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Guerra-Pacheco MM, Ramos-Howell AA, Newball-Noriega EE, Morales-García W, Huancahuire-Vega S. Problematic use of the internet as a predictor of oral health-related quality of life: the mediating role of lifestyles in Peruvian schoolchildren. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:930. [PMID: 39127613 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pervasiveness of the Internet in everyday life, especially among young people, has raised concerns about its effects on mental health, education, and, recently, oral health. Previous research has suggested a complex relationship between Problematic Internet Use (PIU), lifestyles, and oral health-related quality of life, highlighting the need to examine these interactions further. This study seeks to explore the PIU as a predictor of oral health-related quality of life and examine the mediating role of lifestyles between both in a sample of Peruvian schoolchildren. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out with 293 Peruvian students aged 12 to 17 years (M = 14.42, SD = 1.5), using structural equations to analyze the relationship between PIU, lifestyles, and quality of life related to oral health. The data collection procedure was through a face-to-face survey. Validated instruments measured PIU, lifestyles, and oral health-related quality of life. The study's theoretical model was analyzed through structural equation modeling with the MLR estimator. The fit assessment was performed using the comparative fit index (CFI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR). RESULTS They indicated significant correlations between PIU, lifestyles, and oral health-related quality of life. A negative influence of PIU on lifestyles (β = -0.30, p < .001) and on oral health-related quality of life (β = -0.35, p < .001) was observed, as well as a positive relationship between PIU and oral health-related quality of life (β = 0.29, p < .001). The mediation of lifestyles was statistically significant, suggesting that they mediate the relationship between PIU and oral health-related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS The study confirms that PIU can negatively affect adolescents' oral health-related quality of life, mediated by unhealthy lifestyles. It underlines the importance of promoting balanced Internet use and healthy lifestyles among young people to improve their oral well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian M Guerra-Pacheco
- Public Health Unit, Graduate School, Universidad Peruana Unión (UPeU), Carretera Central Km 19, Ñaña, Lima, 15, Peru
| | - Adam A Ramos-Howell
- Public Health Unit, Graduate School, Universidad Peruana Unión (UPeU), Carretera Central Km 19, Ñaña, Lima, 15, Peru
| | - Edda E Newball-Noriega
- Public Health Unit, Graduate School, Universidad Peruana Unión (UPeU), Carretera Central Km 19, Ñaña, Lima, 15, Peru.
| | - Wilter Morales-García
- Public Health Unit, Graduate School, Universidad Peruana Unión (UPeU), Carretera Central Km 19, Ñaña, Lima, 15, Peru
- General Directorate of Research, Universidad Peruana Unión (UPeU), Lima, Peru
| | - Salomon Huancahuire-Vega
- General Directorate of Research, Universidad Peruana Unión (UPeU), Lima, Peru
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana Unión (UPeU), Lima, Peru
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Cui Z, Wang W, Si Y, Wang X, Feng X, Tai B, Hu D, Lin H, Wang B, Wang C, Zheng S, Liu X, Rong W, Wang W. Tooth brushing with fluoridated toothpaste and associated factors among Chinese adolescents: a nationwide cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:765. [PMID: 37853352 PMCID: PMC10585760 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tooth brushing with fluoridated toothpaste has become the most important way to provide the anti-caries effect of fluoride around the world. China has promoted the use of fluoridated toothpaste since 1989. However, there are few studies on the national profile of use of fluoridated toothpaste and related factors in Chinese adolescents. We carried out this study to investigate oral hygiene behaviours, especially the status of tooth brushing with fluoridated toothpaste and its correlates among adolescents, based on data from the latest Nation Oral Health Survey in mainland China. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited 118,601 participants aged 12-15 years using multistage stratified sampling. Questionnaires were completed by students at school. Data employed in analyses were extracted from the questionnaire, including information on tooth brushing, fluoridated toothpaste, dental floss, sociodemographic factors, fluoride knowledge and attitude towards regular dental check-ups. A binary logistic regression was performed to compute the odds ratios (OR). Tooth brushing twice daily with fluoridated toothpaste was the dependent variable. Sociodemographic factors, fluoride knowledge, attitude towards regular dental check-ups, dental visit experience and perceived oral health were the independent variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 32.6% of participants brushed their teeth twice daily, 7.4% used fluoridated toothpaste, and 3.9% cleaned their teeth twice daily with fluoridated toothpaste. The logistic regression showed the probability of twice-a-day tooth brushing with fluoridated toothpaste was higher among these groups: females (OR: 1.141; 95%CI: 1.072-1.214), 15-year-olds (OR: 1.786; 95%CI: 1.634-1.952), from urban areas (OR: 1.389; 95%CI: 1.288-1.497), without siblings (OR: 1.351; 95%CI: 1.259-1.450), with an educated father (OR: 1. 605; 95%CI: 1.442-1.788) and mother (OR: 1.706; 95%CI: 1.530-1.903), having dental visit experiences (OR: 1.702; 95%CI: 1.589-1.823), rating one's oral health as good (OR: 2.341; 95%CI: 2.083-2.631), having fluoride knowledge (OR: 4.345; 95%CI: 4.034-4.678) and having a positive attitude towards regular dental check-ups (OR: 1.589; 95%CI: 1.460-1.729). CONCLUSIONS The oral hygiene behaviours of Chinese adolescents were undesirable. Twice daily tooth brushing with fluoridated toothpaste was significantly associated with sociodemographic factors, fluoride knowledge, and attitudes towards regular dental check-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Cui
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Si
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China.
| | - Xing Wang
- Chinese Stomatological Association, Beijing, China
| | - Xiping Feng
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baojun Tai
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huancai Lin
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Chinese Stomatological Association, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Xuenan Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Rong
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Weijian Wang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
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Lawal FB, Fagbule OF, Akinloye S, Lawal TA, Oke GA. Impact of oral hygiene habits on oral health-related quality of life of in-school adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:979674. [PMID: 36338573 PMCID: PMC9632948 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.979674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent evidence has shown that the prevalence of periodontal diseases is still high among adolescents and, thus, there is an impetus to promote good oral hygiene habits among them through schools. There is a need to provide baseline data on the oral hygiene habits of adolescents and how it impacts their oral health-related quality of life for appropriate intervention to be instituted. Moreover, oral health-related quality of life describes how oral health affects the daily activities of individuals; thus, it provides a holistic means of involving individuals in making decisions about their oral health including uptake of oral hygiene habits. Aim To assess the impact of oral hygiene habits on adolescents' oral health-related quality of life. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,800 adolescents aged 14–18 years attending 36 Senior Secondary Schools in the metropolis of Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire, which assessed students' sociodemographic characteristics, oral hygiene habits, and oral health-related quality of life with COHIP-SF19. Data obtained was analyzed with SPSS version 25 and the p-value was set at <5%. Results The mean age of the adolescents was 15.16 (±1.16) years. Many 1,094 (60.3%) cleaned their teeth twice or more often daily with 126 (7.0%) cleaning after meals and 1,519 (84.4%) changing their tooth cleaning agent at three months intervals or less. About 1,215 (67.5%) spent three minutes or longer in cleaning their teeth. Only a few 238 (13.2%) cleaned interdentally and 137 (7.6%) used dental floss. The OHRQoL scores of the adolescents ranged from 9–76. A total of 1,612 (93.5%) had at least an impact on their OHRQoL. Those who cleaned their teeth more frequently (twice or more) were more likely to have better OHRQoL (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1–2.4, p = 0.025) and those who did not clean interdentally were more likely to have better OHRQoL (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.2–6.5, p = 0.014) than others. Conclusion The oral hygiene habits of the adolescents were suboptimal and those who cleaned their teeth twice or more often each day had fewer impacts on their OHRQoL, whereas those who engaged in interdental cleaning had higher impacts on their OHRQoL than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folake Barakat Lawal
- Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
- Correspondence: F.B. Lawal
| | - Omotayo Francis Fagbule
- Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Seyi John Akinloye
- Department of Oral Pathology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo Akeem Lawal
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Gbemisola Aderemi Oke
- Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Acuña-González GR, Casanova-Sarmiento JA, Islas-Granillo H, Márquez-Rodríguez S, Benítez-Valladares D, Mendoza-Rodríguez M, de la Rosa-Santillana R, Navarrete-Hernández JDJ, Medina-Solís CE, Maupomé G. Socioeconomic Inequalities and Toothbrushing Frequency among Schoolchildren Aged 6 to 12 Years in a Multi-Site Study of Mexican Cities: A Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:1069. [PMID: 35884053 PMCID: PMC9321228 DOI: 10.3390/children9071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Periodic toothbrushing is the most common, effective, and reliable way to mechanically remove biofilm from oral tissues. The objective of the present study was to determine the association between toothbrushing frequency and socioeconomic position for schoolchildren between 6 and 12 years of age in four cities in Mexico. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 Mexican schoolchildren between 6 and 12 years of age from public schools in four Mexican cities. Questionnaires were administered to the parents/guardians of the schoolchildren to obtain the variables included in the study. The dependent variable was toothbrushing frequency, dichotomized as: 0 = less than twice a day and 1 = at least twice a day. The analysis was performed in Stata. The average age of the schoolchildren was 8.9 ± 1.9 years; 50.4% were female. The prevalence of toothbrushing was 52.8% (at least twice a day) (95% CI = 48.4−57.1). In the multivariate model, the variables associated (p < 0.05) with toothbrushing frequency were older age of the schoolchild (OR = 1.14); younger age of the mother (OR = 0.93); being a girl (OR = 1.70); being enrolled in Seguro Popular (OR = 0.69); being in a household that was owned (OR = 2.43); and being a schoolchild who lived in a home that owned a car (OR = 1.31). The prevalence of toothbrushing at least twice a day was just over 50% in these Mexican children. We found demographic and socioeconomic variables to be associated with toothbrushing. Based on socioeconomic variables that were associated with toothbrushing frequency—such as health insurance, home ownership and the household owning a car—the results of the present study confirm the existence of health inequalities in toothbrushing frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Alejandro Casanova-Sarmiento
- School of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Campeche, Campeche 24039, Mexico; (G.R.A.-G.); (J.A.C.-S.)
- Dentistry Department, Campus Campeche, Vizcaya of the Americas University, Campeche 24099, Mexico
| | - Horacio Islas-Granillo
- Academic Area of Dentistry, Health Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42160, Mexico; (H.I.-G.); (S.M.-R.); (M.M.-R.); (R.d.l.R.-S.); (J.d.J.N.-H.)
| | - Sonia Márquez-Rodríguez
- Academic Area of Dentistry, Health Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42160, Mexico; (H.I.-G.); (S.M.-R.); (M.M.-R.); (R.d.l.R.-S.); (J.d.J.N.-H.)
| | | | - Martha Mendoza-Rodríguez
- Academic Area of Dentistry, Health Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42160, Mexico; (H.I.-G.); (S.M.-R.); (M.M.-R.); (R.d.l.R.-S.); (J.d.J.N.-H.)
| | - Rubén de la Rosa-Santillana
- Academic Area of Dentistry, Health Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42160, Mexico; (H.I.-G.); (S.M.-R.); (M.M.-R.); (R.d.l.R.-S.); (J.d.J.N.-H.)
| | - José de Jesús Navarrete-Hernández
- Academic Area of Dentistry, Health Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42160, Mexico; (H.I.-G.); (S.M.-R.); (M.M.-R.); (R.d.l.R.-S.); (J.d.J.N.-H.)
| | - Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís
- Academic Area of Dentistry, Health Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca 42160, Mexico; (H.I.-G.); (S.M.-R.); (M.M.-R.); (R.d.l.R.-S.); (J.d.J.N.-H.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Research on Dentistry Dr. Keisaburo Miyata, School of Dentistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca 50130, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Maupomé
- Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Indiana University Network Science Institute, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
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Korolenkova MV, Khachatryan AG, Poberezhnaya AA, Krechetova MS. [Dental caries prevention program in children and adolescents living in residential institutions]. STOMATOLOGIIA 2022; 101:61-67. [PMID: 35943502 DOI: 10.17116/stomat202210104161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
THE AIM OF THE STUDY Was to assess the effectiveness of a new dental caries prevention program in children of various ages living in residential institutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The program of oral health promotion and caries prevention was introduced in the autonomous non-profit organization «Social rehabilitation center Solba». The study comprised 98 children aged 12-17 years divided into two groups: the main group of 52 children aged 12-16 years enrolled in the program in 2013 in pre-school (32 children) and primary school age (20 children) and the control group of 46 adolescents aged 12-17 years not included in the program. DMFT and OHI-S index were compared in both groups as well as in children enrolled in the program at various ages. RESULTS The overall caries prevalence was 84.7%. Statistically significant differences were documented between children enrolled in the program in pre-school and primary school ages regarding both caries prevalence (78% and 89%, respectively) and intensity (3.5 and 5.4 tooth, respectively (p=0.01)). Non-satisfactory, poor and very poor OHI-S was observed in 15.4% of children in the main group and 54.3% of controls. Good oral hygiene was seen in 67.3 and 37%, satisfactory - in 17.3 and 8.7% of children, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Programs of dental caries prevention with oral health promotion component are effective for oral hygiene improvement in children living in residential institutions. The key for long-term effectiveness and dental caries prevalence and intensity reduction is the start of the program in pre-school age and education of caregivers and teachers to provide control of dental care in pre-school and primary school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Korolenkova
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Regional Research Institute named after M.F. Vladimirskiy, Moscow, Russia
| | - A G Khachatryan
- Moscow Regional Research Institute named after M.F. Vladimirskiy, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Poberezhnaya
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - M S Krechetova
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
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Gazzaz AZ, Carpiano RM, Aleksejuniene J. Socioeconomic status, social support, and oral health-risk behaviors in Canadian adolescents. J Public Health Dent 2021; 81:316-326. [PMID: 34590718 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested hypotheses regarding how adolescent oral health-related behaviors are associated with socioeconomic status (SES) and family and peer social support, including the extent to which such associations differ for boys and girls. METHODS We analyzed data from the 2013/2014 Canadian Health Behavior in School-aged Children Study for 20,357 adolescents ages 12-18 years. Family Affluence Scale was used to assess SES. Family and peer social support were assessed using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. We estimated average marginal effects from multivariable binary logistic regression models for three oral health-risk behaviors outcomes: infrequent toothbrushing, high sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, and high sweets consumption across both genders. RESULTS Adolescents from low SES households had lower probability of parental and peer support, and were significantly more likely to report infrequent toothbrushing and high SSB consumption, both before and after controlling for both types of support. Lower family support was associated with higher probability of engaging in infrequent toothbrushing and high SSB intake, while lower peer support was associated with higher probability of engaging in infrequent toothbrushing and lower likelihood of engaging in high SSB consumption. The associations of family support with oral health-related behaviors were somewhat stronger for boys than girls. CONCLUSIONS Low SES and low family support were associated with a higher likelihood of oral health-risk behaviors (infrequent toothbrushing and SSB consumption). Regardless of adolescents' gender, parental support exerted a protective role, but peer support had countervailing risk and protective roles on oral health-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Z Gazzaz
- Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard M Carpiano
- School of Public Policy, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jolanta Aleksejuniene
- Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Soheilifar S, Khodadadi H, Naghdi N, Farhadian M. Does a diluted chlorhexidine-based orthodontic mouthwash cause less discoloration compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash in fixed orthodontic patients? A randomized controlled trial. Int Orthod 2021; 19:406-414. [PMID: 34049835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chlorhexidine gluconate is currently the most effective oral antimicrobial agent against microorganisms, but discoloration of the teeth prevents its long-term use and can reduce patient cooperation. In this study, the effect of chlorhexidine and a diluted chlorhexidine-based, fluoride, cetylpyridinium and vitamin added mouth rinse (Orthokin) on stain index in fixed orthodontic patients was compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was performed as a double blind randomized controlled trial on 50 patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment in the age group of 14-30 years. The patients were categorized as two groups of chlorhexidine and Orthokin mouth rinses and were asked to use mouthwash for eight weeks. Groups were matched according to colouring food consumption. Extrinsic staining index was assessed by modified Loben technique. Data was analysed by SPSS software. P value was set to be 0.05. RESULTS In the chlorhexidine group, the stain extent index and overall stain index were increased significantly at 8 weeks (P<0.001 and P=0.002, respectively). However, the increase in stain intensity index was insignificant (P=0.07). In Orthokin group, the changes in stain extent, stain intensity and overall stain were insignificant (P=0.66, P=1.000, P=0.47, respectively). CONCLUSION According to the results of the present study, chlorhexidine mouthwash causes more staining of teeth compared to Orthokin mouthwash. It seems that lower concentrations of chlorhexidine can be prescribed to orthodontic patients. Although these compounds are effective in sense of oral hygiene, they do not cause significant discoloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Soheilifar
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Implant Research Centre, Hamedan university of medical sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Navid Naghdi
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery department, Dental Implant Research Centre, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Farhadian
- Department of biostatistics, School of public health and research centre for health sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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