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Zhang Y, Ren J, Yang T, Xiong W, Qin L, An D, Hu F, Zhou D. Genetic and phenotypic analyses of PRRT2 positive and negative paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2024; 17:17562864231224110. [PMID: 38250317 PMCID: PMC10798112 DOI: 10.1177/17562864231224110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a rare neurological disorder, characterized by attacks of involuntary movements triggered by sudden action. Variants in proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) are the most common genetic cause of PKD. Objective The objective was to investigate the clinical and genetic characteristics of PKD and to establish genotype-phenotype correlations. Methods We enrolled 219 PKD patients, documented their clinical information and performed PRRT2 screening using Sanger sequencing. Whole exome sequencing was performed on 49 PKD probands without PRRT2 variants. Genotype-phenotype correlation analyses were conducted on the probands. Results Among 219 PKD patients (99 cases from 39 families and 120 sporadic cases), 16 PRRT2 variants were identified. Nine variants (c.879+4A>G, c.879+5G>A, c.856G>A, c.955G>T, c.884G>C, c.649C>T, c.649dupC, c.649delC and c.696_697delCA) were previously known, while seven were novel (c.367_403del, c.347_348delAA, c.835C>T, c.116dupC, c.837_838insC, c.916_937del and c.902G>A). The mean interval from onset to diagnosis was 7.94 years. Compared to patients without PRRT2 variants, patients with the variants were more likely to have a positive family history, an earlier age of onset and a higher prevalence of falls during pre-treatment attacks (27.14% versus 8.99%, respectively). Patients with truncated PRRT2 variants tend to have bilateral attacks. We identified two transmembrane protein 151A (TMEM151A) variants including a novel variant (c.368G>C) and a reported variant (c.203C>T) in two PRRT2-negative probands with PKD. Conclusion These findings provide insights on the clinical characteristics, diagnostic timeline and treatment response of PKD patients. PKD patients with truncated PRRT2 variants may tend to have more severe paroxysmal symptoms. This study expands the spectrum of PRRT2 and TMEM151A variants. Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are both used as a first-line treatment choice for PKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiechuan Ren
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhua Yang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weixi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linyuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongmei An
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fayun Hu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Ekmen A, Doulazmi M, Méneret A, Jegatheesan P, Hervé A, Damier P, Gras D, Roubertie A, Piard J, Mutez E, Tarrano C, Welniarz Q, Vidailhet M, Worbe Y, Gallea C, Roze E. Non-Motor Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with PRRT2-Related Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:1082-1089. [PMID: 37476308 PMCID: PMC10354617 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Monoallelic pathogenic variants of PRRT2 often result in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD). Little is known about health-related quality of life (HrQoL), non-motor manifestations, self-esteem, and stigma in patients with PKD. Objectives We investigated non-motor symptoms and how they related to HrQoL in a genetically homogeneous group of PRRT2-PKD patients. We paid special attention to perceived stigmatization and self-esteem. Methods We prospectively enrolled 21 consecutive PKD patients with a pathogenic variant of PRRT2, and 21 healthy controls matched for age and sex. They were evaluated with dedicated standardized tests for non-motor symptoms, HrQoL, anxiety, depression, stigma, self-esteem, sleep, fatigue, pain, and psychological well-being. Results Patients reported an alteration of the physical aspects of HrQoL, regardless of the presence of residual paroxysmal episodes. Non-motor manifestations were frequent, and were an important determinant of the alteration of HrQoL. In addition, patients perceived a higher level of stigmatization which positively correlated with a delay in diagnosis (ρ = 0.615, P = 0.003) and the fear of being judged (ρ = 0.452, P = 0.04), but not with the presence of paroxysmal episodes (ρ = 0.203, P = 0.379). Conclusions Our findings have important implications for care givers concerning patient management and medical education about paroxysmal dyskinesia. PRRT2-PKD patients should be screened for non-motor disorders in routine care. A long history of misdiagnosis may play a role in the high level of perceived stigmatization. Improving knowledge about diagnostic clues suggestive of PKD is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asya Ekmen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris Brain InstituteParisFrance
- APHP Hôpital de La Pitié Salpetriêre et Saint‐AntoineParisFrance
| | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- Sorbonne University, Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement (UMR8256), Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Aurélie Méneret
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris Brain InstituteParisFrance
- APHP Hôpital de La Pitié Salpetriêre et Saint‐AntoineParisFrance
| | - Prasanthi Jegatheesan
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris Brain InstituteParisFrance
- APHP Hôpital de La Pitié Salpetriêre et Saint‐AntoineParisFrance
| | - Anais Hervé
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris Brain InstituteParisFrance
| | | | - Domitille Gras
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris Brain InstituteParisFrance
| | - Agathe Roubertie
- Département NeuropédiatrieINM, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CHU MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Juliette Piard
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, CHUBesançonFrance
- INSERM UMR1231, Génétique des Anomalies du DéveloppementUniversité de BourgogneDijonFrance
| | - Eugenie Mutez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172—LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and CognitionLilleFrance
| | - Clément Tarrano
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris Brain InstituteParisFrance
- APHP Hôpital de La Pitié Salpetriêre et Saint‐AntoineParisFrance
| | - Quentin Welniarz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris Brain InstituteParisFrance
- APHP Hôpital de La Pitié Salpetriêre et Saint‐AntoineParisFrance
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris Brain InstituteParisFrance
- APHP Hôpital de La Pitié Salpetriêre et Saint‐AntoineParisFrance
| | - Yulia Worbe
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris Brain InstituteParisFrance
- APHP Hôpital de La Pitié Salpetriêre et Saint‐AntoineParisFrance
| | - Cécile Gallea
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris Brain InstituteParisFrance
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris Brain InstituteParisFrance
- APHP Hôpital de La Pitié Salpetriêre et Saint‐AntoineParisFrance
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Clinical and genetic analyses of 150 patients with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. J Neurol 2022; 269:4717-4728. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Zhao Q, Hu Y, Liu Z, Fang S, Zheng F, Wang X, Li F, Li X, Lin Z. PRRT2 variants and effectiveness of various antiepileptic drugs in self-limited familial infantile epilepsy. Seizure 2021; 91:360-368. [PMID: 34298454 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Self-limited familial infantile epilepsy (SFIE) is largely associated with variants in proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2). However, the detailed phenotype-genotype correlations are unclear, along with the efficacy of various antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of this epilepsy syndrome. In this study, we analysed the PRRT2 variants associated with SFIE in Chinese patients, and the efficacy of different antiepileptic drugs prescribed during follow-up. METHODS We retrospectively included 20 patients diagnosed with SFIE and reviewed their clinical characteristics, genetic variants, and treatment responses. RESULTS Eighteen of the 20 (90%) patients harboured the common heterozygous variant of PRRT2 c.649dupC p.(Arg217fs). One patient had two heterozygous variants of PRRT2, c.640G>C p.(Ala214Pro) and c.955G>T p.(Val319Leu), and the other patient harboured a novel c.606delA (p.Pro203Hisfs) variant. Nine patients who had first-line treatment of oxcarbazepine (OXC) became seizure-free. However, initial treatment with levetiracetam (LEV) or sodium valproate (VPA) in eight and three patients, respectively, was not effective even after increasing the dosage, and seizure-free status was only achieved after changing the treatment to OXC. The treatment responses suggested a significant difference (P < 0.001) between OXC and other anti-epileptic drugs. CONCLUSION OXC as a sodium channel blocker may have a better effect than LEV and VPA in the treatment of PRRT2-associated SFIE. PRRT2 variants may be used as a biomarker to help select antiepileptic drugs for SFIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlei Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pediatric, The First People's Hospital of Aksu District, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Fang
- Department of Pediatric, The First People's Hospital of Aksu District, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Feixia Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiucui Li
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhongdong Lin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Miura S, Shimojo T, Morikawa T, Kamada T, Uchiyama Y, Kurata S, Fujioka R, Shibata H. Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with a novel missense variant (Arg2866Trp) in NBEA. J Hum Genet 2021; 66:805-811. [PMID: 33692494 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a movement disorder characterized by episodic involuntary movement attacks triggered by sudden movements, acceleration, or intention to move. We ascertained two Japanese familial cases with PKD. The proband is a 22-year-old woman who had noted sudden brief (<30 s) of involuntary movements provoked by kinesigenic trigger such as starting to run, getting on a train, picking up a telephone receiver and so on at the age of 14. Interictal brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) showed hyperperfusion in the left thalamus. A 46-year-old woman, the mother of the proband was also suffering from brief attacks triggered by starting to run in her high school days. On neurological examination, both showed no abnormality. Whole exome sequencing combined with rigorous filtering revealed two heterozygous nonsynonymous variants (NM_001447: c.8976G > C [p.Gln2992His] in FAT2 and NM_015678: c.8596C > T [p.Arg2866Trp] in NBEA). Real time quantitative PCR analysis of Nbea mRNA levels in the developing rat brain revealed peak at postnatal day 28 and decline at postnatal day 56. This result might match the most common clinical course of PKD from the point of view of the most common age at remission. NBEA has been reported to be responsible for neurodevelopmental disease accompanied by epilepsy. We concluded the variant in NBEA most likely to be responsible for our familial cases of PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiroh Miura
- Department of Neurology and Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, 791-0295, Japan.,Division of Genomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Shimojo
- Division of Genomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takuya Morikawa
- Division of Genomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamada
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, 814-0001, Japan
| | - Yusuke Uchiyama
- Department of Radiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Seiji Kurata
- Department of Radiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ryuta Fujioka
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Beppu University Junior College, Beppu, 874-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shibata
- Division of Genomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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6
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Luo HY, Xie LL, Hong SQ, Li XJ, Li M, Hu Y, Ma JN, Wu P, Zhong M, Cheng M, Li TS, Jiang L. The Genotype and Phenotype of Proline-Rich Transmembrane Protein 2 Associated Disorders in Chinese Children. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:676616. [PMID: 34041212 PMCID: PMC8141857 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.676616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To study the genetic and clinical characteristics of Chinese children with pathogenic proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) gene-associated disorders. Methods: Targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify pathogenic PRRT2 variations in Chinese children with epilepsy and/or kinesigenic dyskinesia. Patients with confirmed PRRT2-associated disorders were monitored and their clinical data were analyzed. Results: Forty-four patients with pathogenic PRRT2 variants were recruited. Thirty-five of them (79.5%) had heterozygous mutations, including 30 frameshifts, three missenses, one nonsense, and one splice site variant. The c.649dupC was the most common variant (56.8%). Eight patients (18.2%) showed whole gene deletions, and one patient (2.3%) had 16p11.2 microdeletion. Thirty-four cases (97.1%) were inherited and one case (2.9%) was de novo. Forty patients were diagnosed with benign familial infantile epilepsy (BFIE), two patients had paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) and two had infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis (ICCA). Patients with whole gene deletions had a later remission than patients with heterozygous mutations (13.9 vs. 7.1 months, P = 0.001). Forty-two patients were treated with antiseizure medications (ASMs). At last follow-up, 35 patients, including one who did not receive therapy, were asymptomatic, and one patient without ASMs died of status epilepticus at 12 months of age. One patient developed autism, and one patient showed mild developmental delay/intellectual disability. Conclusion: Our data suggested that patients with whole gene deletions could have more severe manifestations in PRRT2-associated disorders. Conventional ASMs, especially Oxcarbazepine, showed a good treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Luo
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling-Ling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Si-Qi Hong
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Li
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Nan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Song Li
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
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7
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PRRT2 mutations in Japanese patients with benign infantile epilepsy and paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. Seizure 2019; 71:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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8
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Tian WT, Huang XJ, Mao X, Liu Q, Liu XL, Zeng S, Guo XN, Shen JY, Xu YQ, Tang HD, Yin XM, Zhang M, Tang WG, Liu XR, Tang BS, Chen SD, Cao L. Proline-rich transmembrane protein 2-negative paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: Clinical and genetic analyses of 163 patients. Mov Disord 2018; 33:459-467. [PMID: 29356177 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is the most common type of paroxysmal dyskinesia. Approximately half of the cases of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia worldwide are attributable to proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 mutations. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate potential causative genes and clinical characteristics in proline-rich transmembrane protein 2-negative patients with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. METHODS We analyzed clinical manifestations and performed exome sequencing in a cohort of 163 proline-rich transmembrane protein 2-negative probands, followed by filtering data with a paroxysmal movement disorders gene panel. Sanger sequencing, segregation analysis, and phenotypic reevaluation were used to substantiate the findings. RESULTS The clinical characteristics of the enrolled 163 probands were summarized. A total of 39 heterozygous variants were identified, of which 33 were classified as benign, likely benign, and uncertain significance. The remaining 6 variants (3 novel, 3 documented) were pathogenic and likely pathogenic. Of these, 3 were de novo (potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M alpha 1, c.1534A>G; solute carrier family 2 member 1, c.418G>A; sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 8, c.3640G>A) in 3 sporadic individuals, respectively. The other 3 (paroxysmal nonkinesiogenic dyskinesia protein, c.956dupA; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1, c.765C>A; Dishevelled, Egl-10, and Pleckstrin domain containing 5, c.3311C>T) cosegregated in 3 families. All 6 cases presented with typical paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia characteristics, except for the Dishevelled, Egl-10, and Pleckstrin domain containing 5 family, where the proband's mother had abnormal discharges in her temporal lobes in addition to paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia episodes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings extend the genotypic spectrum of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and establish the associations between paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and genes classically related to other paroxysmal movement disorders. De novo variants might be a cause of sporadic paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wo-Tu Tian
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Mao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xia-Nan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Yi Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Qi Xu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Dong Tang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Yin
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wei-Guo Tang
- Department of Neurology, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Zhao G, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wang K. PRRT2 mutations in a cohort of Chinese families with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and genotype-phenotype correlation reanalysis in literatures. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:751-760. [PMID: 29285950 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1418345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Though rare, children are susceptible to paroxysmal dyskinesias such as paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, and infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis. Recent studies showed that the cause of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia or infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis could be proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) gene mutations. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study analysed PRRT2 gene mutations in 51 families with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia or infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis by direct sequencing. In particular, we characterize the genotype-phenotype correlation between age at onset and the types of PRRT2 mutations in all published cases. RESULTS Direct sequencing showed that 12 out of the 51 families had three different pathogenic mutations (c.649dupC, c.776dupG, c.649C>T) in the PRRT2 gene. No significant difference of age at onset between the patients with and without PRRT2 mutations was found in this cohort of patients. A total of 97 different PRRT2 mutations have been reported in 87 studies till now. The PRRT2 mutation classes are wide, and most mutations are frameshift mutations but the most common mutation remains c.649dupC. Comparisons of the age at onset in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia or infantile convulsions patients with different types of mutations showed no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS This study expands the clinical and genetic spectrums of Chinese patients with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis. No clear genotype-phenotype correlation between the age at onset and the types of mutations has been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhao
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- b Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital , Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- c Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang Wang
- d Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Wang HX, Li HF, Liu GL, Wen XD, Wu ZY. Mutation Analysis of MR-1, SLC2A1, and CLCN1 in 28 PRRT2-negative Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia Patients. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:1017-21. [PMID: 27098784 PMCID: PMC4852666 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.180529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is the most common subtype of paroxysmal dyskinesias and is caused by mutations in PRRT2 gene. The majority of familial PKD was identified to harbor PRRT2 mutations. However, over two-third of sporadic PKD patients did not carry anyPRRT2 mutation, suggesting an existence of additional genetic mutations or possible misdiagnosis due to clinical overlap. METHODS A cohort of 28 Chinese patients clinically diagnosed with sporadic PKD and excluded PRRT2 mutations were recruited. Clinical features were evaluated, and all subjects were screened for MR-1, SLC2A1, and CLCN1 genes, which are the causative genes of paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD), paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia, and myotonia congenita (MC), respectively. In addition, 200 genetically matched healthy individuals were recruited as controls. RESULTS A total of 16 genetic variants including 4 in MR-1 gene, 8 in SLC2A1 gene, and 4 in CLCN1 gene were detected. Among them, SLC2A1 c.363G>A mutation was detected in one case, and CLCN1 c.1205C>T mutation was detected in other two cases. Neither of them was found in 200 controls as well as 1000 Genomes database and ExAC database. Both mutations were predicted to be pathogenic by SIFT and PolyPhen2. The SLC2A1 c.363G>A mutation was novel. CONCLUSIONS The phenotypic overlap may lead to the difficulty in distinguishing PKD from PNKD and MC. For those PRRT2- negative PKD cases, screening of SLC2A1 and CLCN1 genes are useful in confirming the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040; Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
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11
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Méneret A, Roze E. Paroxysmal movement disorders: An update. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2016; 172:433-445. [PMID: 27567459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Paroxysmal movement disorders comprise both paroxysmal dyskinesia, characterized by attacks of dystonic and/or choreic movements, and episodic ataxia, defined by attacks of cerebellar ataxia. They may be primary (familial or sporadic) or secondary to an underlying cause. They can be classified according to their phenomenology (kinesigenic, non-kinesigenic or exercise-induced) or their genetic cause. The main genes involved in primary paroxysmal movement disorders include PRRT2, PNKD, SLC2A1, ATP1A3, GCH1, PARK2, ADCY5, CACNA1A and KCNA1. Many cases remain genetically undiagnosed, thereby suggesting that additional culprit genes remain to be discovered. The present report is a general overview that aims to help clinicians diagnose and treat patients with paroxysmal movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Méneret
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University Group, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, 75013 Paris, France
| | - E Roze
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University Group, UPMC University Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Neurology, 75013 Paris, France.
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12
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Liu XR, Huang D, Wang J, Wang YF, Sun H, Tang B, Li W, Lai JX, He N, Wu M, Su T, Meng H, Shi YW, Li BM, Tang BS, Liao WP. Paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia is associated with mutations in the PRRT2 gene. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2016; 2:e66. [PMID: 27123484 PMCID: PMC4830198 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the potential causative genes of paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia (PHD), which was initially considered a subtype of paroxysmal dyskinesia and has been recently considered a form of nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE). Methods: Eleven patients with PHD were recruited. Mutations in proline-rich region transmembrane protein-2 (PRRT2), myofibrillogenesis regulator 1 (MR-1), solute carrier family 2, member 1 (SLC2A1), calcium-activated potassium channel alpha subunit (KCNMA1), cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 4 (CHRNA4), cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, beta 2 (CHRNB2), cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 2 (CHRNA2), and potassium channel subfamily T member 1 (KCNT1) were screened by direct sequencing. Results: Two PRRT2 mutations were identified in patients with typical PHD. A mutation of c.649dupC (p.Arg217ProfsX8) was identified in a patient with PHD and his father who was diagnosed with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. An additional mutation of c.640G>C (p.Ala214Pro) was identified in a sporadic patient and his asymptomatic mother. No mutations were found in the other screened genes. Conclusions: The present study identified PRRT2 mutations in PHD, extending the phenotypic spectrum of PRRT2 and supporting the classification of PHD as a subtype of paroxysmal dyskinesia but not NFLE. Based on the results of this study, screening for the PRRT2 mutation is recommended in patients with PHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-Fan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin-Xing Lai
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Na He
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Su
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Heng Meng
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-Wu Shi
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bing-Mei Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei-Ping Liao
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China (X.-R.L., D.H., J.W., Y.-F.W., H.S., B.T., W.L., J.-X.L., N.H., M.W., T.S., H.M., Y.-W.S., B.-M.L., W.-P.L.), Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Saffari A, Westenberger A, Klein C. The evolving spectrum ofPRRT2-associated paroxysmal diseases. Brain 2015; 138:3476-95. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- A H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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Termsarasab P, Yang AC, Reiner J, Mei H, Scott SA, Frucht SJ. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia caused by 16p11.2 microdeletion. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 4:274. [PMID: 25667815 PMCID: PMC4303604 DOI: 10.7916/d8n58k0q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four cases of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) have been reported in individuals with proximal 16p11.2 microdeletions that include PRRT2. CASE REPORT We describe a fifth patient with PKD, features of Asperger's syndrome, and mild language delays. Sanger sequencing of the PRRT2 gene did not identify any mutations implicated in PKD. However, microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) detected a 533.9-kb deletion on chromosome 16, encompassing over 20 genes and transcripts. DISCUSSION This case underscores the importance of aCGH testing for individuals with PKD who do not have PRRT2 mutations, particularly when developmental delays, speech problems, intellectual disability, and/or autism spectrum disorder are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichet Termsarasab
- Movement Disorder Division, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy C Yang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Reiner
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hui Mei
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart A Scott
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven J Frucht
- Movement Disorder Division, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Erro R, Sheerin UM, Bhatia KP. Paroxysmal dyskinesias revisited: a review of 500 genetically proven cases and a new classification. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1108-16. [PMID: 24963779 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of conditions manifesting as episodic dyskinesia with sudden onset and lasting a variable duration. Based on the difference of precipitating factors, three forms are clearly recognized, namely, paroxysmal kinesigenic (PKD), non-kinesigenic (PNKD), and exercise induced (PED). The elucidation of the genetic cause of various forms of paroxysmal dyskinesia has led to better clinical definitions based on genotype-phenotype correlations in the familial forms. However, it has been increasingly recognized that (1) there is a marked pleiotropy of mutations in such genes with still expanding clinical spectra; and (2) not all patients clinically presenting with either PKD, PNKD, or PED have mutations in these genes. We aimed to review the clinical features of 500 genetically proven cases published to date. Based on our results, it is clear that there is not a complete phenotypic-genotypic correlation, and therefore we suggest an algorithm to lead the genetic analyses. Given the fact that the reliability of current clinical categorization is not entirely valid, we further propose a novel classification for paroxysmal dyskinesias, which takes into account the recent genetic discoveries in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Erro
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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Mao CY, Shi CH, Song B, Wu J, Ji Y, Qin J, Li YS, Wang JJ, Shang DD, Sun SL, Xu YM. Genotype–phenotype correlation in a cohort of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia cases. J Neurol Sci 2014; 340:91-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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