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Yang F, Santiago González JC, Sword GA, Kerns DL. Genetic basis of resistance to the Vip3Aa Bt protein in Helicoverpa zea. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1530-1535. [PMID: 33201547 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicoverpa zea is a destructive pest and target of maize and cotton expressing Cry and Vip3Aa proteins in North America. The efficacy of Cry proteins against H. zea in the USA has been largely compromised by resistance. A rapid shift towards planting Bt cotton and maize producing Vip3Aa will accelerate evolution of resistance to Vip3Aa in H. zea. Research on the genetic basis of Vip3Aa resistance in H. zea is urgently needed, and can provide fundamental information for managing resistance in this pest. Here, we characterize the inheritance of Vip3Aa resistance in H. zea. RESULTS Susceptibility of a Vip3Aa-susceptible strain (SS), a resistant strain (RR), and progeny from different crosses against Vip3Aa39 was determined. RR was established from an F2 screening of a population from Texas sampled in 2019. RR had a resistance ratio of 45194.1-fold against Vip3Aa39 relative to SS. Maternal effects and sex linkage were absent in RR. The dominance D value, calculated based on median lethal concentration (LC50 ) values, was -1.0 and the effective dominance (DML ), calculated based on a given Vip3Aa39 concentration, was ≤0.0 at concentrations of 0.1-31.6 μg cm-2 . The test using a monogenic mode of inheritance showed that resistance to Vip3Aa in H. zea was largely due to a single gene. CONCLUSION Results of this study indicate that Vip3Aa resistance in H. zea is monogenic, autosomal, and recessive. This information is valuable for studying the mechanism of Vip3Aa resistance, monitoring of resistance development, and designing appropriate strategies for preventive management of Vip3Aa resistance. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Gregory A Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - David L Kerns
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Silva Barros L, Takao Yamamoto P, Merten P, Naranjo SE. Sublethal Effects of Diamide Insecticides on Development and Flight Performance of Chloridea virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Implications for Bt Soybean Refuge Area Management. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11050269. [PMID: 32354195 PMCID: PMC7290381 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-dose and refuge are the most important strategies for delaying resistance evolution in Bt crops. Insecticide sprays in refuge areas could be necessary and may limit refuge effectiveness. Here, we evaluated the sublethal effects of two diamide insecticides (chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide) on Chloridea virescens life history traits and flight performance. Sublethal concentrations of chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide increased larval and pre-pupal development times and decreased larval weight; flubendiamide increased pupal development times. Chlorantraniliprole increased adult male longevity and reduced female fertility, while flubendiamide reduced fecundity. Overall life table parameters were negatively impacted by both treatments. Males exposed to either insecticide showed significant reductions in flight duration and distance for unsustained flights (<30 min). The duration and distance of the first flights were reduced when exposed to chlorantraniliprole. Sustained flights (>30 min) were generally unaffected by insecticide exposure and both sexes flew >6400 m in a single flight. The sublethal effects of flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole on C. virescens' population dynamics could lead to generation asynchrony and provide insufficient susceptible moths when sprayed on refuge crops. However, the distance and duration of flight may still be sufficient to ensure mixing of potentially resistant and susceptible populations from refuge plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Silva Barros
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pedro Takao Yamamoto
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil;
| | - Paul Merten
- USDA-ARS, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA; (P.M.); (S.E.N.)
| | - Steve E. Naranjo
- USDA-ARS, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA; (P.M.); (S.E.N.)
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Naik VCB, Pusadkar PP, Waghmare ST, K P R, Kranthi S, Kumbhare S, Nagrare VS, Kumar R, Prabhulinga T, Gokte-Narkhedkar N, Waghmare VN. Evidence for population expansion of Cotton pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in India. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4740. [PMID: 32179772 PMCID: PMC7075961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) infestation on Bt cotton is a major concern to cotton production in India. The genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of the insect in light of PBW resistance needs to be revisited. The objective of this study was to identify different haplotypes of pink bollworm and their distribution in India. To achieve this we studied the population structure in 44 cotton growing districts of India. The partial mitochondrial COI sequence analyses of 214 pink bollworm populations collected from 44 geographical locations representing 9 cotton growing states of India were analysed. Genetic diversity analysis exhibited presence of 27 haplotypes, among them Pg_H1 and Pg_H2 were the most common and were present in 143 and 32 populations, respectively. Distributions of pairwise differences obtained with partial COI gene data from the overall Indian populations are unimodal, suggesting population expansion in India. Significant neutrality test on the basis of Tajima’ D and Fu’s Fs presented a star-shaped haplotype network together with multiple haplotypes. The unimodal mismatch distribution, rejection of neutrality test with significant negative values supported the theory of demographic expansion in cotton pink bollworm populations in India. Genetic data not only provides us with a perspective of population genetics, but also that the two populations of pink bollworm, those occurring early in the season are genetically close to the late season populations with respect to their partial CO1 region. Resistance to Cry toxins does not seem to have had an impact on this region of the mt DNA in populations of pink bollworm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratik P Pusadkar
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research. Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Raghavendra K P
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research. Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandhya Kranthi
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research. Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sujit Kumbhare
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research. Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - V S Nagrare
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research. Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rishi Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional station, Sirsa, India
| | | | | | - V N Waghmare
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research. Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Strydom E, Erasmus A, du Plessis H, Van den Berg J. Resistance Status of Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations to Single- and Stacked-Gene Bt Maize in South Africa. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:305-315. [PMID: 30321350 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic Bt maize expressing Cry insecticidal δ-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis has been cultivated in South Africa for the control of Busseola fusca since 1998. Busseola fusca is resistant to Cry1Ab Bt maize at many localities throughout the maize production region. Pre-release evaluation (1994-1996) of the inherent susceptibility and post-release assessments (1998-2011) of resistance status of B. fusca focused on a limited number of pest populations. This study reports the current levels of susceptibility of 10 B. fusca populations evaluated between 2013 and 2017 and compared this data with previously reported data on the survival of this pest on Bt maize, including data of pre-release evaluations done during 1994 and 1995. Larval feeding bioassays in which plant tissue of maize events expressing either Cry1Ab or Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab2 (stacked event) proteins were conducted and survival and different life history parameters recorded. Results show a shift in levels of susceptibility of B. fusca to Bt maize. Pre-release evaluation of the single-gene event showed very low larval survival on Bt maize leaf tissue while studies 10 yr later and the current study reported survival of up to 40% and 100% on Cry1Ab maize, respectively. While no larvae completed their life cycle on the stacked event, higher LT50 values in this study indicate a shift in susceptibility of B. fusca to the stacked-gene event and highlight the importance of baseline information and monitoring of pest populations for their susceptibility to Bt maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Strydom
- Agricultural Research Council, Grain Crops, Private Bag, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, IPM Program, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - A Erasmus
- Agricultural Research Council, Grain Crops, Private Bag, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - H du Plessis
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, IPM Program, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - J Van den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, IPM Program, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Zhou L, Alphey N, Walker AS, Travers LM, Hasan F, Morrison NI, Bonsall MB, Raymond B. Combining the high-dose/refuge strategy and self-limiting transgenic insects in resistance management-A test in experimental mesocosms. Evol Appl 2018; 11:727-738. [PMID: 29875814 PMCID: PMC5979637 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-dose/refuge strategy has been the primary approach for resistance management in transgenic crops engineered with Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. However, there are continuing pressures from growers to reduce the size of Bt toxin-free refugia, which typically suffer higher damage from pests. One complementary approach is to release male transgenic insects with a female-specific self-limiting gene. This technology can reduce population sizes and slow the evolution of resistance by introgressing susceptible genes through males. Theory predicts that it could be used to facilitate smaller refugia or reverse the evolution of resistance. In this study, we used experimental evolution with caged insect populations to investigate the compatibility of the self-limiting system and the high-dose/refuge strategy in mitigating the evolution of resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. The benefits of the self-limiting system were clearer at smaller refuge size, particularly when refugia were inadequate to prevent the evolution of resistance. We found that transgenic males in caged mesocosms could suppress population size and delay resistance development with 10% refugia and 4%-15% initial resistance allele frequency. Fitness costs in hemizygous transgenic insects are particularly important for introgressing susceptible alleles into target populations. Fitness costs of the self-limiting gene in this study (P. xylostella OX4139 line L) were incompletely dominant, and reduced fecundity and male mating competitiveness. The experimental evolution approach used here illustrates some of the benefits and pitfalls of combining mass release of self-limiting insects and the high-dose/refuge strategy, but does indicate that they can be complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhou
- Imperial College LondonLondonUK
- University of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Nina Alphey
- Imperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- The Pirbright InstituteSurreyUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael B. Bonsall
- Imperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Ben Raymond
- Imperial College LondonLondonUK
- University of ExeterExeterUK
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Coates BS, Dopman EB, Wanner KW, Sappington TW. Genomic mechanisms of sympatric ecological and sexual divergence in a model agricultural pest, the European corn borer. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 26:50-56. [PMID: 29764660 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, is a model species for elucidating mechanisms underlying adaptively differentiated subpopulations in the face of reciprocal gene flow, and is a major pest of cultivated maize in North America and Eurasia. Strains are characterized by different pheromone communication systems in combination with voltinism strains that are adapted to distinct local climate and photoperiod through adjustments in diapause traits. However, only partial barriers to inter-strain hybridization exist in areas of sympatry. Recent research shows that genes governing important strain-specific isolating traits are disproportionately located on the Z-chromosome. Furthermore, co-adapted combinations of some of these genes are non-recombining due to location within a large chromosomal inversion, and assist in maintaining strain integrity despite hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Erik B Dopman
- Tufts University, Department of Biology, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Kevin W Wanner
- Montana State University, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Thomas W Sappington
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States
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Miller NJ, Sappington TW. Role of dispersal in resistance evolution and spread. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 21:68-74. [PMID: 28822491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene flow via immigration affects rate of evolution of resistance to a pest management tactic, while emigration from a resistant population can spread resistance alleles spatially. Whether resistance detected across the landscape reflects ongoing de novo evolution in different hotspots or spread from a single focal population can determine the most effective mitigation strategy. Pest dispersal dynamics determine the spatio-temporal scale at which mitigation tactics must be applied to contain or reverse resistance in an area. Independent evolution of resistance in different populations appears common but not universal. Conversely, spatial spread appears to be almost inevitable. However, rate and scale of spread depends largely on dispersal dynamics and interplay with factors such as fitness costs, spatially variable selection pressure and whether resistance alleles are spreading through an established population or being carried by populations colonizing new territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Miller
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 298 Life Science Building, 3101 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Thomas W Sappington
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Genetics Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Van den Berg J. Insect Resistance Management in Bt Maize: Wild Host Plants of Stem Borers Do Not Serve as Refuges in Africa. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:221-229. [PMID: 28007833 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Resistance evolution by target pests threatens the sustainability of Bt maize in Africa where insect resistance management (IRM) strategies are faced by unique challenges. The assumptions, on which current IRM strategies for stem borers are based, are not all valid for African maize stem borer species. The high dose-refuge strategy which is used to delay resistance evolution relies heavily on the presence of appropriate refuges (non-Bt plants) where pests are not under selection pressure and where sufficient numbers of Bt-susceptible individuals are produced to mate with possible survivors on the Bt maize crop. Misidentification of stem borer species and inaccurate reporting on wild host plant diversity over the past six decades created the perception that grasses will contribute to IRM strategies for these pests in Africa. Desired characteristics of refuge plants are that they should be good pest hosts, implying that larval survival is high and that it produces sufficient numbers of high-quality moths. Refuge plants should also have large cover abundance in areas where Bt maize is planted. While wild host plants may suffice in IRM strategies for polyphagous pests, this is not the case with stenophagous pests. This review discusses data of ecological studies and stem borer surveys conducted over the past decade and shows that wild host plants are unsuitable for development and survival of sufficient numbers of stem borer individuals. These grasses rather act as dead-end-trap plants and do not comply with refuge requirements of producing 500 susceptible individuals for every one resistant individual that survives on Bt maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Van den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Coates BS. Bacillus thuringiensis toxin resistance mechanisms among Lepidoptera: progress on genomic approaches to uncover causal mutations in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 15:70-77. [PMID: 27436734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants that express Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal (Cry) protein toxins (Bt crops) effectively control feeding by the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, although documented resistance evolution among a number of species in both the laboratory and field has heightened concerns about the durability of this technology. Research has provided major insights into the mutations that alter Bt toxin binding receptor structure and function within the midgut of Lepidoptera that directly impacts the efficacy of Bt toxins, and potentially leads to the evolution of resistance to Bt crops in the field. In this manuscript we provide an overview of available data on the identification of genes involved in high levels of resistance to Cry toxins, with emphasis on resistance described for O. nubilalis as the main target of Bt corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
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