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Cornell TR, Conteh B, Drammeh L, Jeffang F, Sallah E, Kijera A, Jarju M, Karim M, Khan E, Ceesay PO, Manneh E, Wootton DG, Pinchbeck G, Scantlebury CE. Histoplasma seropositivity and environmental risk factors for exposure in a general population in Upper River Region, The Gambia: A cross-sectional study. One Health 2024; 18:100717. [PMID: 38576541 PMCID: PMC10992707 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Robust surveillance of Histoplasma species is warranted in endemic regions, including investigation of community-level transmission dynamics. This cross-sectional study explored anti-Histoplasma antibody seroprevalence and risk factors for exposure in a general population in Upper River Region (URR), The Gambia. Study participants were recruited (December 2022-March 2023) by random household sampling across 12 Enumeration Areas (EAs) of URR. A questionnaire and clinical examination were performed; exploring demographic, clinical and environmental risk factors for Histoplasma exposure. One venous blood sample per participant was subject to IMMY Latex Agglutination Histoplasma test to determine presence of a recent IgM response to Histoplasma. Seropositivity risk factors were explored by multi-level, multivariable logistic regression analysis. The study population (n = 298) aged 5-83 years, demonstrated a positively skewed age distribution and comprised 55.4% females. An apparent seroprevalence of 18.8% (n = 56/298, 95% CI 14.5-23.7%) was measured using the LAT. A multivariable model demonstrated increased odds of Histoplasma seropositivity amongst female participants (OR = 2.41 95% CI 1.14-5.10); and participants reporting involvement in animal manure management (OR = 4.21 95% CI 1.38-12.90), and management of domestic animals inside the compound at night during the dry season (OR = 10.72 95% CI 2.02-56.83). Increasing age (OR = 0.96 95% CI 0.93-0.98) was associated with decreased odds of seropositivity. Clustering at EA level was responsible for 17.2% of seropositivity variance. The study indicates frequent recent Histoplasma exposure and presents plausible demographic and environmental risk factors for seropositivity. Histoplasma spp. characterisation at this human-animal-environment interface is warranted, to determine public health implications of environmental reservoirs in The Gambia. The study was supported by Wellcome Trust (206,638/Z/17/Z to CES) and a University of Liverpool-funded PhD studentship (to TRC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Rose Cornell
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Bakary Conteh
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Lamin Drammeh
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Foday Jeffang
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Ebrima Sallah
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Alkali Kijera
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Mustapha Jarju
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Mehrab Karim
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Ebrima Khan
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Pa Ousman Ceesay
- Gambia Bureau of Statistics (GBoS), Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, The Gambia
| | - Ebrima Manneh
- Gambia Bureau of Statistics (GBoS), Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, The Gambia
| | | | - Dan G. Wootton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging & Zoonotic Diseases, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, UK
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Asteraye GB, Pinchbeck G, Knight-Jones T, Saville K, Temesgen W, Hailemariam A, Rushton J. Population, distribution, biomass, and economic value of Equids in Ethiopia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295388. [PMID: 38517857 PMCID: PMC10959329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equids play a crucial role in the Ethiopian economy, transporting agricultural inputs and outputs in the dominant subsistence agricultural systems and the critical link for value chains throughout the country. However, these species are often neglected in policies and interventions, which reflects the data and information gaps, particularly the contribution of working equids to Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE To assess population dynamics, distribution, biomass, and economic value of equids in Ethiopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Equine population data were obtained from the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency (CSA) annual national agriculture surveys published yearbooks from 2004 to 2020. Parameters such as the number of effective service days and daily rental value were obtained from interviews and literature to estimate the stock monetary and service value of equids. Descriptive statistics were used to assess population dynamics and the geographical distribution was mapped. RESULTS The estimated total Ethiopian equid population increased by more than doubled (by 131%) between 2004 and 2020 from 5.7 (4.9-6.6) million to 13.3 (11.6-15) million with 2.1 million horses, 10.7 million donkeys, and 380 thousand mules. Similarly, the number of households owning a working equid has increased. Equine populations are unevenly distributed across Ethiopia, although data were lacking in some districts of the country. The per human-capita equine population ranged from 0-0.52, 0-0.13, and 0-0.02 for donkeys, horses, and mules, respectively. The equid biomass was 7.4 (6.3-8.4) million Tropical livestock unit (TLU) (250 kg liveweight), 10% of total livestock biomass of the country. The stock monetary value of equids was USD 1,229 (651-1,908) million, accounting for 3.1% of total livestock monetary value and the services value of equids was USD 1,198 (825-1,516) million, which is 1.2% of Ethiopian 2021 expected GDP. CONCLUSION The Ethiopian equine population has grown steadily over the last two decades. Equids play a central role in transportation and subsistence agriculture in Ethiopia and contribute significantly to the national economy. This pivotal role is insufficiently recognized in national livestock investments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girma Birhan Asteraye
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme https://animalhealthmetrics.org
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Theodore Knight-Jones
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme https://animalhealthmetrics.org
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Wudu Temesgen
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme https://animalhealthmetrics.org
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Jonathan Rushton
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme https://animalhealthmetrics.org
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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Zendri F, Schmidt V, Mauder N, Loeffler A, Jepson RE, Isgren C, Pinchbeck G, Haldenby S, Timofte D. Corrigendum: Rapid typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy informs infection control in veterinary settings. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1396367. [PMID: 38572239 PMCID: PMC10987953 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1396367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1334268.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Zendri
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anette Loeffler
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rosanne Ellen Jepson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Cajsa Isgren
- Western Counties Equine Hospital Ltd., Culmstock, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Haldenby
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dorina Timofte
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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Fins IS, Davies H, Farrell S, Torres JR, Pinchbeck G, Radford AD, Noble P. Evaluating ChatGPT text mining of clinical records for companion animal obesity monitoring. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3669. [PMID: 38058223 PMCID: PMC10952314 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Veterinary clinical narratives remain a largely untapped resource for addressing complex diseases. Here we compare the ability of a large language model (ChatGPT) and a previously developed regular expression (RegexT) to identify overweight body condition scores (BCS) in veterinary narratives pertaining to companion animals. METHODS BCS values were extracted from 4415 anonymised clinical narratives using either RegexT or by appending the narrative to a prompt sent to ChatGPT, prompting the model to return the BCS information. Data were manually reviewed for comparison. RESULTS The precision of RegexT was higher (100%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 94.81%-100%) than that of ChatGPT (89.3%, 95% CI 82.75%-93.64%). However, the recall of ChatGPT (100%, 95% CI 96.18%-100%) was considerably higher than that of RegexT (72.6%, 95% CI 63.92%-79.94%). LIMITATIONS Prior anonymisation and subtle prompt engineering are needed to improve ChatGPT output. CONCLUSIONS Large language models create diverse opportunities and, while complex, present an intuitive interface to information. However, they require careful implementation to avoid unpredictable errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo S. Fins
- Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance NetworkInstitute of InfectionVeterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Heather Davies
- Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance NetworkInstitute of InfectionVeterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Sean Farrell
- Department of Computer ScienceDurham UniversityDurhamUK
| | - Jose R. Torres
- Institute for Animal Health and Food SafetyUniversity of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas, Gran CanariaSpain
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance NetworkInstitute of InfectionVeterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Alan D. Radford
- Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance NetworkInstitute of InfectionVeterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Peter‐John Noble
- Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance NetworkInstitute of InfectionVeterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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Zendri F, Schmidt V, Mauder N, Loeffler A, Jepson RE, Isgren C, Pinchbeck G, Haldenby S, Timofte D. Rapid typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy informs infection control in veterinary settings. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1334268. [PMID: 38371930 PMCID: PMC10869444 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1334268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens linked to healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) is an increasing concern in modern veterinary practice. Thus, rapid bacterial typing for real-time tracking of MDR hospital dissemination is still much needed to inform best infection control practices in a clinically relevant timeframe. To this end, the IR Biotyper using Fourier-Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy has the potential to provide fast cluster analysis of potentially related organisms with substantial cost and turnaround time benefits. Materials and methods A collection of MDR bacterial isolates (n = 199, comprising 92 Klebsiella pneumoniae and 107 Pseudomonas aeruginosa) obtained from companion animal (i.e., dogs, cats and horses) clinical investigations, faecal and environmental screening from four veterinary facilities between 2012 and 2019 was analysed retrospectively by FTIR spectroscopy. Its performance was compared against MLST extracted from whole genomes of a subset of clustering isolates (proportionally to cluster size) for investigation of potential nosocomial transmission between patients and the surrounding hospital environments. Results Concordance between the FTIR and MLST types was overall high for K. pneumoniae (Adjusted Rand Index [ARI] of 0.958) and poor for P. aeruginosa (ARI of 0.313). FTIR K. pneumoniae clusters (n = 7) accurately segregated into their respective veterinary facility with evidence of intra-hospital spread of K. pneumoniae between patients and environmental surfaces. Notably, K. pneumoniae ST147 intensely circulated at one Small Animal Hospital ICU. Conversely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa FTIR clusters (n = 18) commonly contained isolates of diversified hospital source and heterogeneous genetic background (as also genetically related isolates spread across different clusters); nonetheless, dissemination of some clones, such as P. aeruginosa ST2644 in the equine hospital, was apparent. Importantly, FTIR clustering of clinical, colonisation and/or environmental isolates sharing genomically similar backgrounds was seen for both MDR organisms, highlighting likely cross-contamination events that led to clonal dissemination within settings. Conclusion FTIR spectroscopy has high discriminatory power for hospital epidemiological surveillance of veterinary K. pneumoniae and could provide sufficient information to support early detection of clonal dissemination, facilitating implementation of appropriate infection control measures. Further work and careful optimisation need to be carried out to improve its performance for typing of P. aeruginosa veterinary isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Zendri
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anette Loeffler
- Western Counties Equine Hospital Ltd., Culmstock, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cajsa Isgren
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Haldenby
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dorina Timofte
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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6
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Morgan G, Pinchbeck G, Taymaz E, Chattaway MA, Schmidt V, Williams N. An investigation of the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae in raw and cooked kibble diets for dogs in the United Kingdom. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1301841. [PMID: 38260907 PMCID: PMC10800874 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1301841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Raw meat diets (RMD) for dogs are an increasingly popular alternative pet food choice, however studies worldwide have demonstrated them to be contaminated with zoonotic and antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, including bacteria resistant to critically important antibiotics. Despite this, few data exist surrounding the presence of these bacteria in RMD in the United Kingdom. The present study aimed to identify the most commonly selected RMD and non-raw diets (NRMD) by United Kingdom dog owners. Additionally, it investigated the presence of AMR-Enterobacteriaceae in samples of pre-prepared RMD and cooked commercial kibble dog foods. An online survey investigating diet preferences of United Kingdom dog owners was open for 6 weeks between February-March 2020. From this, the top 10 brands of pre-prepared raw and cooked kibble diets were ascertained and 134 samples purchased (110 RMD, 24 kibble) and subjected to microbiological testing. Bacterial enumeration of E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae was undertaken, and the presence of Salmonella spp. and AMR-E. coli within samples determined. Whole genome sequencing was undertaken on Salmonella spp. and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant 3GCR-E. coli isolates. Pre-prepared RMD was most commonly selected by dog owners who fed RMD, and cooked commercial complete dry food was most frequently fed by owners who fed NRMD. Damaged and leaking packaging was observed in samples of RMD, alongside variability in information provided surrounding product traceability. Counts of E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae exceeding >5,000 CFU/g were identified in samples of RMD. AMR-, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and 3GCR-E. coli was isolated from 39, 14 and 16% of RMD samples, respectively. Multiple antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in 3GCR-E. coli isolates. Of the ESBL encoding genes, blaCTX-M-15 was most commonly identified. S. enterica was isolated from 5% of RMD samples. No Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from any of the cooked kibble samples. The present study suggests that pre-prepared RMD available for dogs in the United Kingdom can be contaminated with zoonotic and AMR-Enterobacteriaceae. RMDs, therefore, are potentially an important One Health concern. Veterinary and medical professionals, pet food retailers and pet owners should be aware of these risks; and stringent hygiene measures should be practiced if owners choose to feed RMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genever Morgan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Eda Taymaz
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Anne Chattaway
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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Tulloch JSP, Fleming KM, Pinchbeck G, Forster J, Lowe W, Westgarth C. Audit of animal-related injuries at UK veterinary schools between 2009 and 2018. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3171. [PMID: 37310022 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal-related injuries pose a significant risk to the veterinary profession. This study aimed to describe the incidence, demographics, context and consequences of animal-related injuries at UK veterinary schools. METHODS A multicentre audit of accident records (2009-2018) across five UK veterinary schools was performed. Injury rates were stratified by school, demographics and species. The context and cause of the injury were described. Multivariable logistic models explored factors associated with medical treatment, hospital visits and time off work. RESULTS An annual rate of 2.60 (95% confidence interval 2.48-2.72) injuries per 100 graduating students was calculated, varying between veterinary schools. Injuries were more frequently recorded in staff than students, and there were significant differences between staff and students in the activities performed preceding injury. Cats and dogs were associated with the highest number of reported injuries. However, injuries associated with cattle and horses were the most severe, with significantly higher hospital attendances and more time off work taken. LIMITATIONS Data were based on reported injuries and likely underestimate the true injury rate. The population at risk was hard to quantify as population size and exposure were variable. CONCLUSION Further research is recommended to explore the clinical and workplace management, including recording culture, of animal-related injuries among veterinary professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S P Tulloch
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kate M Fleming
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Walter Lowe
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carri Westgarth
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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8
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Cornell TR, Jobe D, Donkor S, Wootton DG, Pinchbeck G, Sutherland JS, Scantlebury CE. Histoplasma Seropositivity in TB Patients in The Gambia: Evidence to Drive Research on a High-Priority Fungal Pathogen. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad510. [PMID: 37901120 PMCID: PMC10603589 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inclusion of Histoplasma in the World Health Organization's first Fungal Priority Pathogens List under "high-priority" fungal species highlights the need for robust surveillance of Histoplasma spp. in endemic and underrepresented regions. Despite increasing reports of histoplasmosis in Africa, data on the burden of this fungal disease are sparse in The Gambia. This baseline study examined the human seroprevalence of anti-Histoplasma antibody in a TB patient group in The Gambia, explored associations between seropositivity and demographic and clinical variables, and proposes future research directions. Methods Biobanked plasma samples were selected from active TB cases with variable HIV infection status. Latex agglutination tests were performed on samples from 52 study participants to detect the presence of anti-Histoplasma antibodies. Potential risk factors for Histoplasma exposure were explored using logistic regression analysis. Results The sample seroprevalence of anti-Histoplasma antibody was 28.8% (n = 15/52; 95% CI, 17.1%-43.1%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified a statistically significant association between Histoplasma seropositivity and age (odds ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84-0.98; P = .008). Conclusions This baseline study provides evidence of Histoplasma seropositivity in TB patients in The Gambia and explores risk factors for exposure. The small sample size and use of the LAT in TB and HIV-positive patient groups are significant study limitations. Future research directions are proposed to ascertain the burden of Histoplasma in general and patient populations and explore the context-specific risk factors for exposure and infection in The Gambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa R Cornell
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dawda Jobe
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Simon Donkor
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Daniel G Wootton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jayne S Sutherland
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
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Pinchbeck G, Westgarth C, Stavisky J. Health and welfare of imported dogs in UK veterinary practice. Vet Rec 2023; 192:376-377. [PMID: 37288919 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Pinchbeck
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE
| | - Carri Westgarth
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE
| | - Jenny Stavisky
- VetPartners, Spitfire House, Aviator Court, York, YO30 4UZ
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Cornell TR, Thomas LF, Cook EAJ, Pinchbeck G, Bettridge J, Gordon L, Kivali V, Kiyong’a A, Fèvre EM, Scantlebury CE. Evidence of Histoplasma capsulatum seropositivity and exploration of risk factors for exposure in Busia county, western Kenya: Analysis of the PAZ dataset. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011295. [PMID: 37172015 PMCID: PMC10180684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recognition of histoplasmosis as a disease of national public health concern in Kenya, the burden of Histoplasma capsulatum in the general population remains unknown. This study examined the human seroprevalence of anti-Histoplasma antibody and explored associations between seropositivity and demographic and environmental variables, in Busia county, western Kenya. METHODOLOGY Biobanked serum samples and associated data, from a previous cross-sectional survey, were examined. Latex agglutination tests to detect the presence of anti-Histoplasma antibody were performed on serum samples from 670 survey respondents, representing 178 households within 102 sub-locations. Potential epidemiologic risk factors for H. capsulatum exposure were explored using multi-level multivariable logistic regression analysis with household and sub-location included as random effects. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The apparent sample seroprevalence of anti-Histoplasma antibody was 15.5% (n = 104/670, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 12.9-18.5%). A multivariable logistic regression model identified increased odds of H. capsulatum seropositivity in respondents reporting rats within the household within the previous 12 months (OR = 2.99 90% CI 1.04-8.55, p = 0.04). Compared to respondents aged 25-34 years, the odds of seropositivity were higher in respondents aged 15-24 years (OR = 2.70 90% CI 1.04-6.97, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The seroprevalence result provides a baseline for sample size approximations for future epidemiologic studies of the burden of H. capsulatum exposure in Busia county. The final model explored theoretically plausible risk factors for H. capsulatum exposure in the region. A number of factors may contribute to the complex epidemiological picture impacting H. capsulatum exposure status at the human-animal-environment interface in western Kenya. Focussed H. capsulatum research is warranted to determine the contextual significance of identified associations, and in representative sample populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Rose Cornell
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lian Francesca Thomas
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Judy Bettridge
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lauren Gordon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Velma Kivali
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alice Kiyong’a
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Maurice Fèvre
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claire Elizabeth Scantlebury
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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11
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Morgan G, Saal M, Corr A, Jenkins C, Chattaway MA, Pinchbeck G, Williams N. Isolation of Salmonella species of public health concern from commonly fed dried meat dog treats. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2642. [PMID: 36715168 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dried non-heat-treated meat treats, such as ears, skin and tails, are popular supplementary dog foods. Previous studies have demonstrated Salmonella spp. contamination on treats, particularly in pig ears and chicken products. This small, exploratory, cross-sectional study investigated Salmonella spp. presence in dried treats available in the UK. METHODS A selection of dried treats from local pet shops and online retailers underwent bacterial culture for Salmonella spp. and subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing, with Salmonella serotype determined by whole genome sequencing. RESULTS Eighty-four samples were tested, with 16% being Salmonella spp. positive. Five Salmonella serotypes were identified, each associated with specific treat types. An antimicrobial-resistant phenotype was identified in 39% of isolates. All serotypes identified are known to cause human infection. LIMITATIONS This study was limited by a small sample size and limited number of retail sources. CONCLUSION Salmonella spp. of public health concern were present in some dried dog treats in this study. Dog owners, pet food retailers and veterinary professionals should be aware of the potential zoonotic disease risk associated with these treats, and appropriate hygiene measures, including thorough hand washing, should be utilised if they are fed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genever Morgan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Mikhela Saal
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Aoife Corr
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Marie Anne Chattaway
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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12
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Furtado T, Perkins E, Pinchbeck G, McGowan C, Watkins F, Christley R. Exploring human behavior change in equine welfare: Insights from a COM-B analysis of the UK's equine obesity epidemic. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:961537. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.961537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While equine obesity is understood by equine professionals to be a serious and widespread welfare problem, thus far approaches to reducing the prevalence of obesity in the UK's leisure horses have mainly been limited to educating owners about the dangers of obesity in their horses. In human health, approaches to behavior change encourage holistic thinking around human behavior, recognizing the importance of the connection between the individuals' knowledge, attitudes, habits, and the social and physical environments. This study used qualitative data from interviews with horse owners and professionals, open-access discussion fora and focus groups in order to collate extensive information about the factors shaping the UK's equine obesity crisis. The data were initially analyzed using a grounded theory method to determine the common themes, and were then analyzed using the COM-B model of behavior change, in order to identify areas where human behavior change might be better supported. The analysis highlighted the importance of a holistic approach to behavior change, since all areas of the COM-B were important in limiting owners' recognition of, and response to, equine obesity. For example, environments and social norms limited the likelihood of owners proactively managing horse weight, and owners also found it difficult to identify overweight horses, and evaluate the risks of long-term health issues as a result of weight, with short-term negative impacts of weight management. While interventions often aim to educate owners into changing their behavior, this analysis highlights the importance of creative and holistic approaches which work alongside the owners' motivations, while shaping the social and physical environments.
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13
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Smith R, Furtado T, Brigden C, Pinchbeck G, Perkins E. A Qualitative Exploration of UK Leisure Horse Owners' Perceptions of Equine Wellbeing. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2937. [PMID: 36359063 PMCID: PMC9654126 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Human assessment of equine wellbeing is fundamental to ensuring the optimal care of domestic horses. However, terminology associated with wellbeing is still not fully defined and there are currently no validated quality of life (QoL) assessment tools. Furthermore, little is known about what equine wellbeing or QoL means to horse owners, or how their beliefs impact on the management decisions they make for their horse. This study sought to establish how UK leisure horse owners use wellbeing-related terminology by exploring their accounts within a focus group setting. Four online focus group discussions (FGD) were held and qualitative data were collected. FGDs involved a semi-structured discussion, followed by a group activity to compare seven equine wellbeing-related terms of interest introduced by the facilitator. The collected data were analysed using a constructivist grounded theory approach, and also by content analysis, to examine the frequency and subjective meaning of the terms of interest. The results showed that horse owners did not clearly delineate between different terms, rather, they used the terms in the context of their own assessments of their horse. The meanings assigned to what owners experienced with their horse were individual and subjective, shaped by past experiences, relationships with their animal, and peers or social groups. This individualised construction of equine wellbeing impacted on the meaning conveyed when using wellbeing-related terminology. In this study, we extend the literature on equine wellbeing terminology usage, and highlight differences between the academic literature and the real-world experiences of horse owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Smith
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Tamzin Furtado
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Charlotte Brigden
- Equine Department, University Centre Myerscough, St Michael’s Road, Bilsborrow, Preston PR3 0RY, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Elizabeth Perkins
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Waterhouse Building, Block H, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK
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14
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Glenn O, Tomlinson A, Pinchbeck G, Burrow R. Short‐ and long‐term outcomes of polyethylene band attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: 60 cases (2010‐2020). J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:882-889. [PMID: 36089752 PMCID: PMC10087761 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the short- and long-term outcomes following attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs using a novel polyethylene band. MATERIALS AND METHODS Records were retrospectively reviewed for dogs that underwent congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt attenuation by a polyethylene banding technique, at a single institution between 2010 and 2020. Short-term outcome data were collected from peri-operative clinical records with follow-up examinations, scheduled at 6 and 18 weeks post-operatively, and post-operative imaging when performed. Long-term follow-up was collected by validated owner questionnaire, telephone interview or medical records. Long-term outcomes were categorised by "excellent", "good" or "poor". RESULTS Sixty dogs were included. Post-operative complications occurred in 10 of 60 dogs (16.7%), four major and six minor, with a peri-operative mortality of 6.7%. Persistent shunting was identified in nine of 53 dogs (17%) available for follow-up examination and four dogs underwent a revision surgery. Long-term follow-up was available for 44 dogs at a median of 75 months post-operatively (range 7 to 128). Long-term outcomes were "excellent" (26) or "good" (8) in 81.8% of dogs and "poor" (8) in 18.2%. At the time of follow-up, 30 of 44 (68.2%) dogs were not receiving any medical treatment and 27 of 28 (96.4%) questionnaire respondents were satisfied with the response to surgery. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Polyethylene band attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts provides comparable outcomes to cellophane. The material used in this study is widely available and consistent while being pre-sterilised and pre-folded makes it easy to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Glenn
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of Edinburgh Easter Bush CampusMidlothianEH25 9RGUK
| | - A. Tomlinson
- Small Animal Teaching HospitalUniversity of Liverpool, LeahurstNestonCH64 7TEUK
| | - G. Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of Liverpool. LeahurstNestonCH64 7TEUK
| | - R. Burrow
- Northwest Veterinary SpecialistsCheshireWA7 3FWUK
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15
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Morgan G, Williams N, Schmidt V, Cookson D, Symington C, Pinchbeck G. A Dog's Dinner: Factors affecting food choice and feeding practices for UK dog owners feeding raw meat-based or conventional cooked diets. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105741. [PMID: 35994979 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food selection is an area of dog ownership where owners have direct control over their pet's wellbeing. While commercial cooked complete foods remain the majority component of many dog diets, there is increasing interest in alternative options including natural and raw ingredients. This study aimed to provide further data regarding feeding practices and diet choice for UK dog owners with a focus on raw meat diets. METHODS An online survey available to all UK dog owners and advertised through sources including social media and at Crufts was conducted from February to March 2020. Feeding practices and diet choice were assessed, and owners were categorised as either feeding a raw meat diet (RMD) or non-raw diet (NRMD) based on their responses. Descriptive, univariable and multivariable data analyses were undertaken to determine dog and owner factors associated with feeding RMD, and thematic analysis was undertaken on free-text responses. RESULTS A total of 1831 owners completed the survey (915 RMD, 916 NRMD) detailing information for 3212 dogs (1754 RMD, 1458 NRMD). Dog breed (German Shepherd), Border Collie, Crossbreed (p < 0.001), entire neuter status (p < 0.001) and younger age (p 0.022) were associated with RMD feeding. RMD-feeding owners were likely to own > 1 dog (p < 0.001). RMD-feeding owners were more likely to cite a 'more natural' diet as a reason for their diet choice, and less likely to cite 'advice from a veterinary professional' compared to those who fed NRMD (p < 0.001). They were more likely to seek dietary advice from social media, friends/family and breeders rather than a veterinary surgeon/nurse (p < 0.001). RMD-feeding owners perceived their diet choice to provide a wide range of health benefits, including for coat health, oral hygiene, general digestive system health, anal sac clearance, mobility, performance and behaviour, and perceived NRMD as a health risk for most of these health factors (p < 0.001). NRMD-feeding owners perceived RMD to be a risk for bone splinters and foreign bodies (p < 0.001). RMD-feeding owners did not perceive diet to be a risk to their dog, themselves or in-contact dogs or people. In contrast, NRMD-feeding owners perceived the opposite (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Factors affecting dog food selection are multifactorial and complex, with owners who feed RMD and those who feed NRMD having differing views. Further research regarding benefits and risks of different diets is required, however it remains vital that communication regarding the public health risks of RMD is seen as credible to owners and disseminated in a way that reaches the desired audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genever Morgan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy Cookson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Symington
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
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16
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Wilson A, Mair T, Williams N, McGowan C, Pinchbeck G. Antimicrobial prescribing and antimicrobial resistance surveillance in equine practice. Equine Vet J 2022; 55:494-505. [PMID: 35575046 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasingly serious threat to human and animal health, therefore responsible use of antimicrobials in equine practice is vital. There is a need to have accurate, up to date data on antimicrobial prescribing in equine practice in the UK. OBJECTIVES To characterise current antimicrobial prescribing practices by equine veterinarians and to describe surveillance, audit processes and identification of AMR. STUDY DESIGN Online cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey. METHODS An online questionnaire targeting veterinarians who treat horses in the UK and Europe was distributed. The questionnaire collected data on participants' country of origin, practice policies, prescribing practices including use of high priority critical antimicrobials. Four common clinical case-based scenarios were included to further explore prescribing practice. Responses were compared using both descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS Questionnaires were completed by 264 veterinarians from Europe (n=33/264) and the UK (n=231/264); 87% respondents worked only with horses and 67% worked at premises with hospitalisation facilities. Approximately half of respondents (54.4%) had a written antimicrobial use or stewardship policy within their practice. Over half of respondents did not perform any environmental surveillance (54.2%), audit of clinical infections (53.1%) or audit of infection control (57.1%). Potentiated sulphonamides were cited as the most used antimicrobial, although 44% reported using enrofloxacin in the last year and 66% used 3rd or 4th generation cephalosporins. Prophylactic antimicrobials before clean surgery were frequently/always prescribed by 48% respondents and 24% respondents frequently/always prescribed antimicrobials post-operatively in clean surgery. MAIN LIMITATIONS Potential selection bias of respondents, given individuals volunteered to take part in the survey. CONCLUSIONS Compared to a previous similar study conducted in 2009, overall antimicrobial usage appeared to be declining in clinical scenarios and a greater proportion of practices now have stewardship policies. However, the use of high priority critical antimicrobials is still relatively common in equine practice in the UK and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilson
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - T Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Mereworth, Kent, UK
| | - N Williams
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - C McGowan
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - G Pinchbeck
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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17
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Dowgray N, Pinchbeck G, Eyre K, Biourge V, Comerford E, German AJ. Aging in Cats: Owner Observations and Clinical Finding in 206 Mature Cats at Enrolment to the Cat Prospective Aging and Welfare Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:859041. [PMID: 35445099 PMCID: PMC9014291 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred and six cats, aged between 7 and 10 years, from the North-west of the UK, were enrolled in a cat aging and welfare study to determine the frequency of age-related conditions and associations with husbandry, owner observations of physical appearance, activity and behavior. This is the largest study to date of mature cats that includes data from an owner questionnaire and clinical examinations. At enrolment, owners frequently reported physical changes (53%), behavioral changes (47%), changes to eating patterns (41%), and activity changes (40%) in their mature cats. On physical examination, 45% cats were in overweight condition and 12% were obese. A heart murmur was detected in 29% cats, whilst indirect systolic blood pressure (SBP) was >160 mmHg in 5% cats. Dental disease was present in 54% cats and was associated with a matted hair coat (P = 0.01), increased sleeping (P = 0.02), absence of gray hairs (P = 0.03), and increased irritability to other pets (P = 0.04). Abnormalities were evident in 58% of cats that allowed an orthopedic examination (OE) to be performed. These cats were older than cats with a normal OE (P = 0.01), and abnormal OE findings were associated with a matted coat (P = 0.03) and increased grooming (P = 0.04). Aazotaemia was present in 10% cats, and this was associated with cats being observed to “sniff their food and then walk away” (P = 0.04). Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 3% cats, who were older (P = 0.02), had a leaner BCS (P = 0.02) and lesser blood creatinine concentrations (P = 0.01). Hyperthyroid cats were also more likely to have increased liver enzyme activity and increased SBP (P = <0.001) compared with non-hyperthyroid cats. Of the 176 cats where all clinical assessments were conducted, only 12% had no evidence of any disease. Clinical abnormalities are commonly identified when thorough, clinical assessments are performed in mature pet cats visiting primary care practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dowgray
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,International Cat Care, Tisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Eyre
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eithne Comerford
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J German
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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18
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Groat EF, Williams NJ, Pinchbeck G, Warner B, Simpson A, Schmidt VM. UK dogs eating raw meat diets have higher risk of Salmonella and antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli faecal carriage. J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:435-441. [PMID: 35191029 PMCID: PMC9305152 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To compare detection of Salmonella species and antimicrobial‐resistant Escherichia coli in the faeces of dogs eating raw meat or non‐raw diets and examine risk factors for their carriage. Materials and Methods Canine faecal samples (raw fed n=114; non‐raw fed n=76) were collected from May to July 2015 from across the UK. Enrichment and selective culture and biochemical and PCR assays were used to identify isolates. Escherichia coli underwent susceptibility testing to a range of antimicrobials, including third‐generation cephalosporins; PCR assays were used to detect antimicrobial‐resistant genes. Questionnaires were used to collect data on independent variables as risks for antimicrobial‐resistant (resistant to ≥1 tested antimicrobial), multi‐drug‐resistant (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) and third‐generation cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli. Results Antimicrobial‐resistant, multi‐drug‐resistant and third‐generation cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli were significantly more likely to be detected in raw fed (54, 25 and 31%, respectively) compared to non‐raw fed (17, 4 and 4%, respectively) dogs; Salmonella species were detected in eight (4%) raw fed dogs only. Clinical Significance Raw fed dogs may be a source of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli, resistant to highest priority critically important antimicrobials, representing a potential animal welfare and public health issue. Owners should be aware of the risks, especially households with members, both human and canine, who are very young, elderly or immunocompromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Groat
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | - N J Williams
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | - G Pinchbeck
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Warner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Simpson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | - V M Schmidt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
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19
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Furtado T, King M, Perkins E, McGowan C, Chubbock S, Hannelly E, Rogers J, Pinchbeck G. An Exploration of Environmentally Sustainable Practices Associated with Alternative Grazing Management System Use for Horses, Ponies, Donkeys and Mules in the UK. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020151. [PMID: 35049774 PMCID: PMC8772570 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equestrian land could be a potentially important environmental resource, given that pastureland can help to sequester carbon from the atmosphere, prevent soil erosion and provide diverse ecosystems for native plant and wildlife species. However, equestrian land has been overlooked in environmental research and policy. This study reports on the ways which horse, pony, donkey and mule keepers in the UK described environmental practices as part of their equid care. Through an analysis of survey responses (N = 758) from equid keepers using alternative grazing systems, we report on three very different management approaches which resulted in keepers aiming to promote healthy pastures and healthy animals. This study provides the basis for future research exploring attitudes to sustainability in equid keepers, as well as evaluating the impact of their efforts. Abstract Equestrian grazing management is a poorly researched area, despite potentially significant environmental impacts. This study explored keepers’ use of alternative grazing systems in the care of UK horses, donkeys and mules through an internet survey. The survey was available during the summer of 2020 and comprised closed and open questions, which were analysed with descriptive statistics and iterative thematic analysis, respectively. A total of 758 responses was incorporated into the analysis; the most popular system used were tracks (56.5%), Equicentral (19%), “other” (e.g., non-grass turnout) (12.5%), rewilding (7.5%) and turnout on either moorland (0.7%) or woodland (2.5%). The thematic analysis highlighted that equid keepers across the systems were highly engaged in exploring sustainable practices. Their approaches varied according to each system, yet all aimed to fulfil practices in three major categories, i.e., supporting diverse plant life (usually through restricting equid access to certain areas), supporting wildlife (through the creation of biodiverse environments) and sustainably managing droppings and helminths. Additionally, proponents of the Equicentral systems declared to be aiming to support soil health. These data provide a promising insight into equid keepers’ behaviour and attitudes to sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamzin Furtado
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool CH64 7TE, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mollie King
- School of Veterinary Science, Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool CH64 7TE, UK; (M.K.); (C.M.)
| | - Elizabeth Perkins
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK;
| | - Catherine McGowan
- School of Veterinary Science, Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool CH64 7TE, UK; (M.K.); (C.M.)
| | - Samantha Chubbock
- World Horse Welfare, Anne Colvin House, Snetterton, Norwich NR16 2LR, UK;
| | - Emmeline Hannelly
- The British Horse Society (Welfare Dept) Abbey Park, Stareton, Warwickshire CV8 2XZ, UK;
| | - Jan Rogers
- The Horse Trust, Slad Ln, Princes Risborough HP27 0PP, UK;
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool CH64 7TE, UK;
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20
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Davies H, Pinchbeck G, Noble PM, Diesel G, Pirmohamed M, Anderson N, Killick DR. UK veterinary professionals' perceptions and experiences of adverse drug reaction reporting. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1796. [PMID: 35665513 PMCID: PMC9795988 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous reporting of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is the cornerstone of pharmacovigilance. Despite this, it is believed that there is significant under-reporting in the veterinary setting. Low reporting rates delay marketing authorisation holders (MAHs) and regulators taking mitigating action in the case of safety concerns. METHOD We designed a survey to explore the perceptions, attitudes and experiences of UK veterinary professionals towards ADR reporting. The survey was advertised widely through conventional and social media and at several conferences. RESULTS In total, 260 respondents completed the survey, including 210 veterinary surgeons, 49 veterinary nurses and one suitably qualified person. Respondents generally understood the need to report ADRs. The main barrier to reporting was the suspected ADR being well known, and the most popular potential facilitator identified was the ability to report via the practice management system. Facilitation via education in the form of a pharmacovigilance themed continuing professional development event was particularly popular among veterinary nurses, who reported time as being less of a barrier to reporting than their veterinary surgeon counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that technological interventions to facilitate reporting and empowerment of veterinary nurses to report through a tailored training event should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Davies
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - Peter‐John M. Noble
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - Gillian Diesel
- Pharmacovigilance UnitVeterinary Medicines DirectorateAddlestoneUK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Nadine Anderson
- Pharmacovigilance UnitVeterinary Medicines DirectorateAddlestoneUK
| | - David R. Killick
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
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Savage VL, Christley R, Pinchbeck G, Morrison LJ, Hodgkinson J, Peachey LE. Co-infection with Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei is a significant risk factor for cerebral trypanosomosis in the equid population of the Gambia. Prev Vet Med 2021; 197:105507. [PMID: 34673473 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in working equids in The Gambia. Recently, a progressive, severe neurological syndrome characterised by a diffuse lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis has been identified and associated with Trypanosoma brucei infection of the central nervous system. The pathogenesis of cerebral trypanosomosis is unclear and the clinical syndrome not well described. This observational cross-sectional study aimed to identify host and parasite related risk factors associated with the development of cerebral trypanosomosis and to describe the neurological syndrome associated with cerebral trypanosomosis. History, signalment, clinical and laboratory parameters were collected from 326 horses and donkeys presented to The Gambia Horse and Donkey Trust. Neurological derangements in affected animals were described. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei was performed. The associations between signalment, clinical and laboratory parameters and PCR results were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 50 %, with infections dominated by T. congolense (44.1 %) and a lower intensity of T. brucei (7.4 %) and T. vivax (6.5 %). Overall, 54.8 % of neurological cases were PCR positive for trypanosomosis. Within the neurological sub-population prevalence remained similar to the whole population for T. congolense (48.4 %) and T. vivax (6.5 %); whilst the prevalence increased markedly for T. brucei (32.3 %). Co-infections were identified in 32.3 % of neurological cases. Donkeys typically presented with progressive cerebral dysfunction and cranial nerve deficits, whereas in horses a progressive spinal ataxia was predominant. Mortality in affected animals was high (82.4 %). The final multivariable model identified a significant association between body condition score ≤2 (OR 11.4; 95 % CI 4.6-27.9; P = <0.001), and T. congolense and T. brucei. coinfection (OR 20.6; 95 % CI 1.71-244.1; P = 0.016) with the presence of neurological deficits. This study has provided clinically relevant information confirming the link between T. brucei and neurological disease outbreak in the equid population of The Gambia, and crucially identified co-infection with T. brucei and T. congolense as a major risk factor for the development of neurological trypanosomosis. Further research is required to identify the epidemiology of co-infection in equidae of The Gambia, so that cerebral trypanosomosis can be better prevented in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Savage
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK; Bristol Veterinary School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Robert Christley
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jane Hodgkinson
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - Laura E Peachey
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK; Bristol Veterinary School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK.
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Cavalerie L, Wardeh M, Lebrasseur O, Nanyingi M, McIntyre KM, Kaba M, Asrat D, Christley R, Pinchbeck G, Baylis M, Mor SM. One hundred years of zoonoses research in the Horn of Africa: A scoping review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009607. [PMID: 34270551 PMCID: PMC8318308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One Health is particularly relevant to the Horn of Africa where many people's livelihoods are highly dependent on livestock and their shared environment. In this context, zoonoses may have a dramatic impact on both human and animal health, but also on country economies. This scoping review aimed to characterise and evaluate the nature of zoonotic disease research in the Horn region. Specifically, it addressed the following questions: (i) what specific zoonotic diseases have been prioritised for research, (ii) what data have been reported (human, animal or environment), (iii) what methods have been applied, and (iv) who has been doing the research? METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used keyword combinations to search online databases for peer-reviewed papers and theses. Screening and data extraction (disease, country, domain and method) was performed using DistillerSR. A total of 2055 studies focusing on seven countries and over 60 zoonoses were included. Brucellosis attracted the highest attention in terms of research while anthrax, Q fever and leptospirosis have been comparatively under-studied. Research efforts did not always align with zoonoses priorities identified at national levels. Despite zoonoses being a clear target for 'One Health' research, a very limited proportion of studies report data on the three domains of human, animal and environment. Descriptive and observational epidemiological studies were dominant and only a low proportion of publications were multidisciplinary. Finally, we found that a minority of international collaborations were between Global South countries with a high proportion of authors having affiliations from outside the Horn of Africa. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE There is a growing interest in zoonoses research in the Horn of Africa. Recommendations arising from this scoping review include: (i) ensuring zoonoses research aligns with national and global research agendas; (ii) encouraging researchers to adopt a holistic, transdisciplinary One Health approach following high quality reporting standards (COHERE, PRISMA, etc.); and (iii) empowering local researchers supported by regional and international partnerships to engage in zoonoses research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cavalerie
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Maya Wardeh
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ophélie Lebrasseur
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology; School of Histories, Language and Cultures, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Nanyingi
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - K. Marie McIntyre
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mirgissa Kaba
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Asrat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Robert Christley
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan M. Mor
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Lawson A, Pinchbeck G. Study design synopsis: Observational study design in equine research. Equine Vet J 2021; 53:638-644. [PMID: 33719094 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
When planning to conduct research, thorough consideration of the study design is essential to enable valid results and purposeful conclusions. A good study design will provide a strong basis for robust conclusions that can contribute to the evidence base. Conversely, a poor study design may unintentionally lead to invalid conclusions with inappropriate claims of the clinical importance. The purpose of this article is to review important aspects of observational study design, with an emphasis on observational clinical research. The value of an observational study can be manifold and the benefit of studying clinical cases can add substantial value to the evidence base and equine health and welfare, however this value will be diminished if study designs are flawed, or are inadequately reported. It is essential that clinicians have the skills to critically appraise observational studies, to determine strengths, limitations and the applicability to their clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Lawson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire, UK
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24
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Wilson A, Pinchbeck G, Dean R, McGowan C. Equine influenza vaccination in the UK: Current practices may leave horses with suboptimal immunity. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:1004-1014. [PMID: 33124070 PMCID: PMC8451788 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination is integral to preventive healthcare. Despite numerous guidelines on equine vaccination, evidence of current vaccination practices is lacking. OBJECTIVES To describe current vaccination practices advised by vets treating horses in the United Kingdom (UK) and compare practices with manufacturer datasheets and current guidelines. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. METHODS An online questionnaire was distributed using email addresses acquired through professional registration listings and social media, targeting vets who treat horses in the UK. The questionnaire collected demographic data and information regarding vaccination practices and vaccine hesitancy. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS Questionnaires were completed by 304 UK vets working with horses used for leisure (97.4%, n = 296/304), competition (86.2%, n = 262/304), stud-work (47.7%, n = 145/304) and racing (40.5%, n = 123/304). Variation was identified in vaccine protocols for competition and noncompetition horses. Fifty-seven per cent (n = 170/298) of respondents reported variation in advised 'booster' frequency; most commonly (n = 118) advising a 6-monthly vaccination in competition horses and annual vaccination in noncompetition horses. Most common vaccination guidelines volunteered were British Horseracing Authority (68.8%, n = 172/250) and Federation Equestre Internationale (66.4%, n = 166/250). Most vaccination practices were not consistent with datasheet guidance. Only 7.7% (n = 23/300) of respondents complied with datasheet timeframes between the second and third vaccination. Adverse events following vaccination in the previous year were encountered by 66% (n = 199/304) of respondents, representing 2760 adverse events; but only 526 (19.1%) cases were reported to the Veterinary Medicines Directorate. Most common reactions were transient, including stiffness (931), localised swelling (835), lethargy (559) and pyrexia (355). 86.4% respondents reported vaccine hesitancy from horse owners, most commonly due to perception of over-vaccination, cost and concern regarding adverse events. MAIN LIMITATIONS Potential selection, respondent and recall bias. The recent Equine Influenza (EI) and Equine Herpes Virus (EHV) outbreaks in the UK may have altered responses. CONCLUSIONS Current equine vaccination practices, although complying with competition rules, are mostly noncompliant with datasheet guidelines, potentially risking suboptimal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie Wilson
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | | | - Catherine McGowan
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Davies
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection, Ecology and Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - P-J M Noble
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection, Ecology and Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection, Ecology and Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - David R Killick
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection, Ecology and Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE
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26
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Wilson CN, Pulford CV, Akoko J, Perez Sepulveda B, Predeus AV, Bevington J, Duncan P, Hall N, Wigley P, Feasey N, Pinchbeck G, Hinton JCD, Gordon MA, Fèvre EM. Salmonella identified in pigs in Kenya and Malawi reveals the potential for zoonotic transmission in emerging pork markets. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008796. [PMID: 33232324 PMCID: PMC7748489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major cause of foodborne disease globally. Pigs can carry and shed non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) asymptomatically, representing a significant reservoir for these pathogens. To investigate Salmonella carriage by African domestic pigs, faecal and mesenteric lymph node samples were taken at slaughter in Nairobi, Busia (Kenya) and Chikwawa (Malawi) between October 2016 and May 2017. Selective culture, antisera testing and whole genome sequencing were performed on samples from 647 pigs; the prevalence of NTS carriage was 12.7% in Busia, 9.1% in Nairobi and 24.6% in Chikwawa. Two isolates of S. Typhimurium ST313 were isolated, but were more closely related to ST313 isolates associated with gastroenteritis in the UK than bloodstream infection in Africa. The discovery of porcine NTS carriage in Kenya and Malawi reveals potential for zoonotic transmission of diarrhoeal strains to humans in these countries, but not for transmission of clades specifically associated with invasive NTS disease in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine N. Wilson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Caisey V. Pulford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Blanca Perez Sepulveda
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander V. Predeus
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Bevington
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Duncan
- Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security, Irrigation and Water Development, Malawi Government
| | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wigley
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Feasey
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jay C. D. Hinton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Melita A. Gordon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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27
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Furtado T, Perkins E, Pinchbeck G, McGowan C, Watkins F, Christley R. Exploring horse owners' understanding of obese body condition and weight management in UK leisure horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:752-762. [PMID: 33002214 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine obesity is considered one of the most serious welfare concerns in UK leisure horses, yet little is known about how horse owners conceptualise their horse's weight as part of its health, or how they plan and carry out weight management. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to further our understanding of leisure horse owners' perceptions of equine health and awareness of excess fat in order to clarify our understanding of successful strategies for managing equine weight. STUDY DESIGN This study used a qualitative research methodology. METHODS Data comprised 16 threads from online UK equine discussion fora, 28 individual interviews with leisure horse owners, 19 interviews with equine professionals such as vets and nutritionists, and two focus groups with a further 21 horse owners. Data were anonymised and analysed using a grounded theory approach. RESULTS Awareness of excess fat was a complex issue, with owners finding it difficult to differentiate equine obesity from the shape they thought the horse was "meant to be", particularly if the horse was a heavier breed such as a native pony or cob. Owners were not necessarily "aware" or "unaware" of fat, but instead equine body fat was constructed as an integral part of the equine body. For example, owners might say that they thought their horse was an ideal weight yet describe their horse's overall body shape as "like a Thelwell". When owners became aware of fat as a changeable part of the horse's body, and/or a threat to health, the presence of fat was articulated as a strong-willed adversary, and weight management was considered a "battle" or "war". Owners found weight management difficult because they perceived that it had immediate negative welfare implications for the horse, and this therefore interfered with their preferred ownership practices and the horse-human relationship. MAIN LIMITATIONS Interview data are self-reported, and people may not always do what they say they do. CONCLUSIONS This study has provided valuable insight into how owners conceptualise weight and weight management, yielding important information about communicating with owners about weight, tailoring weight management strategies, and promoting positive welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamzin Furtado
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Elizabeth Perkins
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Catherine McGowan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Francine Watkins
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert Christley
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
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28
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Laing G, Christley R, Stringer A, Ashine T, Cian F, Aklilu N, Newton R, Radford A, Pinchbeck G. Pathology, infectious agents and horse- and management-level risk factors associated with signs of respiratory disease in Ethiopian working horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:670-681. [PMID: 32853420 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory disease is a common cause for presentation of working horses to clinics in Ethiopia and a priority concern for owners. OBJECTIVES To identify risk factors for and association of pathogens with respiratory signs in working horses. STUDY DESIGN Unmatched case-control study. METHODS Cases were those animals recently coughing (last 7 days) or observed with coughing, nasal discharge or altered respiration at the time of examination. A physical exam and respiratory endoscopy were performed including a tracheal wash sample to detect the presence of pathogens and serology performed on blood. An owner questionnaire was administered. Risk factors were determined using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Data on 108 cases and 93 unmatched control horses were obtained. Case horses often had underlying lower airway pathology and were significantly more likely to have Streptococcus zooepidemicus detected (OR: 12.4, 95% CI: 3.6-42.4). There was no evidence of a major role for viral respiratory pathogens. Risk factors included completion of strenuous work (OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.2-6.3), drinking from stagnant water sources (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.0-5.2) or being housed on a cobbled floor (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1-3.8). There were increased odds of respiratory disease in young and old horses in this population. MAIN LIMITATIONS Samples for pathogen detection and cytology were only taken from the trachea. CONCLUSION S. zooepidemicus, a common commensal, may play a role in clinical respiratory disease in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Laing
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Stringer
- Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Tibebu Ashine
- SPANA (Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | | | - Nigatu Aklilu
- SPANA (Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | | | - Alan Radford
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Davies
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - P J Noble
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - David Killick
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
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30
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Schmidt VM, Pinchbeck G, McIntyre KM, Nuttall T, McEwan N, Dawson S, Williams NJ. Routine antibiotic therapy in dogs increases the detection of antimicrobial-resistant faecal Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:3305-3316. [PMID: 30215725 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical health problem, with systemic antimicrobial therapy driving development of AMR across the host spectrum. Objectives This study compares longitudinal carriage, at multiple timepoints, of AMR faecal Escherichia coli in dogs undergoing routine antimicrobial treatment. Methods Faecal samples (n = 457) from dogs (n = 127) were examined pretreatment, immediately after treatment and 1 month and 3 months post-treatment with one of five antimicrobials. Isolates were tested for susceptibility to a range of antimicrobials using disc diffusion for each treatment group at different timepoints; the presence/absence of corresponding resistance genes was investigated using PCR assays. The impact of treatment group/timepoint and other risk factors on the presence of resistance [MDR, fluoroquinolone resistance, third-generation cephalosporin resistance (3GCR) and ESBL and AmpC production] was investigated using multilevel modelling. Samples with at least one AMR E. coli from selective/non-selective agar were classed as positive. Resistance was also assessed at the isolate level, determining the abundance of AMR from non-selective culture. Results Treatment with β-lactams or fluoroquinolones was significantly associated with the detection of 3GCR, AmpC-producing, MDR and/or fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli, but not ESBL-producing E. coli, immediately after treatment. However, 1 month post-treatment, only amoxicillin/clavulanate was significantly associated with the detection of 3GCR; there was no significant difference at 3 months post-treatment for any antimicrobial compared with pretreatment samples. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that β-lactam and fluoroquinolone antibiotic usage is associated with increased detection of important phenotypic and genotypic AMR faecal E. coli following routine therapy in vet-visiting dogs. This has important implications for veterinary and public health in terms of antimicrobial prescribing and biosecurity protocols, and dog waste disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Schmidt
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - K Marie McIntyre
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
| | - Neil McEwan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Susan Dawson
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Nicola J Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
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31
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Malalana F, Ireland JL, Pinchbeck G, McGowan CM. Equine uveitis in the UK: a retrospective study (2008-2018). Vet Rec 2019; 186:92. [PMID: 31597695 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveitis appears to be less prevalent in the UK compared with other parts of the world and studies characterising the disease in the UK are lacking. The objectives of this retrospective study were to describe acute and recurrent cases presenting for management of uveitis in a referral hospital on the North West of England and compare the signalment of horses presenting with uveitis with the equine hospital population during the same period. METHODS Medical records of horses presented to the referral Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool with signs of uveitis between 2008 and 2018 were reviewed and clinical details extracted. RESULTS Seventy horses presented with uveitis; 33 were classified as acute and 37 as recurrent cases. Sixteen of the horses were affected bilaterally. More bilateral cases were classified as recurrent than acute (P=0.04). No differences in age or sex were noted between acute and recurrent cases, or between cases and the general hospital population. Warmbloods and Appaloosas were over-represented when compared with the general hospital population (P<0.001). Twenty-one horses (30 per cent, 95 per cent CI 20.5 to 41.4) underwent surgery for the control of the uveitis. Fourteen of the 70 horses (20.0 per cent, 95 per cent CI 12.3 to 30.8) underwent enucleation. CONCLUSION While relatively uncommon in the UK, uveitis can affect horses from a relatively young age. The disease appears to have a relatively higher frequency than expected in Warmbloods and Appaloosas. It is more likely that a recurrent case will have both eyes affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Malalana
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Jo L Ireland
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Cathy M McGowan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Bortolami A, Zendri F, Maciuca EI, Wattret A, Ellis C, Schmidt V, Pinchbeck G, Timofte D. Diversity, Virulence, and Clinical Significance of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase- and pAmpC-Producing Escherichia coli From Companion Animals. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1260. [PMID: 31231344 PMCID: PMC6560200 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli are opportunistic pathogens with the potential to cause a variety of infections in both humans and animals and in many cases have developed antimicrobial resistance. In this study, we characterized extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistant (ESCR) E. coli isolates from diseased companion animals (dogs, cats, and horses) and related the results to clinical findings. ESCR E. coli clinical isolates obtained over a 6-year period were screened for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmid mediated AmpC (pAmpC) and virulence markers likely to be associated with extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). ESBL and/or pAmpC genetic determinants were identified in 79.9% of the ESCR E. coli isolates with blaCTX-M genes being the most common ESBL genotype of which blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-14, and blaCTX-M-55 were the most prevalent. In addition, blaCMY -2 was the most common genotype identified amongst pAmpC producing isolates. Phylogenetic group typing showed that B2 was the most prevalent phylogroup among the ESCR E. coli isolates, followed by the closely related phylogroups D and F which are also associated with extra-intestinal infections. ESCR was also identified in phylogroups commonly regarded as commensals (B1, A, and C). Virulence factor (VF) scores >2 were mostly present amongst isolates in phylogroup B2. Higher virulence scores were found in isolates lacking ESBL/pAmpC resistance genes compared with those carrying both genes (p < 0.05). Five of phylogroup B2 isolates, were typed to the pandemic virulent O25b-ST131 clone and three ST131 isolates carrying blaCTX-M-15 belonged to the subclade C2/H30Rx whilst one isolate carrying blaCTX-M-27 typed to the recently described sub-clade C1-M27. MLST typing also identified other sequence types commonly associated with infections in humans (ST410, ST10, and ST648). Most ESCR E. coli isolates obtained in pure growth were cultured from normally sterile body sites (mostly from urinary tract infections, UTIs) whilst only a small proportion were obtained from body sites populated with commensal flora (p < 0.0001). Our study has shown that ExPEC ESBL/pAmpC producing E. coli isolates are common amongst companion animal isolates and are associated with colonization and infection. In addition, their isolation from a normally sterile site is likely to be clinically significant and warrants antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bortolami
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Flavia Zendri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Iuliana Maciuca
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Wattret
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Ellis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Dorina Timofte
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Robinson
- VPIS, 2nd Floor, Godfree Court, Apex Yard, 29 Long Lane, London SE1 4PL
| | - Bethaney Brant
- SAVSNET, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - Alan Radford
- SAVSNET, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - P J Noble
- SAVSNET, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- SAVSNET, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE
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34
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Royden A, Ormandy E, Pinchbeck G, Pascoe B, Hitchings MD, Sheppard SK, Williams NJ. Prevalence of faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in veterinary hospital staff and students. Vet Rec Open 2019; 6:e000307. [PMID: 30687506 PMCID: PMC6327872 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2018-000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria causing clinical infections are often also multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial drug classes), therefore treatment options may be limited. High carriage rates of these potentially zoonotic bacteria have been found in livestock and companion animals. Therefore, people working in veterinary hospitals may be a high-risk population for carriage. This is the first study to determine the prevalence and longitudinal carriage of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) and ESBL-producing faecal Escherichia coli in veterinary hospital staff and students. Prevalence of faecal AMR and ESBL-producing E coli was determined in 84 staff members and students in three UK veterinary hospitals. Twenty-seven participants were followed for six weeks to investigate longitudinal carriage. Antimicrobial susceptibility and phenotypic ESBL production were determined and selected isolates were whole genome sequenced. ESBL-producing E coli were isolated from five participants (5.95 per cent; 95 per cent CI 0.89 to 11.0 per cent); two participants carried ESBL-producing E coli resistant to all antimicrobials tested. Carriage of MDR E coli was common (32.1 per cent; 95per cent CI 22.2 to 42.1 per cent) and there was a high prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance (11.9 per cent; 95 per cent CI 4.98 to 18.8 per cent). ESBL-producing E coli were isolated from seven longitudinal participants (25.9 per cent; 95 per cent CI 9.40 to 42.5 per cent); two participants carried ESBL-producing E coli for the entire study period. Twenty-six participants (96.3 per cent; 95 per cent CI 89.2 to 100) carried ≥1 MDR E coli isolate during the six-week period, with seven participants (25.9 per cent) carrying ≥1 MDR isolate for at least five out of six weeks. The prevalence of faecal ESBL-producing E coli in cross-sectional participants is similar to asymptomatic general populations. However, much higher levels of carriage were observed longitudinally in participants. It is vital that veterinary hospitals implement gold-standard biosecurity to prevent transmission of MDR and ESBL-producing bacteria between patients and staff. Healthcare providers should be made aware that people working in veterinary hospitals are a high-risk population for carriage of MDR and ESBL-producing bacteria, and that this poses a risk to the carrier and for transmission of resistance throughout the wider community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Royden
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Emma Ormandy
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ben Pascoe
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,MRC CLIMB Consortium, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Samuel K Sheppard
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,MRC CLIMB Consortium, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Nicola J Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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35
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Hodgson C, Pinchbeck G. A prospective multicentre survey of complications associated with equine castration to facilitate clinical audit. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:435-439. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Hodgson
- School of Veterinary Science – Equine University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - G. Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health University of Liverpool Neston UK
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36
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Espadale E, Pinchbeck G, Williams NJ, Timofte D, McIntyre KM, Schmidt VM. Are the Hands of Veterinary Staff a Reservoir for Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria? A Randomized Study to Evaluate Two Hand Hygiene Rubs in a Veterinary Hospital. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1607-1616. [PMID: 30332336 PMCID: PMC6306656 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand hygiene (HH) is the most successful intervention for hospital infection control. HH rubs with residual action are desired. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of alcohol (A-HH) and lactic acid (LA-HH) rubs, with the latter being marketed as having residual activity. We investigated reductions in bacterial colony-forming units (CFUs), prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) organisms, and risk factors for increased counts on the hands of veterinary staff. A randomized, crossover study (53 individuals) was performed in a referral veterinary teaching hospital. Hand plates were taken before, immediately after, and 6 hours after HH. A blinded investigator counted CFUs per plate. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus/pseudintermedius (MRSA/MRSP), Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas species (spp.) were characterized. Gender, profession, time point, and HH product were included as variables within multivariable analyses. A significant reduction in bacterial CFU was seen immediately after A-HH rub application (p < 0.001); however, neither product showed any significant residual action. Veterinarians had higher bacterial CFUs than nurses (p = 0.005); contact with patients, rather than the environment, was also associated with higher counts (p < 0.001). MRSA, MRSP, Enterobacteriaceae spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were detected on 7%, 2%, 14%, and 2% of study participant's hands (n = 208 samples), respectively. Frequent HH administration using an A-HH rub was effective at reducing bacterial CFU on hands in vivo in this veterinary hospital setting, but its use needs further encouragement in veterinary staff. The high prevalence of antimicrobial bacteria on hands is of concern; they might act as reservoirs for patients, the environment, and in-contact people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Espadale
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to: Eva Espadale DVM, Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Dorina Timofte
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - K. Marie McIntyre
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa M. Schmidt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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37
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Laing G, Christley R, Stringer A, Aklilu N, Ashine T, Newton R, Radford A, Pinchbeck G. Respiratory disease and sero-epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in the working horses of Ethiopia. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:793-799. [PMID: 29574904 PMCID: PMC6175379 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogens are frequently implicated in equine respiratory disease. In Ethiopia, respiratory disease is a frequent cause for presentation at veterinary clinics and a priority concern for users of working horses. However, there is little existing literature on possible aetiologies. OBJECTIVES Determine prevalence of respiratory signs and exposure to major respiratory pathogens through a serological survey. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Systematically selected horses from 19 sites in central Ethiopia were examined clinically and sampled once (August-December 2013). A face-to-face interview collected data on horses' management and history. Serological testing targeted equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesviruses-1 (EHV-1) and -4 (EHV-4), equine rhinitis viruses A (ERAV) and B (ERBV), equine arteritis virus (EAV) and Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi). RESULTS Owners reported a recent history of coughing in 38% of horses and nasal discharge in 7%. No animals were observed coughing during examination but 6% had a nasal discharge. Antibodies towards S. equi, were most prevalent (8%, 33/350). Antibodies to EAV were confirmed in one animal (0.3%). Low antibody titres to EHV-1/4 and ERA/BV suggested prior exposure but antibodies to EIV were not detected. Multivariable, multilevel logistic regression analysis for risk factors associated with S. equi serostatus showed higher odds of seropositivity in younger animals and those working less frequently. MAIN LIMITATIONS A single serological sample cannot describe dynamic changes in antibodies. Sampling horses at the place of work may result in healthy-worker bias. CONCLUSIONS S. equi may be endemic in this population and contributing, in part, to the occurrence of respiratory disease. Low prevalence of antibodies to viruses, with the exception of EIV, indicates these pathogens are present, but unlikely a predominant cause of respiratory signs and noninfectious causes of disease should also be investigated. Working horses in this region would be vulnerable to incursion of equine influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Laing
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - R. Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - A. Stringer
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - N. Aklilu
- SPANA (Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad)Debre ZeitEthiopia
| | - T. Ashine
- SPANA (Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad)Debre ZeitEthiopia
| | - R. Newton
- Animal Health TrustNewmarketSuffolkUK
| | - A. Radford
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - G. Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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38
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Schmidt VM, Pinchbeck G, Nuttall T, Shaw S, McIntyre KM, McEwan N, Dawson S, Williams NJ. Impact of systemic antimicrobial therapy on mucosal staphylococci in a population of dogs in Northwest England. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:192-e70. [PMID: 29664197 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are increasingly isolated from veterinary patients. OBJECTIVES To determine risk factors for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among canine mucosal staphylococci following routine antimicrobial treatment with cefalexin (CFX), clavulanate-amoxicillin (AC), cefovecin (CVN), clindamycin (CD) or a fluoroquinolone (FQ). ANIMALS Mucosal swab samples (n = 463) were collected from 127 dogs pre-treatment, immediately, and at one- and three-months post-treatment. METHODS Staphylococci were identified phenotypically and biochemically as coagulase negative (CoNS) or coagulase positive (CoPS); CoPS were speciated by nuc gene PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using disc diffusion and mecA gene carriage by PCR. Multilevel, multivariable models examined associations between risk factors and presence/absence of CoPS, meticillin resistance (MR), multidrug-resistance (MDR) and fluoroquinolone resistance (FQR). RESULTS The percentage of samples with CoNS increased and with CoPS (including S. pseudintermedius) decreased immediately post-treatment with CFX, CVN and CD (P ≤ 0.001) and one month post-treatment with CD (P = 0.003). By three months post-treatment, there was no significant difference compared to pre-treatment samples. Immediately post-treatment with FQs there was significantly increased risk of isolating MRS (P = 0.002), MDR (P = 0.002) or FQR (P = 0.013) staphylococci and of MDR following CFX treatment (P = 0.019). The percentage of samples with AMR staphylococci declined from immediately to three months post-treatment and there was no significant difference between resistance prevalence at one or three months post-treatment for most AMR traits and treatment groups. Exceptions include increased MDR following FQ (P = 0.048) or CFX (P = 0.021), at one and three months post-treatment, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Systemic antimicrobials impact on mucosal staphylococci. Immediately after therapy, the mucosa may be a reservoir for AMR staphylococci that are a source of mobile genetic elements carrying AMR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Schmidt
- Institute of Veterinary Science, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Institute of Veterinary Science, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Bush Farm Road Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Steve Shaw
- UK Vet Derm, 16 Talbot Street Whitwick, Coalville, LE67 5AW, Leicestershire, UK
| | - K Marie McIntyre
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Neil McEwan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Susan Dawson
- Institute of Veterinary Science, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Nicola J Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
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Mackenzie CJ, McGowan CM, Pinchbeck G, Carslake HB. Comparison of two blood sampling techniques for the determination of coagulation parameters in the horse: Jugular venipuncture and indwelling intravenous catheter. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:333-338. [PMID: 28976034 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of coagulation status is an important component of critical care. Ongoing monitoring of coagulation status in hospitalised horses has previously been via serial venipuncture due to concerns that sampling directly from the intravenous catheter (IVC) may alter the accuracy of the results. Adverse effects such as patient anxiety and trauma to the sampled vessel could be avoided by the use of an indwelling IVC for repeat blood sampling. OBJECTIVES To compare coagulation parameters from blood obtained by jugular venipuncture with IVC sampling in critically ill horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS A single set of paired blood samples were obtained from horses (n = 55) admitted to an intensive care unit by direct jugular venipuncture and, following removal of a presample, via an indwelling IVC. The following coagulation parameters were measured on venipuncture and IVC samples: whole blood prothrombin time (PT), fresh plasma PT and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and stored plasma antithrombin activity (AT) and fibrinogen concentration. D-dimer concentration was also measured in some horses (n = 22). Comparison of venipuncture and IVC results was performed using Lin's concordance correlation coefficient. Agreement between paired results was assessed using Bland Altman analysis. RESULTS Correlation was substantial and agreement was good between sample methods for all parameters except AT and D-dimers. MAIN LIMITATIONS Each coagulation parameter was tested using only one assay. Sampling was limited to a convenience sample and timing of sample collection was not standardised in relation to when the catheter was flushed with heparinised saline. CONCLUSIONS With the exception of AT and D-dimers, coagulation parameters measured on blood samples obtained via an IVC have clinically equivalent values to those obtained by jugular venipuncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Mackenzie
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - G Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - H B Carslake
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Neston, Cheshire, UK
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40
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Bortolami A, Williams NJ, McGowan CM, Kelly PG, Archer DC, Corrò M, Pinchbeck G, Saunders CJ, Timofte D. Environmental surveillance identifies multiple introductions of MRSA CC398 in an Equine Veterinary Hospital in the UK, 2011-2016. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5499. [PMID: 28710350 PMCID: PMC5511188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial environmental and surgical site infection (SSI) surveillance was implemented from 2011–2016 in a UK Equine Referral Veterinary Hospital and identified 81 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. A cluster of MRSA SSIs occurred in early 2016 with the isolates confirmed as ST398 by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), which prompted retrospective analysis of all MRSA isolates obtained from the environment (n = 62), SSIs (n = 13) and hand plates (n = 6) in the past five years. Sixty five of these isolates were typed to CC398 and a selection of these (n = 38) were further characterised for resistance and virulence genes, SCCmec and spa typing. Overall, MRSA was identified in 62/540 (11.5%) of environmental samples, 6/81 of the hand-plates (7.4%) and 13/208 of the SSIs (6.3%). spa t011 was the most frequent (24/38) and Based Upon Repeat Pattern (BURP) analysis identified spa t011 as one of the two group founders of the main spa CC identified across the five years (spa CC011/3423). However, 3 singletons (t073, t786, t064) were also identified suggesting separate introductions into the hospital environment. This long-term MRSA surveillance study revealed multiple introductions of MRSA CC398 in a UK Equine Hospital, identifying an emerging zoonotic pathogen so far only sporadically recorded in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bortolami
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Nicola J Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Catherine M McGowan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK.,Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Padraig G Kelly
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Debra C Archer
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Michela Corrò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Christine J Saunders
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Dorina Timofte
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK. .,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK.
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41
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Tuerena I, Williams NJ, Nuttall T, Pinchbeck G. Antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in hospitalised companion animals and their hospital environment. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 57:339-47. [PMID: 27385621 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern with implications for animal health. This study investigated the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among commensal and environmental Escherichia coli isolated from animals sampled in referral hospitals in the UK. MATERIALS AND METHODS Resistant Escherichia coli isolated from animal faeces and practice environments were tested for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. PCR and sequencing techniques were used to identify extended spectrum beta-lactamase and AmpC-producer genotypes. RESULTS In total, 333 faecal and 257 environmental samples were collected. Multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli were found in 13·1% of faecal and 8·9% of environmental samples. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase and AmpC genes were identified 14% and 7·7% of faecal samples and 8·6% and 8·6% of environmental samples, respectively. The most common extended spectrum beta-lactamase gene type detected was blaCTX-M -15 , although blaTEM-158 was detected in faecal and environmental samples from one practice. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Escherichia coli resistant to key antimicrobials were isolated from hospitalised animals and the practice environment. We identified the emergence of the inhibitor resistant and extended spectrum beta-lactamase blaTEM-158 in companion animals. Further investigation to determine risk factors for colonisation with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is needed to provide evidence for antimicrobial stewardship and infection control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tuerena
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE
| | - N J Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE
| | - T Nuttall
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE
| | - G Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE
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Laing G, Christley R, Stringer A, Radford A, Aklilu N, Newton R, Pinchbeck G. Unraveling the causes of respiratory disease in the working equids of Ethiopia: A cross sectional survey. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Carslake H, Karikoski N, Pinchbeck G, McGowan C. Serum insulin concentration in horses: Effect of storage and handling. Vet J 2016; 211:94-6. [PMID: 27033594 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Serum insulin concentration is commonly measured during investigation of suspected endocrinopathic disease in horses, but immediate analysis is frequently unavailable. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of storing samples at room temperature for 72 h as serum and as whole blood, compared to immediate separation and freezing. Samples from 14 horses were evaluated. Correlation was excellent for all comparisons (≥0.992). Bland-Altman plots revealed a negative bias (mean difference 2.16 µIU/mL) in samples stored as whole blood compared to serum, but this difference was not considered clinically significant. At two commonly used diagnostic cut-offs, there was no effect of storage on result. This study indicates that storage at room temperature for 72 h, either as serum or whole blood, has minimal effect on measured serum insulin concentration in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Carslake
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease and Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Ninja Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease and Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Catherine McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease and Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
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Howell A, Baylis M, Smith R, Pinchbeck G, Williams D. Epidemiology and impact of Fasciola hepatica exposure in high-yielding dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:41-8. [PMID: 26093971 PMCID: PMC4528078 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica is a trematode parasite with a worldwide distribution and is the cause of important production losses in the dairy industry. The aim of this observational study was to assess the prevalence of exposure to F. hepatica in a group of high yielding dairy herds, to determine the risk factors and investigate their associations with production and fertility parameters. Bulk milk tank samples from 606 herds that supply a single retailer with liquid milk were tested with an antibody ELISA for F. hepatica. Multivariable linear regression was used to investigate the effect of farm management and environmental risk factors on F. hepatica exposure. Higher rainfall, grazing boggy pasture, presence of beef cattle on farm, access to a stream or pond and smaller herd size were associated with an increased risk of exposure. Univariable regression was used to look for associations between fluke exposure and production-related variables including milk yield, composition, somatic cell count and calving index. Although causation cannot be assumed, a significant (p<0.001) negative association was seen between F. hepatica exposure and estimated milk yield at the herd level, representing a 15% decrease in yield for an increase in F. hepatica exposure from the 25th to the 75th percentile. This remained significant when fertility, farm management and environmental factors were controlled for. No associations were found between F. hepatica exposure and any of the other production, disease or fertility variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Howell
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK; School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Matthew Baylis
- NIHR Health protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Rob Smith
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK; School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Diana Williams
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK; School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
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Peachey L, Matthews J, Pinchbeck G, Behnke J, Burden F, Hodgkinson J. A Potential Novel Anthelmintic? The Cysteine Proteases Show Potent Anthelmintic Activity Against Cyathostomins In Vitro. Equine Vet J 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12323_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J. Behnke
- University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
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Schmidt VM, Williams NJ, Pinchbeck G, Corless CE, Shaw S, McEwan N, Dawson S, Nuttall T. Antimicrobial resistance and characterisation of staphylococci isolated from healthy Labrador retrievers in the United Kingdom. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:17. [PMID: 24423104 PMCID: PMC3896740 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulase-positive (CoPS) and coagulase-negative (CoNS) staphylococci are normal commensals of the skin and mucosa, but are also opportunist pathogens. Meticillin-resistant (MR) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates are increasing in human and veterinary healthcare. Healthy humans and other animals harbour a variety of staphylococci, including MR-CoPS and MR-CoNS. The main aims of the study were to characterise the population and antimicrobial resistance profiles of staphylococci from healthy non-vet visiting and non-antimicrobial treated Labrador retrievers in the UK. RESULTS Nasal and perineal samples were collected from 73 Labrador retrievers; staphylococci isolated and identified using phenotypic and biochemical methods. They were also confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), PCR of the nuc gene and PCR and sequencing of the tuf gene. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) susceptibility tests were determined for a range of antimicrobials. In total, 102 CoPS (S. pseudintermedius n = 91, S. aureus n = 11) and 334 CoNS isolates were detected from 99% of dogs in this study. In 52% of dogs CoNS only were detected, with both CoNS and CoPS detected in 43% dogs and CoPS only detected in 4% of dogs. Antimicrobial resistance was not common among CoPS, but at least one MDR-CoNS isolate was detected in 34% of dogs. MR-CoNS were detected from 42% of dogs but no MR-CoPS were isolated. S. epidermidis (52% of dogs) was the most common CoNS found followed by S. warneri (30%) and S. equorum (27%), with another 15 CoNS species isolated from ≤ 15% of dogs. S. pseudintermedius and S. aureus were detected in 44% and 8% of dogs respectively. CONCLUSIONS MR- and MDR-CoPS were rare. However a high prevalence of MR- and MDR-CoNS were found in these dogs, even though they had no prior antimicrobial treatment or admission to veterinary premises. These findings are of concern due to the potential for opportunistic infections, zoonotic transmission and transmission of antimicrobial resistant determinants from these bacteria to coagulase positive staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Schmidt
- Department of Infection Biology, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
- The University of Liverpool School of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Nicola J Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Caroline E Corless
- Infection and Immunity, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Neil McEwan
- Department of Infection Biology, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
- The University of Liverpool School of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Susan Dawson
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Tim Nuttall
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Suthers J, Proudman C, Pinchbeck G, Archer D. Reply to Andy Durham. Equine Vet J 2013; 45:388-9. [PMID: 23565700 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Antimicrobial use is known to select for the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria; therefore prudent use in both human and veterinary medicine is essential to preserve their efficacy. OBJECTIVES To characterise antimicrobial prescribing patterns in UK equine practice and evaluate factors associated with prescribing. METHODS A postal questionnaire including 4 clinical scenarios was sent to 740 veterinary surgeons that treat horses. Data were collected on the clinician, their practice and sources of information regarding antimicrobials and their use. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to ascertain factors associated with 5 outcomes; prescribing off-licence drugs; prescribing at incorrect doses; prescribing 3rd or 4th generation cephalosporins; prescribing fluoroquinolones and prescribing potentiated sulphonamides. RESULTS Questionnaires were completed by 38% of veterinary surgeons who were sent questionnaires. Less than 1% of practices had antimicrobial use guidelines. Trimethoprim-sulphonamides were most commonly prescribed in each clinical scenario. Eleven percent of prescriptions were for antimicrobial drugs not licensed for use in horses in the UK. Five percent of prescriptions for licensed antimicrobials were under the recommended dose rate and 56% over the recommended dose rate. Fluoroquinolones and 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins accounted for 1 and 3% of prescriptions, respectively. Veterinary surgeons working at referral practices were more likely to prescribe 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones and off-licence antimicrobials whereas those working in first-opinion practices were more likely to prescribe potentiated sulphonamides. Sources of information regarding antimicrobials also had an effect on prescribing. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Prescription of antimicrobials at inappropriate doses was common even when provided with the weight of the animal. It is uncommon for UK equine veterinary practices to have guidelines for antimicrobial use. The introduction of such guidelines could lead to more prudent use of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Hughes
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health Group, Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Stavisky J, Pinchbeck G, Gaskell RM, Dawson S, German AJ, Radford AD. Cross sectional and longitudinal surveys of canine enteric coronavirus infection in kennelled dogs: a molecular marker for biosecurity. Infect Genet Evol 2012; 12:1419-26. [PMID: 22543007 PMCID: PMC7106024 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that kennelled dogs are more likely to test positive for CECoV than household pets. Here we describe both cross sectional and longitudinal studies in two rescue kennels and two boarding kennels, together with molecular diagnostics, to provide a new insight into the epidemiology of CECoV. Prevalence of CECoV in the cross sectional studies tended to be higher in the rescue kennels (13.8% and 33.3%) than the boarding kennels (5.3% and 13.5%). In each kennel, type I CECoV was more prevalent than type 2 CECoV. The mean quantity of type I detected was equivalent to 6.3 × 108 gc/gm (range = 5 × 106, 8.5 × 1011), compared to 1.3 × 108 gc/gm (range = 3 × 106, 2.4 × 1010) for type II. In one rescue shelter where dogs were followed longitudinally, infection was significantly associated with accommodation block as well as the length of stay (increased risk of CECoV per week in residence of ×1.9). Of those animals sampled on two or more occasions, none tested positive on arrival, and 54.5% later shed CECoV, suggesting that infection may have been acquired within the kennel. Shedding patterns and sequence analysis suggested both types I and II CECoV were maintained in this population by a combination of introductions into the shelter and within-shelter transmission. The findings suggest that some kennel environments may be important in maintaining CECoV infection in the population. We also propose that the diversity of viruses like CECoV in these populations may provide a novel surrogate marker for the success of biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Stavisky
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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