1
|
Sato C, Nendai N, Nagata N, Okuzaki Y, Ikeda H, Minamiya Y, Sota T. Origin and diversification of pheretimoid megascolecid earthworms in the Japanese Archipelago as revealed by mitogenomic phylogenetics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 182:107735. [PMID: 36805472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Megascolecid earthworms of the pheretimoid group are dominant detritivores of soil ecosystems in the Japanese Archipelago and East Asia. However, their diversity and phylogenetic relationships are poorly understood. We assembled whole mitogenome sequences for 197 megascolecid earthworms collected throughout Japan to study the phylogenetic relationships, phylogeography, divergence times, and diversification of important morphological characteristics among pheretimoid earthworms. Using 197 mitogenome sequences and 24 published mitogenome sequences from the East Asian mainland (221 sequences in total), we constructed a maximum likelihood tree and found that the pheretimoid earthworms currently assigned to Amynthas, Metaphire, Duplodicodrilus, and Manus are involved in the most senior genus Amynthas; thus, Amynthas can be treated as the sole genus encompassing all of the above genera. Within the Amynthas group, we identified three major lineages that led to four groups of endemic species in Japan. These lineages originated from different lineages on the East Asian mainland and Taiwan Island, indicating multiple colonization events from the East Asian mainland by different ancestral lineages, possibly after the Miocene. We also assembled nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences encompassing the 18S to 28S rRNA genes. The nuclear gene tree showed major groups consistent with the mitogenome tree except for different (and not well-resolved) relationships among major clades. Our molecular data covered 115-158 native and 7 non-native Amynthas group species in Japan in terms of DNA-based species delimitation. Our findings provide a basis for understanding the evolutionary relationships among diversified megascolecid earthworms in the Amynthas group in Japan and adjacent regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chika Sato
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Noriko Nendai
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nagata
- National Museum of Nature and Science, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - Yutaka Okuzaki
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | | | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nishimura T, Nagata N, Terada K, Xia T, Kubota K, Sota T, Takami Y. Reproductive character displacement in genital morphology in Ohomopterus ground beetles. Am Nat 2021; 199:E76-E90. [DOI: 10.1086/717864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
3
|
Chang CH, Bartz MLC, Brown G, Callaham MA, Cameron EK, Dávalos A, Dobson A, Görres JH, Herrick BM, Ikeda H, James SW, Johnston MR, McCay TS, McHugh D, Minamiya Y, Nouri-Aiin M, Novo M, Ortiz-Pachar J, Pinder RA, Ransom T, Richardson JB, Snyder BA, Szlavecz K. The second wave of earthworm invasions in North America: biology, environmental impacts, management and control of invasive jumping worms. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
4
|
Okuzaki Y. Effects of body size divergence on male mating tactics in the ground beetle Carabus japonicus. Evolution 2021; 75:2269-2285. [PMID: 34231214 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Animal body size is involved in reproduction in various ways. Carabus japonicus exhibits considerable variation in adult body size across geographical locations depending on the larval environment. To investigate the effects of body size divergence on male mating traits, spermatophore deposition and weight, copulation duration, and post-copulatory mounting were observed using male-female pairs from C. japonicus populations with different body sizes. Then, variables with high predictive power on the mating traits were identified from individual characteristics. When the male was slightly smaller than his mate, spermatophore deposition likely succeeded, suggesting that mechanical size-assortative insemination determined male body size. Although male reproductive organ size was positively correlated with male body size, spermatophore weight was not significantly affected by male body size, whereas copulation duration decreased with increasing male body size. Enlarged males, with a high capacity for spermatophore production, could increase paternity by decreasing copulation duration and increasing mating frequency. Such shifts in mating tactics would alter selection pressures of intra- and intersexual interactions (e.g., sperm competition and sexual conflict). Genital dimensions also affected mating traits other than copulatory duration. Thus, ecological heterogeneity has the potential to lead to divergences in sexual traits, such as genital morphology, through body size divergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Okuzaki
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hiura T, Yoshioka H, Matsunaga SN, Saito T, Kohyama TI, Kusumoto N, Uchiyama K, Suyama Y, Tsumura Y. Diversification of terpenoid emissions proposes a geographic structure based on climate and pathogen composition in Japanese cedar. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8307. [PMID: 33859305 PMCID: PMC8050256 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds emitted from plants are important constituents of atmospheric chemistry and play a major role in the resistance of plants against various environmental stresses. However, little is known about how abiotic and biotic environments on a geographic scale relate to diversifications of the emission. Here, we present variations of terpenes stored in and emitted from leaves of a single species in a common garden, using genetically differentiated local populations of Japanese cedar, the most dominant and widely distributed tree species in Japan. Furthermore, we determined the composition of fungal communities in 50 locations, based on the presence or absence of 158 fungal species inhabiting the cedar. The results showed that terpenoids, especially those that are emitted, were highly diversified and geographically structured among the 12 populations. The total amount of stored terpenes was negatively affected by warm and less-snow climates. On the other hand, variations in some emitted terpenoid species among the populations were correlated to antagonistic fungal species inhabiting the Japanese cedar. We propose that the diversification of composition and amount of stored and emitted terpenoids in the tree species is not only structured by climate, but also antagonistic fungal communities through biological interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutom Hiura
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Hayate Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0809, Japan
| | - Sou N Matsunaga
- R&D Center, Green Technology System Division, Taikisha Ltd, Aiko-Gun, 243-0308, Japan
| | - Takuya Saito
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuo I Kohyama
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0809, Japan
| | - Norihisa Kusumoto
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchiyama
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, 989-6711, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tsumura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Potapov AM, Klarner B, Sandmann D, Widyastuti R, Scheu S. Linking size spectrum, energy flux and trophic multifunctionality in soil food webs of tropical land-use systems. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1845-1859. [PMID: 31111468 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many ecosystem functions depend on the structure of food webs, which heavily relies on the body size spectrum of the community. Despite that, little is known on how the size spectrum of soil animals responds to agricultural practices in tropical land-use systems and how these responses affect ecosystem functioning. We studied land-use-induced changes in below-ground communities in tropical lowland ecosystems in Sumatra (Jambi province, Indonesia), a hot spot of tropical rainforest conversion into rubber and oil palm plantations. The study included ca. 30,000 measured individuals from 33 high-order taxa of meso- and macrofauna spanning eight orders of magnitude in body mass. Using individual body masses, we calculated the metabolism of trophic guilds and used food web models to calculate energy fluxes and infer ecosystem functions, such as decomposition, herbivory, primary and intraguild predation. Land-use change was associated with reduced abundance and taxonomic diversity of soil invertebrates, but strong increase in total biomass and moderate changes in total energy flux. These changes were due to increased biomass of large-sized decomposers in soil, in particular earthworms, with their share in community metabolism increasing from 11% in rainforest to 59%-76% in jungle rubber, and rubber and oil palm plantations. Decomposition, that is the energy flux to decomposers, stayed unchanged, but herbivory, primary and intraguild predation decreased by an order of magnitude in plantation systems. Intraguild predation was very important, being responsible for 38% of the energy flux in rainforest according to our model. Conversion of rainforest into monoculture plantations is associated by an uneven loss of size classes and trophic levels of soil invertebrates resulting in sequestration of energy in large-sized primary consumers and restricted flux of energy to higher trophic levels. Pronounced differences between rainforest and jungle rubber reflect sensitivity of rainforest soil animal communities to moderate land-use changes. Soil communities in plantation systems sustained high total energy flux despite reduced biodiversity. The high energy flux into large decomposers but low energy fluxes into other trophic guilds suggests that trophic multifunctionality of below-ground communities is compromised in plantation systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Potapov
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bernhard Klarner
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Sandmann
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rahayu Widyastuti
- Department of Soil Sciences and Land Resources, Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|