1
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Burriel-Carranza B, Mochales-Riaño G, Talavera A, Els J, Estarellas M, Al Saadi S, Urriago Suarez JD, Olsson PO, Matschiner M, Carranza S. Clinging on the brink: Whole genomes reveal human-induced population declines and severe inbreeding in the Critically Endangered Emirati Leaf-toed Gecko (Asaccus caudivolvulus). Mol Ecol 2024:e17451. [PMID: 38970417 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Human-mediated habitat destruction has had a profound impact on increased species extinction rates and population declines worldwide. The coastal development in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) over the last two decades, serves as an example of how habitat transformation can alter the landscape of a country in just a few years. Here, we study the genomic implications of habitat transformation in the Critically Endangered Emirati Leaf-toed Gecko (Asaccus caudivolvulus), the only endemic vertebrate of the UAE. We generate a high-quality reference genome for this gecko, representing the first reference genome for the family Phyllodactylidae, and produce whole-genome resequencing data for 23 specimens from 10 different species of leaf-toed geckos. Our results show that A. caudivolvulus has consistently lower genetic diversity than any other Arabian species of Asaccus, suggesting a history of ancient population declines. However, high levels of recent inbreeding are recorded among populations in heavily developed areas, with a more than 50% increase in long runs of homozygosity within a 9-year period. Moreover, results suggest that this species does not effectively purge deleterious mutations, hence making it more vulnerable to future stochastic threats. Overall, results show that A. caudivolvulus is in urgent need of protection, and habitat preservation must be warranted to ensure the species' survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Burriel-Carranza
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Adrián Talavera
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes Els
- Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife, Environment and Protected Areas Authority, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria Estarellas
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Salvador Carranza
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Scucchia F, Zaslansky P, Boote C, Doheny A, Mass T, Camp EF. The role and risks of selective adaptation in extreme coral habitats. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4475. [PMID: 37507378 PMCID: PMC10382478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The alarming rate of climate change demands new management strategies to protect coral reefs. Environments such as mangrove lagoons, characterized by extreme variations in multiple abiotic factors, are viewed as potential sources of stress-tolerant corals for strategies such as assisted evolution and coral propagation. However, biological trade-offs for adaptation to such extremes are poorly known. Here, we investigate the reef-building coral Porites lutea thriving in both mangrove and reef sites and show that stress-tolerance comes with compromises in genetic and energetic mechanisms and skeletal characteristics. We observe reduced genetic diversity and gene expression variability in mangrove corals, a disadvantage under future harsher selective pressure. We find reduced density, thickness and higher porosity in coral skeletons from mangroves, symptoms of metabolic energy redirection to stress response functions. These findings demonstrate the need for caution when utilizing stress-tolerant corals in human interventions, as current survival in extremes may compromise future competitive fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scucchia
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H, Charney school of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Department for Operative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chloë Boote
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Annabelle Doheny
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Tali Mass
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H, Charney school of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.
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3
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Jensen EL, Gaughran SJ, Fusco NA, Poulakakis N, Tapia W, Sevilla C, Málaga J, Mariani C, Gibbs JP, Caccone A. The Galapagos giant tortoise Chelonoidis phantasticus is not extinct. Commun Biol 2022; 5:546. [PMID: 35681083 PMCID: PMC9184544 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The status of the Fernandina Island Galapagos giant tortoise (Chelonoidis phantasticus) has been a mystery, with the species known from a single specimen collected in 1906. The discovery in 2019 of a female tortoise living on the island provided the opportunity to determine if the species lives on. By sequencing the genomes of both individuals and comparing them to all living species of Galapagos giant tortoises, here we show that the two known Fernandina tortoises are from the same lineage and distinct from all others. The whole genome phylogeny groups the Fernandina individuals within a monophyletic group containing all species with a saddleback carapace morphology and one semi-saddleback species. This grouping of the saddleback species is contrary to mitochondrial DNA phylogenies, which place the saddleback species across several clades. These results imply the continued existence of lineage long considered extinct, with a current known population size of a single individual. Based on genomic data, the Galapagos giant tortoise species native to Fernandina Island appears to be alive and well, survived by at least one female after being considered extinct since 1906.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn L Jensen
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Stephen J Gaughran
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicole A Fusco
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nikos Poulakakis
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Crete, Irakleio, Greece.,The Natural History Museum of Crete, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Washington Tapia
- Galapagos Conservancy, Fairfax, VA, USA.,University of Málaga, Campus Teatinos, Apdo, 59.29080, Málaga, Spain
| | - Christian Sevilla
- Conservation and Restoration of Insular Ecosystems Department, Galapagos National Park Directorate, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador
| | - Jeffreys Málaga
- Conservation and Restoration of Insular Ecosystems Department, Galapagos National Park Directorate, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador
| | - Carol Mariani
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James P Gibbs
- Galapagos Conservancy, Fairfax, VA, USA.,Department of Environmental Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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4
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Hay AC, Sandoval-Castillo J, Cooke GM, Chao NL, Beheregaray LB. Riverscape Genomics Clarifies Neutral and Adaptive Evolution in an Amazonian Characin Fish (Triportheus albus). Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.825406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of natural selection in the evolution of wild populations is challenging due to the spatial complexity of natural systems. The richest diversity of freshwater fishes in the world is found in the Amazon Basin, a system where marked hydrochemical differences exist at the interface of major rivers with distinct “water colors” (i.e., black, white, and clear water). We hypothesize that divergent natural selection associated with these “aquatic ecotones” influences population-level adaptive divergence in the non-migratory Amazonian fish fauna. This hypothesis was tested using a landscape genomics framework to compare the relative contribution of environmental and spatial factors to the evolutionary divergence of the Amazonian characin fish Triportheus albus. The framework was based on spatial data, in situ hydrochemical measurements, and 15,251 filtered SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) for T. albus sampled from three major Amazonian rivers. Gradient Forest, redundancy analysis (RDA) and BayPass analyses were used to test for signals of natural selection, and model-based and model-free approaches were used to evaluate neutral population differentiation. After controlling for a signal of neutral hierarchical structure which was consistent with the expectations for a dendritic system, variation in turbidity and pH were key factors contributing to adaptive divergence. Variation in genes involved in acid-sensitive ion transport pathways and light-sensitive photoreceptor pathways was strongly associated with pH and turbidity variability. This study improves our understanding of how natural selection and neutral evolution impact on the distribution of aquatic biodiversity from the understudied and ecologically complex Amazonia.
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5
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Brookes B, Jeon H, Derry AM, Post JR, Rogers SM, Humphries S, Fraser DJ. Neutral and adaptive drivers of genomic change in introduced brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis) populations revealed by pooled sequencing. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8584. [PMID: 35154655 PMCID: PMC8820109 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the drivers of successful species invasions is important for conserving native biodiversity and for mitigating the economic impacts of introduced species. However, whole-genome resolution investigations of the underlying contributions of neutral and adaptive genetic variation in successful introductions are rare. Increased propagule pressure should result in greater neutral genetic variation, while environmental differences should elicit selective pressures on introduced populations, leading to adaptive differentiation. We investigated neutral and adaptive variation among nine introduced brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations using whole-genome pooled sequencing. The populations inhabit isolated alpine lakes in western Canada and descend from a common source, with an average of ~19 (range of 7-41) generations since introduction. We found some evidence of bottlenecks without recovery, no strong evidence of purifying selection, and little support that varying propagule pressure or differences in local environments shaped observed neutral genetic variation differences. Putative adaptive loci analysis revealed nonconvergent patterns of adaptive differentiation among lakes with minimal putatively adaptive loci (0.001%-0.15%) that did not correspond with tested environmental variables. Our results suggest that (i) introduction success is not always strongly influenced by genetic load; (ii) observed differentiation among introduced populations can be idiosyncratic, population-specific, or stochastic; and (iii) conservatively, in some introduced species, colonization barriers may be overcome by support through one aspect of propagule pressure or benign environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Brookes
- Department of BiologyConcordia UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Hyung‐Bae Jeon
- Department of BiologyConcordia UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Alison M. Derry
- Département des sciences biologiquesUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - John R. Post
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Sean M. Rogers
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Shelley Humphries
- Parks CanadaNatural Resource Management BranchRadium Hot SpringsBCCanada
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6
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Iannucci A, Benazzo A, Natali C, Arida EA, Zein MSA, Jessop TS, Bertorelle G, Ciofi C. Population structure, genomic diversity and demographic history of Komodo dragons inferred from whole-genome sequencing. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6309-6324. [PMID: 34390519 PMCID: PMC9292392 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Population and conservation genetics studies have greatly benefited from the development of new techniques and bioinformatic tools associated with next-generation sequencing. Analysis of extensive data sets from whole-genome sequencing of even a few individuals allows the detection of patterns of fine-scale population structure and detailed reconstruction of demographic dynamics through time. In this study, we investigated the population structure, genomic diversity and demographic history of the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), the world's largest lizard, by sequencing the whole genomes of 24 individuals from the five main Indonesian islands comprising the entire range of the species. Three main genomic groups were observed. The populations of the Island of Komodo and the northern coast of Flores, in particular, were identified as two distinct conservation units. Degrees of genomic divergence among island populations were interpreted as a result of changes in sea level affecting connectivity across islands. Demographic inference suggested that Komodo dragons probably experienced a relatively steep population decline over the last million years, reaching a relatively stable Ne during the Saalian glacial cycle (400-150 thousand years ago) followed by a rapid Ne decrease. Genomic diversity of Komodo dragons was similar to that found in endangered or already extinct reptile species. Overall, this study provides an example of how whole-genome analysis of a few individuals per population can help define population structure and intraspecific demographic dynamics. This is particularly important when applying population genomics data to conservation of rare or elusive endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Benazzo
- Department of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Chiara Natali
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FlorenceFirenzeItaly
| | - Evy Ayu Arida
- Research Center for BiologyThe Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)Cibinong Science CenterCibinongIndonesia
| | - Moch Samsul Arifin Zein
- Research Center for BiologyThe Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)Cibinong Science CenterCibinongIndonesia
| | - Tim S. Jessop
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityGeelongVic.Australia
| | - Giorgio Bertorelle
- Department of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Claudio Ciofi
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FlorenceFirenzeItaly
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7
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Gallego-García N, Caballero S, Shaffer HB. Are genomic updates of well-studied species worth the investment for conservation? A case study of the Critically Endangered Magdalena River turtle. J Hered 2021; 112:575-589. [PMID: 34628509 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As genomic-scale data sets become economically feasible for most organisms, a key question for conservation biology is whether the increased resolution offered by new genomic approaches justifies repeating earlier studies based on traditional markers, rather than investing those same time and monetary resources in less-known species. Genomic studies offer clear advantages when the objective is to identify adaptive loci that may be critical to conservation policy-makers. However, the answer is far less certain for the population and landscape studies based on neutral loci that dominate the conservation genetics research agenda. We used RADseq to revisit earlier molecular studies of the IUCN Critically Endangered Magdalena River turtle (Podocnemis lewyana), documenting the conservation insights gained by increasing the number of neutral markers by several orders of magnitude. Earlier research indicated that P. lewyana has the lowest genetic diversity known for any chelonian, and little or no population differentiation among independent rivers. In contrast, the RADseq data revealed discrete population structure with isolation-by-distance within river segments and identified precise population breaks clearly delineating management units. It also confirmed that the species does not have extremely low heterozygosity and that effective population sizes are probably sufficient to maintain long-term evolutionary potential. Contrary to earlier inferences from more limited population genetic markers, our genomic data suggest that management strategies should shift from active genetic rescue to more passive protection without extreme interventions. We conclude with a list of examples of conservation studies in other vertebrates indicating that for many systems a genomic update is worth the investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gallego-García
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular de Vertebrados Acuáticos LEMVA, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Susana Caballero
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular de Vertebrados Acuáticos LEMVA, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - H Bradley Shaffer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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8
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Jensen EL, Gaughran SJ, Garrick RC, Russello MA, Caccone A. Demographic history and patterns of molecular evolution from whole genome sequencing in the radiation of Galapagos giant tortoises. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6325-6339. [PMID: 34510620 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing provides deep insights into the evolutionary history of a species, including patterns of diversity, signals of selection, and historical demography. When applied to closely related taxa with a wealth of background knowledge, population genomics provides a comparative context for interpreting population genetic summary statistics and comparing empirical results with the expectations of population genetic theory. The Galapagos giant tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.), an iconic rapid and recent radiation, offer such an opportunity. Here, we sequenced whole genomes from three individuals of the 12 extant lineages of Galapagos giant tortoise and estimate diversity measures and reconstruct changes in coalescent rate over time. We also compare the number of derived alleles in each lineage to infer how synonymous and nonsynonymous mutation accumulation rates correlate with population size and life history traits. Remarkably, we find that patterns of molecular evolution are similar within individuals of the same lineage, but can differ significantly among lineages, reinforcing the evolutionary distinctiveness of the Galapagos giant tortoise species. Notably, differences in mutation accumulation among lineages do not align with simple population genetic predictions, suggesting that the drivers of purifying selection are more complex than is currently appreciated. By integrating results from earlier population genetic and phylogeographic studies with new findings from the analysis of whole genomes, we provide the most in-depth insights to date on the evolution of Galapagos giant tortoises, and identify discrepancies between expectation from population genetic theory and empirical data that warrant further scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn L Jensen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stephen J Gaughran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ryan C Garrick
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Michael A Russello
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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9
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Abstract
Turtles and tortoises (chelonians) have been integral components of global ecosystems for about 220 million years and have played important roles in human culture for at least 400,000 years. The chelonian shell is a remarkable evolutionary adaptation, facilitating success in terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Today, more than half of the 360 living species and 482 total taxa (species and subspecies combined) are threatened with extinction. This places chelonians among the groups with the highest extinction risk of any sizeable vertebrate group. Turtle populations are declining rapidly due to habitat loss, consumption by humans for food and traditional medicines and collection for the international pet trade. Many taxa could become extinct in this century. Here, we examine survival threats to turtles and tortoises and discuss the interventions that will be needed to prevent widespread extinction in this group in coming decades.
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10
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Undin M, Lockhart PJ, Hills SFK, Castro I. Genetic Rescue and the Plight of Ponui Hybrids. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2020.622191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term sustainable and resilient populations is a key goal of conservation. How to best achieve this is controversial. There are, for instance, polarized views concerning the fitness and conservation value of hybrid populations founded through multi-origin translocations. A classic example concerns Apteryx (kiwi) in New Zealand. The A. mantelli of Ponui Island constitute a hybrid population where the birds are highly successful in their island habitat. A key dilemma for managers is understanding the reason for this success. Are the hybrid birds of Ponui Island of “no future conservation value” as recently asserted, or do they represent an outstanding example of genetic rescue and an important resource for future translocations? There has been a paradigm shift in scientific thinking concerning hybrids, but the ecological significance of admixed genomes remains difficult to assess. This limits what we can currently predict in conservation science. New understanding from genome science challenges the sufficiency of population genetic models to inform decision making and suggests instead that the contrasting outcomes of hybridization, “outbreeding depression” and “heterosis,” require understanding additional factors that modulate gene and protein expression and how these factors are influenced by the environment. We discuss these findings and the investigations that might help us to better understand the birds of Ponui, inform conservation management of kiwi and provide insight relevant for the future survival of Apteryx.
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11
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Poulakakis N, Miller JM, Jensen EL, Beheregaray LB, Russello MA, Glaberman S, Boore J, Caccone A. Colonization history of Galapagos giant tortoises: Insights from mitogenomes support the progression rule. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Poulakakis
- Department of Biology School of Sciences and Engineering University of Crete Heraklio Greece
- Natural History Museum of Crete School of Sciences and Engineering University of Crete Heraklio Greece
| | - Joshua M. Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA
| | - Evelyn L. Jensen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA
| | | | | | - Scott Glaberman
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy George Mason University Fairfax VA USA
| | - Jeffrey Boore
- Providence St. Joseph Health and Institute for Systems Biology Seattle WA USA
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA
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12
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Li H, Qu W, Obrycki JJ, Meng L, Zhou X, Chu D, Li B. Optimizing Sample Size for Population Genomic Study in a Global Invasive Lady Beetle, Harmonia Axyridis. INSECTS 2020; 11:E290. [PMID: 32397374 PMCID: PMC7291016 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Finding optimal sample sizes is critical for the accurate estimation of genetic diversity of large invasive populations. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that a minimal sample size of 3-8 individuals is sufficient to dissect the population architecture of the harlequin lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis, a biological control agent and an invasive alien species. Here, equipped with a type IIB endonuclease restriction site-associated (2b-RAD) DNA sequencing approach, we identified 13,766 and 13,929 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), respectively, among native and invasive H. axyridis populations. With this information we simulated populations using a randomly selected 3000 SNPs and a subset of individuals. From this simulation we finally determined that six individuals is the minimum sample size required for the accurate estimation of intra- and inter-population genetic diversity within and across H. axyridis populations. Our findings provide an empirical advantage for population genomic studies of H. axyridis in particular and suggest useful tactics for similar studies on multicellular organisms in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongran Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Wanmei Qu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (W.Q.); (D.C.)
| | - John J. Obrycki
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (J.J.O.); (X.Z.)
| | - Ling Meng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (J.J.O.); (X.Z.)
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (W.Q.); (D.C.)
| | - Baoping Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.L.); (L.M.)
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13
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Graham CF, Boreham DR, Manzon RG, Stott W, Wilson JY, Somers CM. How "simple" methodological decisions affect interpretation of population structure based on reduced representation library DNA sequencing: A case study using the lake whitefish. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226608. [PMID: 31978053 PMCID: PMC6980518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced representation (RRL) sequencing approaches (e.g., RADSeq, genotyping by sequencing) require decisions about how much to invest in genome coverage and sequencing depth, as well as choices of values for adjustable bioinformatics parameters. To empirically explore the importance of these “simple” methodological decisions, we generated two independent sequencing libraries for the same 142 individual lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) using a nextRAD RRL approach: (1) a larger number of loci at low sequencing depth based on a 9mer (library A); and (2) fewer loci at higher sequencing depth based on a 10mer (library B). The fish were selected from populations with different levels of expected genetic subdivision. Each library was analyzed using the STACKS pipeline followed by three types of population structure assessment (FST, DAPC and ADMIXTURE) with iterative increases in the stringency of sequencing depth and missing data requirements, as well as more specific a priori population maps. Library B was always able to resolve strong population differentiation in all three types of assessment regardless of the selected parameters, largely due to retention of more loci in analyses. In contrast, library A produced more variable results; increasing the minimum sequencing depth threshold (-m) resulted in a reduced number of retained loci, and therefore lost resolution at high -m values for FST and ADMIXTURE, but not DAPC. When detecting fine population differentiation, the population map influenced the number of loci and missing data, which generated artefacts in all downstream analyses tested. Similarly, when examining fine scale population subdivision, library B was robust to changing parameters but library A lost resolution depending on the parameter set. We used library B to examine actual subdivision in our study populations. All three types of analysis found complete subdivision among populations in Lake Huron, ON and Dore Lake, SK, Canada using 10,640 SNP loci. Weak population subdivision was detected in Lake Huron with fish from sites in the north-west, Search Bay, North Point and Hammond Bay, showing slight differentiation. Overall, we show that apparently simple decisions about library construction and bioinformatics parameters can have important impacts on the interpretation of population subdivision. Although potentially more costly on a per-locus basis, early investment in striking a balance between the number of loci and sequencing effort is well worth the reduced genomic coverage for population genetics studies. More conservative stringency settings on STACKS parameters lead to a final dataset that was more consistent and robust when examining both weak and strong population differentiation. Overall, we recommend that researchers approach “simple” methodological decisions with caution, especially when working on non-model species for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly F. Graham
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Douglas R. Boreham
- Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard G. Manzon
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Wendylee Stott
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Joanna Y. Wilson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Qu W, Liang N, Wu Z, Zhao Y, Chu D. Minimum sample sizes for invasion genomics: Empirical investigation in an invasive whitefly. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:38-49. [PMID: 31988715 PMCID: PMC6972819 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of population genetics provides insights into the evolutionary processes, among which the sample size choice is per se a crucial issue in the analysis. Genome-wide high-throughput techniques based on RADseq have been increasingly used in studies on the population genomics of invasive species. However, there is little information available regarding optimal sample sizes for analyzing population genomics of invasive species. In this study, we first use type IIB endonucleases restriction site-associated DNA (2b-RAD) to mine thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for native and introduced populations in Q1 clade (SPB and 17JN) and Q2 clade (ISQ and UAS0601) of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MED (also known as B. tabaci biotype Q). Then, we used resampling techniques to create simulated populations with a random subset of individuals and 3,000 SNPs to determine how many individuals should be sampled for accurate estimates of intra- and interpopulation genetic diversity. We calculated the intrapopulation genetic diversity parameters (unbiased expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity, and the number of effect alleles) and pairwise genetic differentiation F ST; finally, an ad hoc statistic, ΔK, was used to determine the optimal value. Our results showed that a sample size greater than four individuals (n ≥ 4) has little impact on estimates of genetic diversity within whitefly populations; moreover, precise estimate of F ST can be easily achieved at a very small simple size (n = 3 or 4). Our results will provide in-depth understanding of the optimization of sampling schemes in population genomics of invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan‐Mei Qu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong ProvinceCollege of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Ni Liang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong ProvinceCollege of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Zi‐Ku Wu
- Science and Information CollegeQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - You‐Gang Zhao
- Science and Information CollegeQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong ProvinceCollege of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
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15
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Kurland S, Wheat CW, de la Paz Celorio Mancera M, Kutschera VE, Hill J, Andersson A, Rubin C, Andersson L, Ryman N, Laikre L. Exploring a Pool-seq-only approach for gaining population genomic insights in nonmodel species. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11448-11463. [PMID: 31641485 PMCID: PMC6802065 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing genomic insights is challenging in nonmodel species for which resources are often scarce and prohibitively costly. Here, we explore the potential of a recently established approach using Pool-seq data to generate a de novo genome assembly for mining exons, upon which Pool-seq data are used to estimate population divergence and diversity. We do this for two pairs of sympatric populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta): one naturally sympatric set of populations and another pair of populations introduced to a common environment. We validate our approach by comparing the results to those from markers previously used to describe the populations (allozymes and individual-based single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) and from mapping the Pool-seq data to a reference genome of the closely related Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We find that genomic differentiation (F ST) between the two introduced populations exceeds that of the naturally sympatric populations (F ST = 0.13 and 0.03 between the introduced and the naturally sympatric populations, respectively), in concordance with estimates from the previously used SNPs. The same level of population divergence is found for the two genome assemblies, but estimates of average nucleotide diversity differ ( π ¯ ≈ 0.002 and π ¯ ≈ 0.001 when mapping to S. trutta and S. salar, respectively), although the relationships between population values are largely consistent. This discrepancy might be attributed to biases when mapping to a haploid condensed assembly made of highly fragmented read data compared to using a high-quality reference assembly from a divergent species. We conclude that the Pool-seq-only approach can be suitable for detecting and quantifying genome-wide population differentiation, and for comparing genomic diversity in populations of nonmodel species where reference genomes are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kurland
- Division of Population GeneticsDepartment of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Christopher W. Wheat
- Division of Population GeneticsDepartment of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | - Verena E. Kutschera
- Science for Life Laboratory and Department for Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversitySolnaSweden
| | - Jason Hill
- Division of Population GeneticsDepartment of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Anastasia Andersson
- Division of Population GeneticsDepartment of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Carl‐Johan Rubin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Leif Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Department of Animal Breeding and GeneticsSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
- Department of Veterinary Integrative BiosciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Nils Ryman
- Division of Population GeneticsDepartment of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Linda Laikre
- Division of Population GeneticsDepartment of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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16
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Sandoval-Castillo J. Conservation genetics of elasmobranchs of the Mexican Pacific Coast, trends and perspectives. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2019; 83:115-157. [PMID: 31606069 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the most critical threats to biodiversity is the high extinction rate driven by human activities. Reducing extinction rates requires the implementation of conservation programmes based on robust scientific data. Elasmobranchs are important ecological components of the ocean, and several species sustain substantial economic activities. Unfortunately, elasmobranchs are one of the most threatened and understudied animal taxa. The Mexican Pacific Coast (MPC) is a region with high elasmobranch diversity and is the seat of major elasmobranch fisheries. But it is also a developing region with several conservation and management challenges which require national and international attention. Here, we review the conservation genetics literature of elasmobranchs from the MPC. We present a synthesis of the works using samples from the region and emphasize the main gaps and biases in these data. In addition, we discuss the benefits and challenges of generating genomic information to improve the management and conservation of an elasmobranch biodiversity hotspot in a developing country. We found 47 elasmobranch genetic articles that cover <30% of the elasmobranch diversity in the region. These studies mainly used mitochondrial DNA sequences to analyse the genetic structure of commercially important and abundant species of the order Carcharhiniformes. Some of these papers also assessed mating systems, demographic parameters, and taxonomic uncertainties, all of which are important topics for efficient management decisions. In terms of conservation genetics, elasmobranchs from the MPC remain understudied. However, high-throughput sequencing technologies have increased the power and accessibility of genomic tools, even in developing countries such as Mexico. The tools described here provide information relevant for biodiversity conservation. Therefore, we strongly suggest that investment in genomic research will assist implementation of efficient management strategies. In time, this will reduce the extinction risk of the unique elasmobranch biodiversity from the MPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sandoval-Castillo
- Molecular Ecology Lab, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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17
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Wollenberg Valero KC, Marshall JC, Bastiaans E, Caccone A, Camargo A, Morando M, Niemiller ML, Pabijan M, Russello MA, Sinervo B, Werneck FP, Sites JW, Wiens JJ, Steinfartz S. Patterns, Mechanisms and Genetics of Speciation in Reptiles and Amphibians. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090646. [PMID: 31455040 PMCID: PMC6769790 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, the aspects of reptile and amphibian speciation that emerged from research performed over the past decade are reviewed. First, this study assesses how patterns and processes of speciation depend on knowing the taxonomy of the group in question, and discuss how integrative taxonomy has contributed to speciation research in these groups. This study then reviews the research on different aspects of speciation in reptiles and amphibians, including biogeography and climatic niches, ecological speciation, the relationship between speciation rates and phenotypic traits, and genetics and genomics. Further, several case studies of speciation in reptiles and amphibians that exemplify many of these themes are discussed. These include studies of integrative taxonomy and biogeography in South American lizards, ecological speciation in European salamanders, speciation and phenotypic evolution in frogs and lizards. The final case study combines genomics and biogeography in tortoises. The field of amphibian and reptile speciation research has steadily moved forward from the assessment of geographic and ecological aspects, to incorporating other dimensions of speciation, such as genetic mechanisms and evolutionary forces. A higher degree of integration among all these dimensions emerges as a goal for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathon C Marshall
- Department of Zoology, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson Street, Dept. 2505, Ogden, UT 84401, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bastiaans
- Department of Biology, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Arley Camargo
- Centro Universitario de Rivera, Universidad de la República, Ituzaingó 667, Rivera 40000, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Morando
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC, CENPAT-CONICET) Bv. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn U9120ACD, Argentina
| | - Matthew L Niemiller
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Maciej Pabijan
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michael A Russello
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Barry Sinervo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Coastal Biology Building, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Fernanda P Werneck
- Programa de Coleções Científicas Biológicas, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus 69060-000, Brazil
| | - Jack W Sites
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Sebastian Steinfartz
- Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Animals, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Identifying Shared Strategies and Solutions to the Human–Giant Tortoise Interactions in Santa Cruz, Galapagos: A Nominal Group Technique Application. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11102937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conservation conflicts in protected areas are varied and context-specific, but the resulting effects are often similar, leading to important losses for both humans and wildlife. Several methods and approaches have been used to mitigate conservation conflicts, with an increasing emphasis on understanding the human–human dimension of the conflict. In this article, we present a revision of several conservation conflict cases in the management of protected areas, transdisciplinary and participatory approaches to address conservation conflicts, and finalize by illustrating the application of the nominal group technique (NGT) with the case of the human–giant tortoise interactions in Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos. In this article, we demonstrate the use of novel and systematic participatory and deliberative methodology that is able to engage stakeholders in a constructive dialogue to jointly identify and explore options for shared strategies and solutions to conservation conflicts. The results are comparable with other conservation conflicts cases around the world and illustrate the importance of generating legitimatized information that will further help policy and decision-making actions to address conservation conflicts in the management of protected areas.
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19
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von Takach Dukai B, Jack C, Borevitz J, Lindenmayer DB, Banks SC. Pervasive admixture between eucalypt species has consequences for conservation and assisted migration. Evol Appl 2019; 12:845-860. [PMID: 30976314 PMCID: PMC6439489 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Conservation management often uses information on genetic population structure to assess the importance of local provenancing for ecological restoration and reintroduction programs. For species that do not exhibit complete reproductive isolation, the estimation of population genetic parameters may be influenced by the extent of admixture. Therefore, to avoid perverse outcomes for conservation, genetically informed management strategies must determine whether hybridization between species is relevant, and the extent to which observed population genetic patterns are shaped by interspecific versus intraspecific gene flow. We used genotyping by sequencing to identify over 2,400 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms across 18 populations of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell., a foundation tree species of montane forests in south-eastern Australia. We used these data to determine the extent of hybridization with another species, Eucalyptus obliqua L'Hér., and investigate how admixture influences genetic diversity parameters, by estimating metrics of genetic diversity and examining population genetic structure in datasets with and without admixed individuals. We found hybrid individuals at all sites and two highly introgressed populations. Hybrid individuals were not distributed evenly across environmental gradients, with logistic regression identifying hybrids as being associated with temperature. Removal of hybrids resulted in increases in genetic differentiation (F ST), expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity and the inbreeding coefficient, and different patterns of isolation by distance. After removal of hybrids and introgressed populations, mountain ash showed very little population genetic structure, with a small effect of isolation by distance, and very low global F ST(0.03). Our study shows that, in plants, decisions around provenancing of individuals for restoration depend on knowledge of whether hybridization is influencing population genetic structure. For species in which most genetic variation is held within populations, there may be little benefit in planning conservation strategies around environmental adaptation of seed sources. The possibility for adaptive introgression may also be relevant when species regularly hybridize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton von Takach Dukai
- Fenner School of Environment and SocietyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Cameron Jack
- ANU Bioinformatics Consultancy, John Curtin School of Medical ResearchAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Justin Borevitz
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
- Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - David B. Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and SocietyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Sam C. Banks
- Research Institute for the Environment and LivelihoodsCharles Darwin UniversityDarwinNorthwest TerritoriesAustralia
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20
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Mable BK. Conservation of adaptive potential and functional diversity: integrating old and new approaches. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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21
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Hunter ME, Hoban SM, Bruford MW, Segelbacher G, Bernatchez L. Next-generation conservation genetics and biodiversity monitoring. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1029-1034. [PMID: 30026795 PMCID: PMC6050179 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This special issue of Evolutionary Applications consists of 10 publications investigating the use of next-generation tools and techniques in population genetic analyses and biodiversity assessment. The special issue stems from a 2016 Next Generation Genetic Monitoring Workshop, hosted by the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS) in Tennessee, USA. The improved accessibility of next-generation sequencing platforms has allowed molecular ecologists to rapidly produce large amounts of data. However, with the increased availability of new genomic markers and mathematical techniques, care is needed in selecting appropriate study designs, interpreting results in light of conservation concerns, and determining appropriate management actions. This special issue identifies key attributes of successful genetic data analyses in biodiversity evaluation and suggests ways to improve analyses and their application in current population and conservation genetics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Hunter
- U.S. Geological SurveyWetland and Aquatic Research CenterGainesvilleFlorida
| | | | - Michael W. Bruford
- Cardiff School of Biosciences and Sustainable Places InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Louis Bernatchez
- GIROQDépartement de BiologieUniversité LavalSte‐Foy, QuébecQCCanada
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