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Furtado T, Kennedy L, Pinchbeck G, Tulloch JSP. Zoonotic infections in UK and Irish veterinary students: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1272. [PMID: 38724984 PMCID: PMC11084047 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic infections are a recognised risk for the veterinary community. Veterinary students are at risk, due to the range of activities they participate with on training coupled with their inexperience; yet the prevalence and severity of infections in veterinary students has been little studied. In this study, a survey explored zoonotic infections in UK and Irish veterinary students. METHODS A survey containing both open and closed questions, was distributed to undergraduate veterinary students at all veterinary schools in the UK and Republic of Ireland. Descriptive statistics, and univariable logistic regression were used to explore quantitative data; thematic analysis was used to explore qualitative data. RESULTS There were 467 responses, 31.5% (95% CI 27.3-35.9, n = 147) of those students reported having contracted at least one zoonotic infection during their studies. The most prevalent self-reported infections were cryptosporidiosis (15.2% of all respondents), dermatophytosis (5.6%), and other gastrointestinal infections assumed to be of zoonotic origin (4.5%). 7% of respondents reported having acquired a zoonosis within the last 12 months, 91% of these infections were acquired during farm placements. Thematic analysis (n = 34) showed that infection was an accepted risk, particularly on farm, and students were often reluctant to take time off their studies or placements as a result of infection. Reporting was very low, meaning universities would not have accurate figures on infection risk or particularly risky placement providers. CONCLUSIONS Based on these survey results, veterinary students appear to be at increased risk of contracting zoonotic diseases, particularly on farm placements. Attitude and behaviour change at multiple levels is required to reduce the risk of infection to students and normalise reporting of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamzin Furtado
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Lois Kennedy
- School of Veterinary Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - John S P Tulloch
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK.
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Pereira-Figueiredo I, Rosa I, Sancho Sanchez C. Forced Handling Decreases Emotionality but Does Not Improve Young Horses' Responses toward Humans and their Adaptability to Stress. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:784. [PMID: 38473169 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Horses are often still exposed to stressful or inadequate conditions and difficult relationships with humans, despite growing concerns about animal welfare. In the present study, we investigated the impact of different approaches of short-term handling sessions on young Lusitanian horses raised on a high-breed farm, specifically on their later adaptability to humans and stressful environments. Thirty-one foals (3 months old ± 15 days), from both sexes, were separated into three groups, one submitted to 3 consecutive days of handling sessions (Int-H), another to one handling session each month for 3 months (Month-H), and one left undisturbed (control). At 8 months old ± 15 days, all foals were evaluated during behavioral tests (restraint in a stock and forced-person test). Evaluations were based on behavioral observations and physiological assessments. The handled foals (Int-H and Month-H) reacted less to being isolated and restrained and better tolerated human contact and veterinary procedures than the control ones. The handled foals displayed less evasive and negative behaviors toward human approach, but also sought less human contact and did not interact, regardless of the handling timeframe. All animals displayed signs of stress when restrained in the stock, with increased neutrophil counts and CHCM levels in the blood, and no differences in metabolic (CK and LDH) and other hematological parameters. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in handled foals than in control ones, suggesting low standards of welfare. Our data suggest that early forced handling decreases fearfulness in new environments; however, it does not improve the horses' relationship with humans, and it decreases welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Pereira-Figueiredo
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, C. Pintor Fernando Gallego, 1, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Thekidsfellows-Research Group in Anthrozoology, 6060-309 Idanha-a-Nova, Portugal
| | - Ilda Rosa
- Thekidsfellows-Research Group in Anthrozoology, 6060-309 Idanha-a-Nova, Portugal
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Laboratory, Center of Interdisciplinary Investigation in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Consuelo Sancho Sanchez
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, C. Pintor Fernando Gallego, 1, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Thekidsfellows-Research Group in Anthrozoology, 6060-309 Idanha-a-Nova, Portugal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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3
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Szelényi Z, Lipthay I, Sánta A, Lénárt L, Répási A, Szenci O. Pregnancy evaluation with a point-of-care pregnancy test in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 2024; 214:201-205. [PMID: 37897849 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Primiparous and multiparous dairy cattle were evaluated for pregnancy using both transrectal ultrasonography and a point-of-care pregnancy test (Alertys OnFarm Test), which measures pregnancy-associated glycoproteins through lateral diffusion, between Days 28-34 of pregnancy results were compared. A total of 637 animals were included in this study. Pregnancy was confirmed via manual palpation between Days 57-64. Data on parity, calving, and time of artificial insemination (AI) were also collected and evaluated. Overall the accuracy of the lateral diffusion test was 93.1% with 98.9% sensitivity, 88.7 % specificity, 86.8 % positive predictive value, and 99.1% negative predictive value. In heifers, the Alertys OnFarm Test had 100% sensitivity and 81.6% specificity. In contrast, the test had a sensitivity and specificity of 98.5 and 89.5%, respectively for multiparous cows. The pregnancy loss between early diagnosis and confirmation increased with parity. Heifers suffered losses as low as 2.6%, whereas animals in the third parity had significantly more losses (17.9%). Season also affected losses with spring pregnancy losses being considerably higher than autumn losses. The veterinary workload was also evaluated. Using the combined method of pregnancy testing, animals were first tested with the lateral diffusion test; then, the test-negative animals were scanned again, and the number of scanned animals was reduced. The results ranged between 3274% on farms. We concluded that veterinary workload could be reduced by using the point-of-care test. However, farm-level differences may have affected the results of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szelényi
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department for Obstetrics and Farm Animal Clinic, H-1078, István u. 2., Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Lipthay
- RougeVet Veterinary Practice, H-2351, Fő út 45. Alsónémedi, Hungary
| | - Attila Sánta
- RougeVet Veterinary Practice, H-2351, Fő út 45. Alsónémedi, Hungary
| | - Lea Lénárt
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department for Obstetrics and Farm Animal Clinic, H-1078, István u. 2., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Atilla Répási
- Pataki Állatorvos Veterinary Practice, H-3950, Dobó F. utca 54. Sárospatak, Hungary
| | - Ottó Szenci
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department for Obstetrics and Farm Animal Clinic, H-1078, István u. 2., Budapest, Hungary
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Coco LK, Heidler P, Fischer HA, Albanese V, Marzo RR, Kozon V. When the Going Gets Challenging-Motivational Theories as a Driver for Workplace Health Promotion, Employees Well-Being and Quality of Life. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:898. [PMID: 37998645 PMCID: PMC10669707 DOI: 10.3390/bs13110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Being characterized by high numbers of physical and mental health issues, the veterinary sector faces some negative peculiarities compared to other professions. To evaluate and possibly improve employees' well-being and to reward according to individual motivation, managing staff and the profession in general must understand every individual's motivation. Defining the motivation of veterinary professionals in a multidisciplinary way can be the first step in increasing the well-being of employees. To assemble current theories of work motivation and adapt and extend them to serve the veterinary profession, basic knowledge of the classical general psychological motivational theories and work motivational theories is inevitable. The authors aimed to illustrate the different motivational theories' key aspects and historical evolution to provide veterinary personnel with broad knowledge. In addition, the availability of already existing literature should be evaluated. A scoping review was performed. Methodological, empirical, review, and theoretical articles were evaluated. Only a minority of the studies (1.3%) evaluated motivational theories in veterinary health care. This reflects that there is a need for research in this field. Still, it is illustrated that the veterinarian profession would benefit from the implementation of general psychological as well as motivational work theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Karolin Coco
- Equine Hospital “Tierärztliches Kompetenzzentrum für Pferde Grosswallstadt”, 63868 Grosswalstadt, Germany
- Department of Public Health, St. Elizabeth University of Health and Social Work, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Heidler
- Institute International Trade and Sustainable Economy, IMC University of Applied Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Department of Health Sciences, St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Holger Adam Fischer
- Equine Hospital “Tierärztliches Kompetenzzentrum für Pferde Grosswallstadt”, 63868 Grosswalstadt, Germany
- Department of Public Health, St. Elizabeth University of Health and Social Work, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Valeria Albanese
- Equine Hospital “Tierärztliches Kompetenzzentrum für Pferde Grosswallstadt”, 63868 Grosswalstadt, Germany
| | - Roy Rillera Marzo
- International Medical School, Management and Science University, Shah Alam 40100, Malaysia
- Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Vlastimil Kozon
- Department of Public Health, St. Elizabeth University of Health and Social Work, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Austrian Society for Vascular Nursing, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Wound Diagnosis and Wound Management, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Tulloch JSP, Fleming KM, Pinchbeck G, Forster J, Lowe W, Westgarth C. Audit of animal-related injuries at UK veterinary schools between 2009 and 2018. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3171. [PMID: 37310022 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal-related injuries pose a significant risk to the veterinary profession. This study aimed to describe the incidence, demographics, context and consequences of animal-related injuries at UK veterinary schools. METHODS A multicentre audit of accident records (2009-2018) across five UK veterinary schools was performed. Injury rates were stratified by school, demographics and species. The context and cause of the injury were described. Multivariable logistic models explored factors associated with medical treatment, hospital visits and time off work. RESULTS An annual rate of 2.60 (95% confidence interval 2.48-2.72) injuries per 100 graduating students was calculated, varying between veterinary schools. Injuries were more frequently recorded in staff than students, and there were significant differences between staff and students in the activities performed preceding injury. Cats and dogs were associated with the highest number of reported injuries. However, injuries associated with cattle and horses were the most severe, with significantly higher hospital attendances and more time off work taken. LIMITATIONS Data were based on reported injuries and likely underestimate the true injury rate. The population at risk was hard to quantify as population size and exposure were variable. CONCLUSION Further research is recommended to explore the clinical and workplace management, including recording culture, of animal-related injuries among veterinary professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S P Tulloch
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kate M Fleming
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Walter Lowe
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carri Westgarth
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Grünwald JA, Licka TF. Health Promotion for Students of Veterinary Medicine: A Preliminary Study on Active Microbreaks and Ergonomics Education. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101641. [PMID: 37238071 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Occupational hazards, such as psychosocial stressors, physical injuries from human-animal interactions, and physically demanding work tasks, are common in the veterinary profession, and musculoskeletal discomfort and pain (MDP) may already be present in veterinary undergraduates. This preliminary study investigates the effects of very short, active interventions, called microbreaks, in 36 veterinary students. At the start, participants had a high prevalence of MDP, especially in the neck and lower back. Within a 12-week observational period, 6 weeks of active intervention comprised teaching microbreaks (nine strengthening, stretching, and relaxation exercises; 30-90 s each) and a weekly veterinary-specific ergonomics education and discussion. After the intervention, participants reported fewer painful body regions and an increase in their self-efficacy in potentially painful, risky, or dangerous human-animal interactions. After the 12-week observational period, participants had increased self-efficacy in the maintenance of physical health and self-protection but decreased self-efficacy in healing injuries after veterinary human-animal interactions. Participants felt to have increased and decreased control over dangerous situations with dogs and horses, respectively, although self-efficacy in handling horses increased. Participants integrated microbreaks well into their undergraduate activities and rated the topic relevant to their (later) profession. This should encourage the inclusion of similar programs in undergraduate curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Andrea Grünwald
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresia Franziska Licka
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
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7
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Prutton AM, Lenaghan HAH, Baillie S. Evaluation of an Equine Nasogastric Intubation Model for Training Veterinary Students. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023:e20220127. [PMID: 36812012 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2022-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Simulation in veterinary education is an important means of providing a safe, welfare-friendly way for students to hone their skills prior to performing procedures on live animals. Students may not get many chances to practice passing a nasogastric tube and checking for reflux in live horses during clinical rotations and extra-mural studies. A low-cost equine nasogastric intubation model was created at the University of Surrey, allowing students to practice passing a tube and checking for reflux. Thirty-two equine veterinarians evaluated the model for realism, and its potential usefulness in teaching. Veterinarians found the model to be realistic, supported its use as a teaching aid, and provided helpful feedback for possible improvements. In addition, 83 year 4 veterinary students rated their level of confidence before and after using the model for nine specific aspects of nasogastric intubation. Students showed significantly increased confidence levels in all nine aspects after using the model, and reported that they appreciated being able to practice the skill in a safe environment prior to performing it on a live horse. The results of this study suggest that both clinicians and students considered that this model has educational value, which supports its use for training veterinary students prior to clinical placements. The model provides an affordable, robust educational aid that can be used in clinical skills teaching, increases student confidence, and allows students to practice the skill repeatedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Prutton
- Equine Clinical Practice, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, VSM Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL UK
| | - Holly A H Lenaghan
- Equine Clinical Practice, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, VSM Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL UK
| | - Sarah Baillie
- Veterinary Education, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Bristol, BS40 5DU UK
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8
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Wolframm IA, Douglas J, Pearson G. Changing Hearts and Minds in the Equestrian World One Behaviour at a Time. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040748. [PMID: 36830535 PMCID: PMC9952075 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Equestrianism is currently facing a range of pressing challenges. These challenges, which are largely based on evolving attitudes to ethics and equine wellbeing, have consequences for the sport's social licence to operate. The factors that may have contributed to the current situation include overarching societal trends, specific aspects of the equestrian sector, and factors rooted in human nature. If equestrianism is to flourish, it is evident that much needs to change, not the least, human behaviour. To this end, using established behaviour change frameworks that have been scientifically validated and are rooted in practice-most notably, Michie et al.'s COM-B model and Behaviour Change Wheel-could be of practical value for developing and implementing equine welfare strategies. This review summarises the theoretical underpinnings of some behaviour change frameworks and provides a practical, step-by-step approach to designing an effective behaviour change intervention. A real-world example is provided through the retrospective analysis of an intervention strategy that aimed to increase the use of learning theory in (educational) veterinary practice. We contend that the incorporation of effective behaviour change interventions into any equine welfare improvement strategy may help to safeguard the future of equestrianism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga A. Wolframm
- Applied Research Centre, Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Larensteinselaan 26-A, 6882 CT Velp, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Janet Douglas
- World Horse Welfare, Anne Colvin House, Snetterton, Norwich NR16 2LR, UK
| | - Gemma Pearson
- The Horse Trust, Slad Lane, Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire HP27 0PP, UK
- Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Carroll SL, Sykes BW, Mills PC. Moving toward Fear-Free Husbandry and Veterinary Care for Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2907. [PMID: 36359031 PMCID: PMC9653666 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Husbandry and veterinary procedures have the potential to generate fear and stress in animals. In horses, the associated responses can pose a significant safety risk to the human personnel involved in the procedure, as well as to the animal itself. Traditionally, physical restraint, punishment, and/or threat of an aversive, have been the most common strategies used to achieve compliance from the horse. However, from a welfare perspective, this is less than ideal. This approach also has the potential for creating a more dangerous response from the horse in future similar situations. When caring for companion animals, and captive animals within zoological facilities, there has been a steady transition away from this approach, and toward strategies aimed at reducing fear and stress during veterinary visits and when undertaking routine husbandry procedures. This review discusses the current approaches to horse care and training, the strategies being used in other animal sectors, and potential strategies for improving human safety, as well as the horse's experience, during husbandry and veterinary procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L. Carroll
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Benjamin W. Sykes
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Paul C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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Pohl R, Botscharow J, Böckelmann I, Thielmann B. Stress and strain among veterinarians: a scoping review. Ir Vet J 2022; 75:15. [PMID: 35729648 PMCID: PMC9209636 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-022-00220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to systematically review studies on work-related stress that may affect the mental health of veterinarians. Studies have indicated a high prevalence of various risk factors for mental disorders among practicing veterinarians. In addition to a high risk of suicide, there is increasing evidence of burnout and depression. A scoping review was conducted using the PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubPsych and PSYNDEX databases. Twenty-one studies (plus seven studies with nonstandardized questionnaires) published between 2000 and 2021 were found that presented data on the effect of workload on the mental wellbeing of veterinarians. All of the included studies indicate a high prevalence of psychological stressors in veterinary practice. The risks of burnout, anxiety and depressive disorders are higher in this occupational group than in the general population and other occupational groups. Subjectively, female veterinarians perceive their psychological workload to be higher than that of their male counterparts. Working hours and ethical dilemmas stand out as major sources of stress. There is a need to improve overall psychological wellbeing of veterinarians. Organizational support services and developing personal strategies for coping with work-related stress can prove helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pohl
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Julia Botscharow
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Irina Böckelmann
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Beatrice Thielmann
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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11
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Mansell SE, Behnke MC. Onchocerca cervicalis: A survey into awareness and knowledge of the parasite amongst UK equine veterinarians. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 114:103942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Pearson G, Reardon R, Keen J, Waran N. Difficult horses – prevalence, approaches to management of and understanding of how they develop by equine veterinarians. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Pearson
- Equine Hospital Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh
| | - R. Reardon
- Equine Hospital Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh
| | - J. Keen
- Equine Hospital Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh
| | - N. Waran
- Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh Midlothian UK
- Faculty of Education, Humanities and Health Science Eastern Institute of Technology Taradale New Zealand
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13
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Pagliara E, Nicolo A, Rossi C, Cammaresi C, Donadio G, Bertuglia A. Transdermal Application of Anesthetic Preparations Is Effective in Increasing Mechanical Nociceptive Threshold at Perineural Injection Sites in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 103:103689. [PMID: 34281641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Perineural anaesthesia is an essential part of lameness investigation in horses. Painful reactions to injections imply a high risk of accidents for veterinarians. To evaluate the efficacy of two topical anaesthetic creams on desensitization of the skin at two perineural injection sites and to evaluate the effects these formulations may have on pain perception distally to the application sites. Randomized, blind, prospective study. 14 healthy horses were randomly divided in two groups of 7 horses each, one treated with EMLA and one with PLIAGLIS preparations. The mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) was recorded via pressure algometer at the baseline and one hour after application (T1) on palmar and palmar digital nerve blocks sites. Skin sensation was also assessed on the distal limb, recording MNT on the coronary band and on both bulbs of the heels. Data were compared with a 3-way ANOVA statistical analyses. No significant difference was encountered in the MNT values between baseline records and records at T1 at the control sites. A significant difference of MNT values was detected between the two time points in the treated limbs. The significant sources of variation in our study were the time and the presence of anaesthetic cream. The type of treatment did not determine any differences. Furthermore, no significant difference of MNT values at sites distal to treatment was recorded between the two time points, both in the treated limb and control limbs. Both formulations are effective to obtain superficial skin desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Nicolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Torino, Italy
| | - Carmen Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Torino, Italy
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14
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Pearson G, Waran N, Reardon RJ, Keen J, Dwyer C. A Delphi study to determine expert consensus on the behavioural indicators of stress in horses undergoing veterinary care. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Fenner K, Hyde M, Crean A, McGreevy P. Identifying Sources of Potential Bias When Using Online Survey Data to Explore Horse Training, Management, and Behaviour: A Systematic Literature Review. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030140. [PMID: 32971754 PMCID: PMC7558402 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Owner-reported behavioural observations form an essential part of the veterinarians’ diagnosis and treatment plan. The way we train and manage horses affects their behaviour and, in turn, their health and welfare. Current horse training and management practices are largely driven by traditional techniques and longstanding methodologies. These approaches generally lack an evidence base for evaluation purposes. The absence of evidence and evaluation contributes to the persistent use of risky practices and this, in turn, increases risk of potential harms for both horse and rider, and fuels questioning of the equine industry’s current social license to operate. Objective evidence is required to make training and management decisions based on demonstrable best practice. Large-scale experimental or intervention studies using horses are generally not practical because of the associated costs and logistics of gaining ethical approval. Small studies generally lack statistical power and are subject to the effects of many forms of bias that demand caution in the interpretation of any observed effects. An alternative to collecting large amounts of empirical data is the use of owner-reported observations via online survey. Horse owners are ideally placed to report on the domestic equine triad of training, management, and behaviour. The current article highlights three sources of potential bias in a systematic review of literature on large-scale online studies of horse owners’ observational reports that met the following selection criteria: English-language, published, peer-reviewed articles reporting on studies with over 1000 respondents and open access to the survey instrument. The online surveys were evaluated for three common forms of bias: recall, confirmation, and sampling bias. This review reveals that online surveys are useful for gathering data on the triad of horse training, management, and behaviour. However, current use of online surveys to collect data on equitation science (including horse training, management, and behaviour) could be improved by using a standardised and validated tool. Such a tool would facilitate comparisons among equine and equitation science studies, thus advancing our understanding of the impacts of training and management on horse behaviour. The authors of the current review suggest the use of a standardised behavioural and management assessment tool for horses. Such a tool would help define what constitutes normal behaviour within geographically disparate populations of horses, leading to improvements in rider safety and horse welfare.
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Oxtoby C. Lone working in veterinary practice: out of sight, out of mind? Vet Rec 2020; 185:725-727. [PMID: 31831696 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l6812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Cantatore F, Marcatili M, Pagliara E, Bertuglia A, Withers J. Diffusion of Radiodense Contrast Medium Following Perineural Injection of the Deep Branch of the Lateral Plantar Nerve Using Two Different Techniques in Horses: an In Vivo Study. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2020; 33:235-242. [PMID: 32283558 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1701655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article evaluates and compares the diffusion pattern of radiopaque contrast medium following perineural analgesia of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve performed using two different techniques: weight-bearing or flexed. STUDY DESIGN This was an in vivo experimental study. METHODS Eight horses were enrolled. Perineural injection of the right and left deep branch lateral plantar nerves was performed with a weight-bearing or flexed technique, using radiopaque contrast medium (iohexol). Radiographic evaluation was performed after 5 (T5), 15 (T15) and 30 (T30) minutes. The diffusion of contrast medium was assessed independently by two blinded readers who analysed the extension of the main contrast medium bulk and the maximum diffusion of contrast medium in both proximal and distal directions. The effect of time and technique employed on contrast medium diffusion was assessed using two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS There was no significant difference in the diffusion of the contrast medium between the two techniques at T15. However, at T30 the weight-bearing technique resulted in a significantly increased diffusion in the proximal direction (p = 0.02). In one case, belonging to the weight-bearing group, contrast medium was identified within the tarsal sheath. There was no evidence of contrast medium in the tarsometatarsal joint of any horse, regardless of the technique used. CONCLUSIONS The two techniques resulted in a similar diffusion at T15. However, the use of a weight-bearing technique resulted in a significant increase in proximal contrast medium diffusion 30 minutes after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cantatore
- Pool House Equine Clinic, Crown Inn Farm, Lichfield, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Marcatili
- Pool House Equine Clinic, Crown Inn Farm, Lichfield, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.,Division of Equine Clinical Sciences, Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Eleonora Pagliara
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Andrea Bertuglia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Jonathan Withers
- Pool House Equine Clinic, Crown Inn Farm, Lichfield, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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Jones ARE. A survey of work-related musculoskeletal disorders associated with performing laparoscopic veterinary surgery. Vet Surg 2020; 49 Suppl 1:O15-O20. [PMID: 32090351 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD) associated with laparoscopy in veterinary surgery. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SAMPLE POPULATION Veterinary surgeons who perform laparoscopy. METHODS Responses were collected with data regarding laparoscopic activities and experience as well as whether the respondents experienced pain as a result of laparoscopy and, if so, additional information on this topic. Variables associated with the risk of experiencing pain were determined by using χ2 tests and odds ratios (OR). RESULTS There were 149 respondents, an estimated 6% response proportion. Forty percent experienced pain that they attributed to the use of laparoscopic instruments during or after laparoscopic surgery. Surgeons who perform laparoscopic surgery frequently (at least monthly) were more likely to experience pain as a result of laparoscopic surgery compared with those who perform laparoscopic surgery infrequently (OR 2.25; 95% confidence interval 1.07-4.75; P = .033). Pain during or after laparoscopic surgery was most often experienced in the neck (81%), back (77%), and shoulders (75%), with 90% of respondents reporting that surgery exacerbated their pain. Fifty-four percent of respondents experienced the pain at home, 64% had taken painkillers for the pain, and 46% had sought other treatment for the pain such as physiotherapy, chiropractic treatment, or seeing a doctor. CONCLUSION Laparoscopic surgery was a potential source of pain in a proportion of surgeons. Surgeons who frequently perform laparoscopic surgery were more likely to experience a WRMD. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Work-related musculoskeletal disorders may occur as a result of performing laparoscopic surgery.
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Nasogastric Intubation as Health and Safety Risk in Equine Practice-A Questionnaire. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 88:102951. [PMID: 32303319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Placing a nasogastric tube can be a life-saving act for a horse but is considered an occupational hazard for veterinarians. An online questionnaire was performed to assess and specify potential risks. 123 equine veterinarians completed the survey, and the majority admitted using the mouth to handle the end of the nasogastric tube (sucking or blowing air) and having accidentally swallowed or aspirated stomach content or medications. This can potentially lead to aspiration pneumonia or pneumonitis. Mineral oil seems to be especially dangerous as aspiration may be asymptomatic at the beginning and lipoid pneumonitis may develop. Furthermore, 60% of responders would also handle the tube with their mouth if the horse was presented with fever and diarrhea or reflux formation, which might be affected by Salmonella sp. or Clostridium difficile producing toxins. The fact that nasogastric tubes are rarely being disinfected increases the risk of infection. 50% of veterinarians would use their mouth to suck or blow air into the tube during nasogastric intubation, even if the patient was presented with suspected poisoning. Rodenticide zinc phosphide is particularly dangerous as its breakdown product is a highly toxic gas. Inhalation leads to serious symptoms in humans, including pulmonary edema and neurological signs. Alternatives to mouth use (lavage, big syringe, or suction pump) when passing a tube should be considered, especially if a patient is presented with duodenitis-proximal jejunitis, diarrhea, or suspected poisoning. Awareness needs to be raised among veterinarians that nasogastric intubation is an extremely hazardous occupational practice.
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Tremaine H. Local analgesia techniques for dental and head procedures in horses. IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.l662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mountford D. British Equine Veterinary Association (BEVA) response. Vet Rec 2018; 182:720. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.k2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Mountford
- BEVA; Mulberry House, 31 Market Street, Fordham Ely Cambridgeshire CB7 5LQ
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