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Schraidt CE, Ackiss AS, Larson WA, Rowe MD, Höök TO, Christie MR. Dispersive currents explain patterns of population connectivity in an ecologically and economically important fish. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1284-1301. [PMID: 37492152 PMCID: PMC10363847 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
How to identify the drivers of population connectivity remains a fundamental question in ecology and evolution. Answering this question can be challenging in aquatic environments where dynamic lake and ocean currents coupled with high levels of dispersal and gene flow can decrease the utility of modern population genetic tools. To address this challenge, we used RAD-Seq to genotype 959 yellow perch (Perca flavescens), a species with an ~40-day pelagic larval duration (PLD), collected from 20 sites circumscribing Lake Michigan. We also developed a novel, integrative approach that couples detailed biophysical models with eco-genetic agent-based models to generate "predictive" values of genetic differentiation. By comparing predictive and empirical values of genetic differentiation, we estimated the relative contributions for known drivers of population connectivity (e.g., currents, behavior, PLD). For the main basin populations (i.e., the largest contiguous portion of the lake), we found that high gene flow led to low overall levels of genetic differentiation among populations (F ST = 0.003). By far the best predictors of genetic differentiation were connectivity matrices that were derived from periods of time when there were strong and highly dispersive currents. Thus, these highly dispersive currents are driving the patterns of population connectivity in the main basin. We also found that populations from the northern and southern main basin are slightly divergent from one another, while those from Green Bay and the main basin are highly divergent (F ST = 0.11). By integrating biophysical and eco-genetic models with genome-wide data, we illustrate that the drivers of population connectivity can be identified in high gene flow systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Schraidt
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Amanda S. Ackiss
- Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research UnitCollege of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Stevens PointStevens PointWisconsinUSA
- U.S. Geological SurveyGreat Lakes Science CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Wesley A. Larson
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric AdministrationNational Marine Fisheries ServiceAlaska Fisheries Science CenterJuneauAlaskaUSA
| | - Mark D. Rowe
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research LaboratoryAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Tomas O. Höök
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Illinois‐Indiana Sea GrantPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Mark R. Christie
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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2
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Thambithurai D, Rácz A, Lindström J, Parsons KJ, Killen SS. Simulated trapping and trawling exert similar selection on fish morphology. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8596. [PMID: 35169454 PMCID: PMC8840878 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial fishery harvest can influence the evolution of wild fish populations. Our knowledge of selection on morphology is however limited, with most previous studies focusing on body size, age, and maturation. Within species, variation in morphology can influence locomotor ability, possibly making some individuals more vulnerable to capture by fishing gears. Additionally, selection on morphology has the potential to influence other foraging, behavioral, and life‐history related traits. Here we carried out simulated fishing using two types of gears: a trawl (an active gear) and a trap (a passive gear), to assess morphological trait‐based selection in relation to capture vulnerability. Using geometric morphometrics, we assessed differences in shape between high and low vulnerability fish, showing that high vulnerability individuals display shallower body shapes regardless of gear type. For trawling, low vulnerability fish displayed morphological characteristics that may be associated with higher burst‐swimming, including a larger caudal region and narrower head, similar to evolutionary responses seen in fish populations responding to natural predation. Taken together, these results suggest that divergent selection can lead to phenotypic differences in harvested fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Thambithurai
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Anita Rácz
- Department of Genetics ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Jan Lindström
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Kevin J. Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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Cogălniceanu D, Stănescu F, Székely D, Topliceanu TS, Iosif R, Székely P. Age, size and body condition do not equally reflect population response to habitat change in the common spadefoot toad Pelobates fuscus. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11678. [PMID: 34316392 PMCID: PMC8286710 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization impacts biodiversity both directly through physical expansion over land, and indirectly due to land use conversion and human behaviors associated with urban areas. We assessed the response of a common spadefoot toad population (Pelobates fuscus) to habitat loss and fragmentation resulting from urban development by studying changes in size, body condition and age parameters. We compared samples collected in the early 2000s (sample A) and later on during 2012-2014 (sample B). The terrestrial habitats in the study area were severely reduced and fragmented due to the expansion of the human settlement. We found no significant differences in the age parameters between the two sampling periods; the median lifespan shortened from 3.5 (sample A) to 3.0 years (sample B), while the other age parameters were similar in both samples. In contrast, snout-vent length, body mass and body condition experienced a significant decrease over time. Our results suggest that changes in body size and body condition, rather than age parameters, better reflect the response of the common spadefoot toad population to declining habitat quality. Therefore, body measurements can provide reliable estimates of the impact of habitat degradation in amphibian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cogălniceanu
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University Constanța, Constanța, Romania.,Asociația Chelonia Romania, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florina Stănescu
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University Constanța, Constanța, Romania.,Black Sea Institute for Development and Security Studies, Ovidius University Constanța, Constanța, Romania.,CEDMOG-Center for Morphological and Genetic Studies of Malignant Pathology, Ovidius University Constanța, Constanța, Romania
| | - Diana Székely
- Asociația Chelonia Romania, Bucharest, Romania.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Laboratorio de Ecología Tropical y Servicios Ecosistémicos (EcoSs Lab), Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Theodor-Sebastian Topliceanu
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University Constanța, Constanța, Romania.,Black Sea Institute for Development and Security Studies, Ovidius University Constanța, Constanța, Romania.,CEDMOG-Center for Morphological and Genetic Studies of Malignant Pathology, Ovidius University Constanța, Constanța, Romania
| | - Ruben Iosif
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University Constanța, Constanța, Romania.,Asociația Chelonia Romania, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Paul Székely
- Asociația Chelonia Romania, Bucharest, Romania.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Laboratorio de Ecología Tropical y Servicios Ecosistémicos (EcoSs Lab), Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
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4
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Höök TO, Svanbäck R, Eklöv P. Sex-specific plasticity in a trophic polymorphic aquatic predator: a modeling approach. Oecologia 2021; 195:341-354. [PMID: 33420521 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is common among animal taxa. While there are clearly limits and likely costs to plasticity, these costs are unknown for most organisms. Further, as plasticity is partially genetically determined, the potential magnitude of exhibited plasticity may vary among individuals. In addition to phenotypic plasticity, various animal taxa also display sexual size dimorphism, a feature ultimately thought to arise due to differential size-dependent fitness costs and benefits between sexes. We hypothesized that differential selection acting on males and females can indirectly select for unequal genetically defined plasticity potential between the sexes. We evaluate this possibility for Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis), a species that displays modest sexual size dimorphism and habitat-related morphological plasticity. Using 500-year simulations of an ecogenetic agent-based model, we demonstrate that genetically determined morphological plasticity potential may evolve differently for males and females, leading to greater realized morphological variation between habitats for one sex over the other. Genetically determined potential for plasticity evolved differently between sexes across (a) various sex-specific life-history differences and (b) a variety of assumed costs of plasticity acting on both growth and survival. Morphological analyses of Eurasian perch collected in situ were consistent with model predictions: realized morphological variation between habitats was greater for females than males. We suggest that due to sex-specific selective pressures, differences in male and female genetically defined potential for plasticity may be a common feature across organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas O Höök
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources and Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | - Richard Svanbäck
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18 D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Eklöv
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18 D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bowles E, Marin K, Mogensen S, MacLeod P, Fraser DJ. Size reductions and genomic changes within two generations in wild walleye populations: associated with harvest? Evol Appl 2020; 13:1128-1144. [PMID: 32684951 PMCID: PMC7359826 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent and rate of harvest‐induced genetic changes in natural populations may impact population productivity, recovery, and persistence. While there is substantial evidence for phenotypic changes in harvested fishes, knowledge of genetic change in the wild remains limited, as phenotypic and genetic data are seldom considered in tandem, and the number of generations needed for genetic changes to occur is not well understood. We quantified changes in size‐at‐age, sex‐specific changes in body size, and genomic metrics in three harvested walleye (Sander vitreus) populations and a fourth reference population with low harvest levels over a 15‐year period in Mistassini Lake, Quebec. We also collected Indigenous knowledge (IK) surrounding concerns about these populations over time. Using ~9,000 SNPs, genomic metrics included changes in population structure, neutral genomic diversity, effective population size, and signatures of selection. Indigenous knowledge revealed overall reductions in body size and number of fish caught. Smaller body size, a small reduction in size‐at‐age, nascent changes to population structure (population differentiation within one river and homogenization between two others), and signatures of selection between historical and contemporary samples reflected coupled phenotypic and genomic change in the three harvested populations in both sexes, while no change occurred in the reference population. Sex‐specific analyses revealed differences in both body size and genomic metrics but were inconclusive about whether one sex was disproportionately affected. Although alternative explanations cannot be ruled out, our collective results are consistent with the hypothesis that genetic changes associated with harvesting may arise within 1–2.5 generations in long‐lived wild fishes. This study thus demonstrates the need to investigate concerns about harvest‐induced evolution quickly once they have been raised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kia Marin
- Concordia University Montreal QC Canada.,Golder Associates Montréal QC Canada
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6
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Gíslason D, Heino M, Robinson BW, McLaughlin RB, Dunlop ES. Reaction norm analysis reveals rapid shifts toward delayed maturation in harvested Lake Erie yellow perch ( Perca flavescens). Evol Appl 2019; 12:888-901. [PMID: 31080503 PMCID: PMC6503831 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvested marine fish stocks often show a rapid and substantial decline in the age and size at maturation. Such changes can arise from multiple processes including fisheries-induced evolution, phenotypic plasticity, and responses to environmental factors other than harvest. The relative importance of these processes could differ systematically between marine and freshwater systems. We tested for temporal shifts in the mean and within-cohort variability of age- and size-based maturation probabilities of female yellow perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill) from four management units (MUs) in Lake Erie. Lake Erie yellow perch have been commercially harvested for more than a century, and age and size at maturation have varied since sampling began in the 1980s. Our analysis compared probabilistic maturation reaction norms (PMRNs) for cohorts when abundance was lower and harvest higher (1993-1998) to cohorts when abundance was higher and harvest lower (2005-2010). PMRNs have been used in previous studies to detect signs of evolutionary change in response to harvest. Maturation size threshold increased between the early and late cohorts, and the increases were statistically significant for the youngest age in the western MU1 and for older ages in the eastern MU3. Maturation envelope widths, a measure of the variability in maturation among individuals in a cohort, also increased between early and late cohorts in the western MUs where harvest was highest. The highest rates of change in size at maturation for a given age were as large or larger than rates reported for harvested marine fishes where declines in age and size at maturation have been observed. Contrary to the general observation of earlier maturation evolving in harvested stocks, female yellow perch in Lake Erie may be rapidly evolving delayed maturation since harvest was relaxed in the late 1990s, providing a rare example of possible evolutionary recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davíð Gíslason
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
- Matís OhfReykjavíkIceland
| | - Mikko Heino
- Department of BiologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
- Evolution and Ecology ProgramInternational Institute for Applied Systems AnalysisLaxenburgAustria
- Institute of OceanographyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Beren W. Robinson
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | | | - Erin S. Dunlop
- Aquatic Research and Monitoring SectionOntario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryPeterboroughOntarioCanada
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7
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Brigden KE, Marshall CT, Scott BE, Young EF, Brickle P. Interannual variability in reproductive traits of the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides around the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 91:278-301. [PMID: 28691401 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Commercial fisheries data, collected as part of an observer programme and covering the period 1997-2014, were utilized in order to define key reproductive traits and spawning dynamics of the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides at South Georgia. Multi-year spawning site fidelity of D. eleginoides was revealed through the identification of previously unknown spawning hotspots. Timing of female spawning was shown to have shifted later, leading to a shorter spawning duration. A decrease in length and mass of female and male spawning fish and a reduced number of large spawning fish was found, evidence of a change in size structure of spawning D. eleginoides. During the study period fewer later maturity stage females (including spawning stage) were observed in conjunction with increased proportions of early stage female D. eleginoides. The findings are discussed in the context of reproductive success, with consideration of the possible effects such spawning characteristics and behaviours may have on egg and larval survival. This work presents the first long-term assessment of D. eleginoides spawning dynamics at South Georgia and provides valuable knowledge for both the ecology of the species and for future fisheries management of this commercially important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Brigden
- South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute, P. O. Box 609, Stanley Cottage, Stanley, FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
- University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, U.K
| | - C T Marshall
- University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, U.K
| | - B E Scott
- University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, U.K
| | - E F Young
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, U.K
| | - P Brickle
- South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute, P. O. Box 609, Stanley Cottage, Stanley, FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
- University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, U.K
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Roles of density-dependent growth and life history evolution in accounting for fisheries-induced trait changes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:15030-15035. [PMID: 27940913 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525749113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative roles of density dependence and life history evolution in contributing to rapid fisheries-induced trait changes remain debated. In the 1930s, northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua), currently the world's largest cod stock, experienced a shift from a traditional spawning-ground fishery to an industrial trawl fishery with elevated exploitation in the stock's feeding grounds. Since then, age and length at maturation have declined dramatically, a trend paralleled in other exploited stocks worldwide. These trends can be explained by demographic truncation of the population's age structure, phenotypic plasticity in maturation arising through density-dependent growth, fisheries-induced evolution favoring faster-growing or earlier-maturing fish, or a combination of these processes. Here, we use a multitrait eco-evolutionary model to assess the capacity of these processes to reproduce 74 y of historical data on age and length at maturation in northeast Arctic cod, while mimicking the stock's historical harvesting regime. Our results show that model predictions critically depend on the assumed density dependence of growth: when this is weak, life history evolution might be necessary to prevent stock collapse, whereas when a stronger density dependence estimated from recent data is used, the role of evolution in explaining fisheries-induced trait changes is diminished. Our integrative analysis of density-dependent growth, multitrait evolution, and stock-specific time series data underscores the importance of jointly considering evolutionary and ecological processes, enabling a more comprehensive perspective on empirically observed stock dynamics than previous studies could provide.
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