Cook University Cairns 4870 Qld Australia
| | - William F. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology James Cook University Cairns 4870 Qld Australia
| | | | - Beatriz S. Marimon
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso Caixa Postal 08 CEP 78.690‐000 Nova Xavantina Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon‐Junior
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso Caixa Postal 08 CEP 78.690‐000 Nova Xavantina Brazil
| | | | - David Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica Puyo Pastaza Ecuador
| | - Walter Palacios Cuenca
- Universidad Técnica del Norte & Herbario Nacional del Ecuador Casilla 17‐21‐1787, Av. Río Coca E6‐115 Quito Ecuador
| | | | - Nigel C. A. Pitman
- Center for Tropical Conservation Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
- Science and Education The Field Museum Chicago IL 60605‐2496 USA
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Carrera 30 N° 45‐03, Edificio 425 C.P. 111321 Bogotá Colombia
| | - Carlos A. Quesada
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia C.P. 478 Manaus AM 69011‐970 Brazil
| | - Hirma Ramirez Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales Universidad de Los Andes Conjunto Forestal C.P. 5101 Mérida Venezuela
| | - Agustín Rudas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Carrera 30 N° 45‐03, Edificio 425 C.P. 111321 Bogotá Colombia
| | - Ademir R. Ruschel
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Parque Estação Biológica ‐ PqEB s/n Brasilía Brazil
| | - Norma Salinas Revilla
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco Av. de la Cultura 733 Cusco Peru
- School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QK UK
| | - Rafael P. Salomão
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Av. Magalhães Barata, 376 ‐ São Braz CEP 66040‐170 Belem Brazil
| | | | - Miles R. Silman
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Wake Forest University 1834 Wake Forest Rd. Winston‐Salem 27109 NC USA
| | - Wilson Spironello
- Projeto TEAM Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia C.P. 478 Manaus Brazil
| | - Hans Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center PO Box, 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- Ecology & Biodiversity Group Utrecht University Sorbonnelaan 14 Utrecht 3584 CS The Netherlands
| | - John Terborgh
- Center for Tropical Conservation Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Marisol Toledo
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigacióon Forestal, C.P. 6201 & Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno Av. Irala 565 Santa Cruz Bolivia
| | | | - Ima C. G. Vieira
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Av. Magalhães Barata, 376 ‐ São Braz CEP 66040‐170 Belem Brazil
| | - Emilio Vilanova Torre
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales Universidad de Los Andes Conjunto Forestal C.P. 5101 Mérida Venezuela
| | - Vincent Vos
- Universidad Autónoma del Beni Av. Ejército Nacional, Riberalta Riberalta Bolivia
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