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Hernandez-Charpak YD, Mozrall AM, Williams NJ, Trabold TA, Diaz CA. Biochar as a sustainable alternative to carbon black in agricultural mulch films. Environ Res 2024; 246:117916. [PMID: 38147918 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Examples of biochar as an alternative to traditional plastic fillers, like carbon black, are numerous and growing. However, in the agricultural mulch film application, both the polymer and its fillers are pushed to their mechanical limit to obtain an effective product, using the least amount of plastic. Through a combined techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA), this study characterizes the use of carbon-negative biochar as an opacity filler in mulch film applications. Due to its larger particle size, the biochar demands additional thickness to achieve equivalent opacity as carbon black in films. A thicker film translates to additional polymer demand, and a significant increase in price and environmental impact. A comparable formulation for an equal price ($623 per mulched ha) as a 2.6 wt % carbon black with 25 μm thickness was derived, needing 15 wt % biochar and a thickness of 30 μm. The biochar formulation resulted in a slightly higher global warming potential (3% increase), but much larger impact in the land use category (+339%), and the sample was deemed not fit for use in the intended mulch application. These results indicate that in applications where the polymeric matrix and its fillers are pushed to their mechanical limit, the displacement of traditional fillers by biochar is challenging. However, biochar derived from waste biomass (thus reducing land use impact) remains a valid, environmentally beneficial solution to displace traditional fillers for non-extreme plastic uses (commodity plastics) and thicker composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Hernandez-Charpak
- Golisano Institute for Sustainability, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - A M Mozrall
- Department of Packaging and Graphic Media Science, RIT, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - N J Williams
- Golisano Institute for Sustainability, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - T A Trabold
- Golisano Institute for Sustainability, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - C A Diaz
- Department of Packaging and Graphic Media Science, RIT, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA.
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2
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Groat EF, Williams NJ, Pinchbeck G, Warner B, Simpson A, Schmidt VM. UK dogs eating raw meat diets have higher risk of Salmonella and antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli faecal carriage. J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:435-441. [PMID: 35191029 PMCID: PMC9305152 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To compare detection of Salmonella species and antimicrobial‐resistant Escherichia coli in the faeces of dogs eating raw meat or non‐raw diets and examine risk factors for their carriage. Materials and Methods Canine faecal samples (raw fed n=114; non‐raw fed n=76) were collected from May to July 2015 from across the UK. Enrichment and selective culture and biochemical and PCR assays were used to identify isolates. Escherichia coli underwent susceptibility testing to a range of antimicrobials, including third‐generation cephalosporins; PCR assays were used to detect antimicrobial‐resistant genes. Questionnaires were used to collect data on independent variables as risks for antimicrobial‐resistant (resistant to ≥1 tested antimicrobial), multi‐drug‐resistant (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) and third‐generation cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli. Results Antimicrobial‐resistant, multi‐drug‐resistant and third‐generation cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli were significantly more likely to be detected in raw fed (54, 25 and 31%, respectively) compared to non‐raw fed (17, 4 and 4%, respectively) dogs; Salmonella species were detected in eight (4%) raw fed dogs only. Clinical Significance Raw fed dogs may be a source of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli, resistant to highest priority critically important antimicrobials, representing a potential animal welfare and public health issue. Owners should be aware of the risks, especially households with members, both human and canine, who are very young, elderly or immunocompromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Groat
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | - N J Williams
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | - G Pinchbeck
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Warner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Simpson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | - V M Schmidt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, UK
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Butler MJ, Spruill TM, Johnson DA, Redline S, Sims M, Jenkins BC, Booth JN, Thomas SJ, Abdalla M, O'Brien EC, Mentz RJ, Ogedegbe G, Williams NJ. Suboptimal sleep and incident cardiovascular disease among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). Sleep Med 2020; 76:89-97. [PMID: 33129011 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suboptimal sleep, including insufficient/long sleep duration and poor sleep quality, is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) common but there is little information among African Americans, a group with a disproportionate CVD burden. The current study examined the association between suboptimal sleep and incident CVD among African Americans. METHODS This study included 4,522 African Americans without CVD at baseline (2000-2004) of the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). Self-reported sleep duration was defined as very short (<6 h/night), short (6 h/night), recommended (7-8 h/night), and long (≥9 h/night). Participants' self-reported sleep quality was defined as "high" and "low" quality. Suboptimal sleep was defined by low quality sleep and/or insufficient/long sleep duration. Incident CVD was a composite of incident coronary heart disease and stroke. Associations between suboptimal sleep and incident CVD were examined using Cox proportional hazards models over 15 follow-up years with adjustment for predictors of CVD risk and obstructive sleep apnea. RESULTS Sample mean age was 54 years (SD = 13), 64% female and 66% reported suboptimal sleep. Suboptimal sleep was not associated with incident CVD after covariate adjustment [HR(95% CI) = 1.18(0.97-1.46)]. Long [HR(95%CI) = 1.32(1.02-1.70)] and very short [HR(95% CI) = 1.56(1.06-2.30)] sleep duration were associated with incident CVD relative to recommended sleep duration. Low quality sleep was not associated with incident CVD (p = 0.413). CONCLUSIONS Long and very short self-reported sleep duration but not self-reported sleep quality were associated with increased hazard of incident CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Butler
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - T M Spruill
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - D A Johnson
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Redline
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Sims
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - B C Jenkins
- Jackson State University School of Public Health, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - J N Booth
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, CTI Clinical Trials and Consulting Services, Inc., Covington, KY, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - S J Thomas
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, CTI Clinical Trials and Consulting Services, Inc., Covington, KY, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Abdalla
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - E C O'Brien
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - R J Mentz
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G Ogedegbe
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - N J Williams
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Grandner MA, Fernandez F, Khader S, Jean-Louis G, Seixas AA, Williams NJ, Patterson F, Killgore WD, Wills CC. 0374 Decline in Habitual Sleep Duration Over 10 Years and Worsening Sleep Disparities: Data From NHIS (2006-2015). Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Despite claims in the media, evidence that habitual sleep has declined in recent years is scant. Few data sources exist that systematically document sleep duration in a nationally representative sample, in the same way, over several years.
Methods
Data from 10 years of the National Health Interview Survey were used (N=305,555). During all years, habitual sleep duration, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and height/weight were recorded in the same way. Weighted regression analyses examined sleep duration as the outcome, year as linear predictor, and sociodemographics as covariates. Then, interaction terms examined whether the linear change associated with years was differentially experienced by different sociodemographic groups.
Results
The linear trend of sleep duration over the past 10 years is a loss of 0.78 minutes per year (95%CI -0.91,-0.64; p<0.0001). After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity and BMI, this remained relatively unchanged at 0.86 minutes (95%CI -0.99,-0.73; p<0.0001). A year-by-race/ethnicity interaction was observed (p<0.05). In stratified analyses, Non-Hispanic Whites showed a loss of 0.68 minutes per year (95%CI -0.84,-0.52, p<0.0001). This was 1.33 minutes/year in Blacks/African-Americans (95%CI -1.74,-0.92; p<0.0001), 1.57 minutes/year in Mexican-Americans (95%CI -1.98,-1.16; p<0.0001), 0.99 minutes/year in other Hispanics/Latinos (95%CI -1.51,-0.47; p<0.0001), 0.74 minutes/year in Asians (95%CI -1.24,-0.25; p=0.003), and 1.80 minutes/year in American Indians/Alaskan Natives (95%CI -3.57,-0.03, p=0.046).
Conclusion
On average, the US population has lost 47 seconds of nightly sleep per year over a 10-year period, equating to about 4.7 hours of sleep per year, but racial/ethnic groups were impacted differently. Compared to Non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks/African-Americans lost 96% more sleep, Mexicans lost 131% more sleep, other Hispanics/Latinos lost 46% more sleep, Asians lost 9% more sleep, and American Indians lost 165% more sleep. Thus, sleep disparities may be widening.
Support
Dr. Grandner is supported by R01MD011600
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S Khader
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - G Jean-Louis
- New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY
| | - A A Seixas
- New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY
| | - N J Williams
- New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY
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5
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Perlis ML, Boyle JT, Vargas I, Giller J, Seewald M, D’Antonio B, Muench A, Williams NJ, Rosenfield B, Klingman K. 0152 Insomnia Severity and Daytime Complaints: What is to be Learned When These Domains are Discordant? Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
If illness severity and daytime dysfunction are construed as categorical entities, it is possible to conceptualize the relationship between these variables in terms of a 2x2 matrix where the resultant cells represent a concordant dimension (quadrants 2 & 4 [high-high and low-low]) and a discordant dimension (quadrants 1 & 3 [high-low and low-high]). The question for the present analysis was, what percentage of subjects populate each quadrant and is it the case that the discordant dimension contains only a small percentage of subjects?
Methods
Illness severity and daytime dysfunction data was collected from individuals with sleep continuity complaints in archival/community-based sample (N = 4680; 60% female; Ages 18–89) (www.sleeplessinphilly.com). Illness severity was operationalized as Total Wake Time (TWT; [SL+WASO+EMA=TWT]) and daytime dysfunction was operationalized as the composite score of six daytime symptoms items. Median splits were calculated for each variable and subjects were typed accordingly (HH, LL, HL, & LH).
Results
Surprisingly, the sample was relatively equally distributed into the two dimensions; 38% and 23% for the concordant dimension and 13% and 26% for discordant dimension.
Conclusion
The 39% of subjects in the discordant groups might be thought of as complaining good sleepers (LH) and noncomplaining poor sleepers (HL). Other investigators have identified the LH subjects as individuals with “insomnia identity”. Alternatively, it is possible to characterize the whole dimension as being related to a mismatch between the individual’s sleep need and sleep ability. Those who need a lot, may suffer a lot, in the face of only a little (LH) whereas those who need a little, may suffer only a little, in the face of a lot (HL).
Support
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Perlis
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J T Boyle
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine School of Professional and Applied Psychology, Philadelphia, PA
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - I Vargas
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - J Giller
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Seewald
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - B D’Antonio
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - A Muench
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - N J Williams
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - B Rosenfield
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine School of Professional and Applied Psychology, Philadelphia, PA
| | - K Klingman
- College of Nursing, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
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Eirene O, Bubu OM, Donley T, Blanc J, Madera C, Turner A, Mbah AK, Williams NJ, Youngstedt S, Shochat T, Seixas AA, Osorio RS, Jean-Louis G. 0864 Race/ethnicity And Sex-dependent Effects Of Metabolic Burden Across Different Age-categories On Trends In Self-reported Sleep Duration: Findings From The National Health Interview Survey, 2004-2013. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
We examined race and sex-dependent effects of metabolic burden across different age-categories on trends in self-reported sleep duration for the U.S. non-institutionalized civilian population.
Methods
We analyzed data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) adults aged 18-85 from 2004 to 2013 (N=258,158). Metabolic burden was characterized by obesity (BMI>30), dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension morbidity burden levels. Racial/ethnic categories included non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), Blacks/African Americans (AAs) and Hispanics. Sleep duration within a 24-hour period on average was categorized as short sleep (≤ 6hrs), adequate sleep (7-8 hrs.), and long sleep (≥ 9hrs). Age was categorized as 18 - <26, 26 - <65 and 65 - 85. Adjusted multinomial logistic regression models stratified by race, sex and age-categories examined effects of metabolic burden on trends in self-reported sleep duration.
Results
The prevalence of short sleep duration was relatively stable from 2004-2012 for NHW and all females. However, AA and Hispanic males showed consistent increase in the rates of short sleepers beginning in 2007 through 2013 especially for ages 18 - <26, and 26 - <65 (P <.001 for trend). For all racial/ethnic categories, compared to individuals aged 18 - <26, individuals aged 26 - <65 were more likely to report short sleep (aOR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.50-1.61) and individuals aged 65 - 85 were more likely to be long sleepers (aOR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.86-2.05). Interestingly, the rate of short sleep increased as the metabolic burden increased (P <.001 for trend). This trend was more pronounced among AA and Hispanic males aged 65 - 85 with ≥ 2 metabolic conditions who were more likely to report short sleep (aOR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.44-2.19 and aOR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.17-1.93 respectively), compared to NHW males.
Conclusion
Increased metabolic burden among minority populations and especially in the elderly male, affect sleep and may have consequences for treating these populations.
Support
NIH/NIA/NHLBI (L30-AG064670, CIRAD P30AG059303 Pilot, T32HL129953, R01AG056531, R25HL105444, R25NS094093, K07AG05268503, R01HL142066, K23HL125939)
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Affiliation(s)
- O Eirene
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - O M Bubu
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - T Donley
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - J Blanc
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - C Madera
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - A Turner
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - A K Mbah
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
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7
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Williams NJ, Butler M, Roseus J, Blanc J, Barnes A, Bubu OM, Ebben M, Krieger A, Jean-Louis G. 0377 A Strengths-Based Approach to Examine Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Black and White Patients. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The majority of studies on race/ethnic disparities in OSA are derived from a deficit-based perspective (i.e. >BMI, non-adherence to PAP). It would prove useful to identify which aspects are protective to inform potential treatment approaches. We focused on two potential factors: resilience and social support, in patients newly diagnosed with OSA. Given the high prevalence of insomnia complaints in patients with OSA, insomnia was our outcome of interest.
Methods
91 patients newly diagnosed with OSA provided demographic and socioeconomic status, sleep measures (Epworth, DBAS), resilience (Connor Davidson Resiliency Scale), social support (MOS Social Support Scale) and completed the Insomnia Severity Index. The cross-sectional associations between ISI, race/ethnicity, resilience, social support and their interaction effects were examined using linear regression models with covariate adjustment for participant age, sex and BMI. We ascertained total ISI score and individual items.
Results
The sample was 34.1% black (n=31), mean age of 57.6 years, SD=13.6, 64.8% male (n=59), and mean BMI of 32.4, SD=7.04. Mean sleep duration (as reported by sleep diary) was 6.64, SD=1.35. Black, white differences were not observed for sleepiness (M=8.60; 10.43, p=0.11) or DBAS (M=4.61; M=5.04, p=0.30). Blacks, reported clinically significant insomnia (M=15.00, SD=7.17) compared to whites (M=12.02, SD=6.83, p=0.05). On the individual ISI items, blacks were significantly more likely to endorse difficulty falling asleep (M=1.58, SD=1.54; M=0.75, SD=0.93,p=0.002) and waking up too early (M=2.09, SD=1.26; M=1.45, SD=0.93,p=0.021) compared to whites. Resilience (M=30.04, SD=6.42) and social support scores (M=74.13, SD=21.36) did not differ by race/ethnicity. In adjusted linear analysis, resilience had significant effect on ISI score (b=-0.36, SE=0.12, p=0.003) but not social support (b=-0.06, SE=0.08, p=0.31).
Conclusion
In this study we did not observe race/ethnic differences for sleepiness and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep. With respect to the protective factors, race/ethnic differences were not observed. Resilience, not social support, was related to insomnia complaints. Future studies should examine a variety of factors that may serve black and other racial/ethnic groups with OSA, and help elucidate protective processes.
Support
K23HL125939
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Williams
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Population Health, Center for Healthful Behvior Change, New York, NY
| | - M Butler
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Population Health, Center for Healthful Behvior Change, New York, NY
| | - J Roseus
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Population Health, Center for Healthful Behvior Change, New York, NY
| | - J Blanc
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Population Health, Center for Healthful Behvior Change, New York, NY
| | - A Barnes
- Brooklyn Campus VA of the NY Harbor Health Care System, New York, NY
| | - O M Bubu
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Population Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY
| | - M Ebben
- Weil Cornell Medical Center, Center for Sleep Medicine, New York, NY
| | - A Krieger
- Weil Cornell Medical Center, Center for Sleep Medicine, New York, NY
| | - G Jean-Louis
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Population Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY
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Christina M, Bubu OM, Donley T, Blanc J, Oji E, Turner AD, Mbah AK, Williams NJ, Youngstedt S, Shochat T, Azizi SA, Osorio RS, Jean-Louis G. 0863 Age-categorized Trends In Self-reported Sleep Duration For The Non-institutionalized U.s. Civilian Population From 2004-2013: Considerations Of Racial/ethnic Variations. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
We examined age-categorized trends in self-reported sleep duration using data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2004-2013 and explored how these trends may vary based on individuals’ race/ethnicity.
Methods
Study participants were aged 18-85 (N=258,158). Sleep duration within a 24-hour period on average was categorized as ≤ 6hrs (short-sleep), 7-8 hours (adequate-sleep), and ≥ 9hrs (long-sleep). Age was categorized as 18 - <26, 26 - <65 and 65 - 85. Racial categories included non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), Blacks/African Americans (AAs) and Hispanics. Adjusted multinomial logistic regression models examined trends in self-reported sleep duration across age-categories and assessed race/ethnic differences in these trends.
Results
Mean sleep duration (hrs.) across all years was 7.4, 7.0, and 7.5, for ages 18 - <26, 26 - <65 and 65 - 85, respectively and was relatively stable from 2004-2013. However, compared to individuals ages 18 - <26, those categorized as ages 26 - <65 were 55% more likely to be short sleepers while those ages 65 - 85 were 20% less likely to be short sleepers (P < .001 for all). Mean sleep duration was 7.2hrs, for NHW and 7.1hrs for AAs and Hispanics, and showed increasing trend toward short sleep beginning in 2007 through 2013 (P <.01 for trend). In the age 18 - <26 category, compared to whites, blacks and Hispanics were 35% and 29% more likely to be short sleepers, respectively. In the age 26 - <65 category, compared to whites, blacks and Hispanics were 35% and 21% more likely to be short sleepers, respectively. In the age 65 - 85 category, compared to whites, blacks were 19% more likely to be short sleepers (P < .001 for all).
Conclusion
Continued surveillance of population-level sleep trends among minority populations is essential as growing race/ethnic (age specific) disparities in self-reported sleep duration may have consequences for racial/ethnic health disparities.
Support
NIH/NIA/NHLBI (L30-AG064670, CIRAD P30AG059303 Pilot, T32HL129953, R01AG056531, R25HL105444, R25NS094093, K07AG05268503, R01HL142066, K23HL125939)
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Affiliation(s)
| | - O M Bubu
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - T Donley
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - J Blanc
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - E Oji
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - A K Mbah
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | | | - S A Azizi
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Khader WS, Tubbs A, Fernandez F, Jean-Louis G, Seixas AA, Williams NJ, Chakravorty S, Killgore WD, Wills CC, Grandner MA. 0232 Impact of Mental Health on 10-Year Trends in Habitual Sleep Duration. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Public health efforts aimed at reducing the decline in habitual sleep duration have not been successful. It is possible that this decline is differentially experienced relative to individuals’ mental health status. This would further support the need to focus on mental health as a strategy for improving sleep in the general population.
Methods
We examined 10 years of the National Health Interview Survey data (N=305,555). During all years, habitual sleep duration, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and height and weight (used to compute body mass index) were recorded in the same way. In addition, depressed mood in the past 30 days was evaluated (coded as none, mild, moderate, or severe). Weighted regression analyses examined sleep duration as an outcome, year and depressed mood as predictors, and sociodemographics as covariates. A year-by-depressed mood interaction was computed, and analyses were stratified by group.
Results
There was a significant year-by-depression interaction on linear change in sleep duration over the 10 year period (p=0.0001). Analyses were then stratified by depressed mood. In adjusted analyses, individuals with no depressed mood lost an average of 0.68 minutes of sleep per year (95%CI -0.82,-0.55; p<0.0001). Among those with mild depression, this was 7% higher, at 0.73 minutes (95%CI -1.13,-0.33; p<0.0001). Among those with moderate depressed mood, this was 154% higher, at 1.73 minutes lost per year (95%CI -2.31,-1.16; p<0.0001). Among those with severe depressed mood, this was 351% higher, at 3.07 minutes per year (95%CI -4.22,-1.92; p<0.0001).
Conclusion
The 10-year linear decline in habitual sleep duration seems to depend on mental health status. Individuals with better mental health lose less sleep over time, relative to those with worse mental health. This highlights the importance of mental health as a possible avenue for improving sleep health in the population.
Support
Dr. Grandner is supported by R01MD011600
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Tubbs
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - G Jean-Louis
- New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY
| | - A A Seixas
- New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY
| | - N J Williams
- New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY
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10
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Bubu OM, Turner AD, Parekh A, Mullins A, Kam K, Umasabor-Bubu OQ, Mbah AK, Williams NJ, Varga AW, Rapoport DM, Ayappa I, Jean-Louis G, Osorio RS. 1150 Obstructive Sleep Apnea-dependent Racial/ethnic And Sex-specific Mechanisms Underlying Alzheimer’s Disease Risk: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis Of In-lab PSG Sleep Study Data. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
We examined race and sex-specific biologic mechanisms of the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and incident AD.
Methods
Retrospective cohort analysis utilizing in-lab PSG sleep study data conducted among older adults between 2001 and 2005. OSA was defined using AHI4%. Participants had no history of cognitive decline or AD at baseline and included 663 (284 Non-Hispanic White (NHW), 207 Black/African-American (AA) and 172 Hispanic) OSA-patients matched on age, sex, race, BMI, 1:1 ratio to 663 (unexposed cohort I from sleep clinic) and 1:4 ratio to 2652 (unexposed cohort II from non-sleep clinics) non-OSA individuals. Incident AD was assessed annually from 2001-2013 with ICD-9-CM code 331.0. Adjusted cox proportional hazard regression models examined race and sex-specific biologic mechanisms including hypoxia, fragmentation and duration measures of OSA and AD risk.
Results
Of the 3,978 participants, 2,148 (54%) were women. Mean age at baseline was 72.6 (7.3) years. Over a mean follow-up time of 8.6 (1.4) years, 358 (9%) individuals (212 female) developed AD (119 NHW, 134 AAs, and 105 Hispanics). Relative to non-OSA individuals, OSA-patients had a higher risk of incident AD, with AAs and females showing stronger risk estimates (aHR: 2.24, 1.83, and 1.73, P <.001 for all, for AAs, Hispanics and NHW respectively; and aHR: 2.38, and 1.37, P <.001 for all, for female and male respectively). Measures of hypoxia, sleep fragmentation and sleep duration were associated with increase AD risk (P <.01 for all). Relative to NHW, AAs and Hispanics demonstrated up to 20% stronger effects/estimates on hypoxia and sleep duration measures. Relative to males, females demonstrated up to 25% stronger effects/estimates on sleep fragmentation measures, and 15% weaker effects/estimates on hypoxia measures (P <.01 for all).
Conclusion
Among OSA-patients, mechanisms related to hypoxia, sleep fragmentation and duration measures increase AD risk and may underlie race/ethnicity and sex disparities in AD.
Support
NIH/NIA/NHLBI (L30-AG064670, CIRAD P30AG059303 Pilot, T32HL129953, R01HL118624, R21AG049348, R21AG055002, R01AG056031, R01AG022374, R21AG059179, R01AG056682, R01AG056531, K07AG05268503, K23HL125939)
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Bubu
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - A Parekh
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - A Mullins
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - K Kam
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - A K Mbah
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | - A W Varga
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - D M Rapoport
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - I Ayappa
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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11
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D’Antonio B, Boyle JT, Seewald M, Giller J, Muench A, Vargas I, Williams NJ, Klingman K, Perlis ML. 0153 Patient-Defined Insomnia Severity: How Much Wakefulness is Problematic? Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
While Insomnia Disorder is formally defined in the ICSD-3 and DSM-5, neither diagnostic system adopts quantitative criteria for illness severity. Interestingly, quantitative criteria are provided for frequency and chronicity (i.e., ≥ 3 days / week for ≥ 3 months). For research purposes, illness severity has long been defined using the “30 minute rule” (SL and/or WASO and/or EMA of ≥ 30 minutes is the threshold for clinical relevance). In the present analysis, this threshold was assessed for its significance to patients.
Methods
Sleep continuity disturbance (SCD; SL, WASO, and EMA) and problem endorsement data were collected from an archival/community-based sample (N = 4680; 60% female; Ages 18–89 years; www.sleeplessinphilly.com). Problem endorsement was evaluated through questions that included, “Do you consider this a problem?” after participants reported length of SL, WASO, and EMA. Problem endorsement percentages were calculated for 5 minute bins for between 0 and 65 minutes, with one additional bin for > 65 minutes. The temporal bins were compared for significant deviations using absolute (percent of subjects at 0–5 and 5–10 minutes) and moving references (last significant percent).
Results
The first temporal bin to differ from the absolute reference for SL, WASO, and EMA was the 26–30 minute bin. At this threshold, 87%, 70%, and 94% of the subjects’ identifying SL, WASO and EMA as being problematic (and was deemed statistically different from “normal” [0–10 minute values]).
Conclusion
These data suggest that the “30 minute rule” (which is of unknown provenance) roughly corresponds to the level of illness severity (lowest common threshold) identified by patients as problematic. While the threshold for SL and EMA show a clear majority, the lower percentage of subjects for WASO suggests that people are more tolerant of middle of the night wakefulness.
Support
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Affiliation(s)
- B D’Antonio
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J T Boyle
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine School of Professional and Applied Psychology, Philadelphia, PA
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Seewald
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J Giller
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - A Muench
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - I Vargas
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
- Sleep and Stress Research Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - N J Williams
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - K Klingman
- College of Nursing, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - M L Perlis
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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12
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Bubu OM, Mbah AK, Williams NJ, Turner AD, Parekh A, Mullins AE, Kam K, Umasabor-Bubu OQ, Varga AW, Rapoport DM, Ayappa I, Jean-Louis G, Osorio RS. 1153 Association Of Nocturnal Sleep Disturbance And Prospective Cognitive Decline In Cognitive Normal Elderly: Findings From The National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Uniform Dataset. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
We determined whether nocturnal sleep disturbance (NSD) is associated with prospective cognitive decline in clinically normal older adults
Methods
Prospective longitudinal study utilizing data from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC) Uniform Data set (UDS). NSD data, as characterized by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q), were derived from 10,600 participants at baseline, with at least one UDS follow-up visit, from 32 National Institute of Aging Alzheimer’s Disease Research Centers (ADRC). Prospective cognitive decline was characterized as incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosis during UDS follow-up. Logistic mixed-effects model with random intercept and slope examined associations between the NSD and longitudinal cognitive decline. All models included age at baseline, sex, years of education, APOE ε4 status and their interactions with time. Time was operationalized as years from baseline for each participant.
Results
Of the 10,600 cognitively normal participants at baseline, 1,017 (8.6%) had NSD. The proportion of males versus females with sleep problems was 10.1% vs. 9.3% respectively. For participants with NSD and no NSD, the mean (SD) age was 71 (7.3) and 70 (5.7) years and average follow-up time was 5.2 (2.6) and 4.9 (2.7) years, respectively. Participants with NSD were significantly more likely to develop incident MCI during UDS follow-up (OR: 1.42, p =.003). The interaction of NSD with time was significant (p< .001) suggesting an increase in the likelihood of conversion to MCI increased over time. Furthermore, there were significant differences in mean conversion rates to MCI in the NSD group when the previous time-point was compared to the next (p<01), with a time dependent dose response in the risk of conversion to MCI observed.
Conclusion
In elderly cognitive-normal individuals, nocturnal sleep disturbance is associated with a time-dependent progression risk to MCI. These findings are consistent with the role of disturbed sleep in the development of Alzheimer’s Disease.
Support
NIH/NIA/NHLBI (L30-AG064670, CIRAD P30AG059303 Pilot, T32HL129953, R01HL118624, R21AG049348, R21AG055002, R01AG056031, R01AG022374, R21AG059179, R01AG056682, R01AG056531, K07AG05268503, K23HL125939)
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Bubu
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - A K Mbah
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | - A Parekh
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - A E Mullins
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - K Kam
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - A W Varga
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - D M Rapoport
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - I Ayappa
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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13
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Mota Villalobos K, Seixas AA, Williams NJ, Jean-Louis G, Killgore WD, Wills CC, Grandner MA. 0372 Disparities in Sleep Timing in the US: Data From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015-2016. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Several studies have demonstrated population-level disparities in sleep duration and sleep quality. Population-level estimates of bedtime and waketime have been unavailable. Considering the important role of circadian rhythms in health, population-level disparities in timing have important public health implications.
Methods
Data from the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from the CDC were used (N=4,491). Typical time in and out of bed were assessed and were converted to minutes. Race/ethnicity was self-reported and coded as non-Hispanic White, Black/African-American, Mexican-American, Other Hispanic/Latino, Asian, and Multiracial/Other. Covariates included age, sex, education level, income/poverty ratio, body mass index, and overall health. Additional models controlled for habitual sleep duration, frequency of sleep disturbance, depressed mood, and daytime tiredness/fatigue. Multiple linear regression analyses with time as an outcome were weighted using CDC-provided NHANES sample weights.
Results
In adjusted analyses, compared to non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks/African-Americans went to bed 29.4 mins later (p<0.0005), Asians went to bed 37.0 mins later (p<0.0005) and woke 27.7 mins later (p<0.0005), and Mexican-Americans woke 16.3 mins earlier (p=0.018). After further adjustment for sleep duration and sleep disturbances, Blacks/African-Americans went to bed 22.1 mins later (p<0.0005) and woke 22.2 mins later (p<0.0005), and Asians went to bed 36.1 mins later (p<0.0005) and woke 40.6 mins later (p<0.0005). These relationships remained generally unchanged when depressed mood and daytime tiredness/fatigue were adjusted in the model.
Conclusion
This is the first nationally-representative study to demonstrate population-level disparities in sleep timing. Specifically, Blacks/African-Americans and Asians present with delayed sleep, even after adjusting for other aspects of sleep.
Support
Dr. Grandner is supported by R01MD011600
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A A Seixas
- New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY
| | - N J Williams
- New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY
| | - G Jean-Louis
- New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY
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14
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Kintz E, Williams NJ, Jones N, van der Es M, Lake IR, O'Brien SJ, Hunter PR. Regional differences in presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli virulence-associated genes in the environment in the North West and East Anglian regions of England. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:179-186. [PMID: 32333799 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is carried in the intestine of ruminant animals, and outbreaks have occurred after contact with ruminant animals or their environment. The presence of STEC virulence genes in the environment was investigated along recreational walking paths in the North West and East Anglia regions of England. In all, 720 boot sock samples from walkers' shoes were collected between April 2013 and July 2014. Multiplex PCR was used to detect E. coli based on the amplification of the uidA gene and investigate STEC-associated virulence genes eaeA, stx1 and stx2. The eaeA virulence gene was detected in 45·5% of the samples, where stx1 and/or stx2 was detected in 12·4% of samples. There was a difference between the two regions sampled, with the North West exhibiting a higher proportion of positive boot socks for stx compared to East Anglia. In univariate analysis, ground conditions, river flow and temperature were associated with positive boot socks. The detection of stx genes in the soil samples suggests that STEC is present in the English countryside and individuals may be at risk for infection after outdoor activities even if there is no direct contact with animals. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Several outbreaks within the UK have highlighted the danger of contracting Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from contact with areas recently vacated by livestock. This is more likely to occur for STEC infections compared to other zoonotic bacteria given the low infectious dose required. While studies have determined the prevalence of STEC within farms and petting zoos, determining the risk to individuals enjoying recreational outdoor activities that occur near where livestock may be present is less researched. This study describes the prevalence with which stx genes, indicative of STEC bacteria, were found in the environment in the English countryside.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kintz
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - N J Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - N Jones
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - M van der Es
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - I R Lake
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK.,School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - S J O'Brien
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - P R Hunter
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
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15
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Agudelo C, Ramos AR, Williams NJ, Wallace DM. Do symptoms of sleepiness and insomnia in US veterans with obstructive sleep apnea vary by age? Sleep Breath 2020; 24:159-166. [PMID: 31044372 PMCID: PMC6824916 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-019-01845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The influence of aging on the clinical presentation of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is not well characterized in US veterans. Our aims were to (1) examine age and established predictors of sleepiness and insomnia symptoms in veterans with OSA and (2) determine if the relationship between predictors of the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) and insomnia severity index (ISI) depended on age. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of veterans diagnosed with OSA at the Miami VA in 2014. On polysomnography (PSG) night, questionnaires were completed querying socio-demographics, insomnia (ISI), sleepiness (ESS), and self-reported sleep duration. Regression modeling was performed to explore association of variables with (1) ESS and (2) ISI. Analyses were performed in two steps: (1) variables were tested for main effects and (2) product of age and each variable found to have an association at a significance level of p < 0.10 with primary outcome were entered separately to test for interaction. RESULTS The sample consisted of 483 veterans (93% male, age 52 ± 13 years, 41% black, 34% Hispanic). Having a regular bed partner, higher weighted medical comorbidities, chronic pain diagnosis, and shorter sleep duration were associated with ESS. Age did not moderate the relationship between these variables and ESS. Younger age, Hispanic ethnicity, higher educational level, shorter sleep duration, mood, and pain diagnoses were each associated with the ISI. Furthermore, an age-sleep duration interaction term was associated with the ISI (b = - 0.03; p = 0.005). For all participants, there was an inverse relationship between sleep duration and ISI. However, for any sleep duration, older veterans reported lower levels of insomnia than younger veterans. DISCUSSION Older veterans with OSA may report lower ISI scores. Alternative assessment methods for comorbid insomnia among older individuals with OSA may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Agudelo
- Department of Neurology, Sleep Medicine Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Neurology Service, Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL, 33125, USA
| | - A R Ramos
- Department of Neurology, Sleep Medicine Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - N J Williams
- Department of Population Health, New York Langone Health, Center for Healthful Behavior Change, New York, NY, USA
| | - D M Wallace
- Department of Neurology, Sleep Medicine Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- Neurology Service, Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL, 33125, USA.
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16
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Isgren CM, Edwards T, Pinchbeck GL, Winward E, Adams ER, Norton P, Timofte D, Maddox TW, Clegg PD, Williams NJ. Emergence of carriage of CTX-M-15 in faecal Escherichia coli in horses at an equine hospital in the UK; increasing prevalence over a decade (2008-2017). BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:268. [PMID: 31357996 PMCID: PMC6664770 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated changes over time in the epidemiology of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli within a single equine referral hospital in the UK. Faecal samples were collected from hospitalised horses in 2008 and 2017, processed using selective media and standard susceptibility laboratory methods. A novel real-time PCR with high resolution melt analysis was used to distinguish blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-15 within CTX-M-1 group. Results In 2008, 457 faecal samples from 103 horses were collected, with ESBL-producing E. coli identified in 131 samples (28.7, 95% CI 24.6–33.1). In 2017, 314 faecal samples were collected from 74 horses with ESBL-producing E. coli identified in 157 samples (50.0, 95% CI 44.5–55.5). There were 135 and 187 non-duplicate ESBL-producing isolates from 2008 and 2017, respectively. In 2008, 12.6% of isolates belonged to CTX-M-1 group, all carrying blaCTX-M-1, whilst in 2017, 94.1% of isolates were CTX-M-1 group positive and of these 39.2 and 60.8% of isolates carried blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-15, respectively. In addition, the prevalence of doxycycline, gentamicin and 3rd generation cephalosporin resistance increased significantly from 2008 to 2017 while a decreased prevalence of phenotypic resistance to potentiated sulphonamides was observed. Conclusions The real-time PCR proved a reliable and high throughput method to distinguish between blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-15. Furthermore, its use in this study demonstrated the emergence of faecal carriage of CTX-M-15 in hospitalised horses, with an increase in prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli as well as increased antimicrobial resistance to frequently used antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Isgren
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, England.
| | - T Edwards
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, England
| | - E Winward
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England
| | - E R Adams
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England
| | - P Norton
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England
| | - D Timofte
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, England.,Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, England
| | - T W Maddox
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - P D Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - N J Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, England
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17
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Jones BP, Williams NJ, Saso S, Thum M, Quiroga I, Yazbek J, Wilkinson S, Ghaem‐Maghami S, Thomas P, Smith JR. Uterine transplantation in transgender women. BJOG 2019; 126:152-156. [PMID: 30125449 PMCID: PMC6492192 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- BP Jones
- West London Gynaecological Cancer CentreHammersmith HospitalImperial College NHS TrustLondonUK
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - NJ Williams
- Department of Politics, Philosophy and ReligionLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | - S Saso
- West London Gynaecological Cancer CentreHammersmith HospitalImperial College NHS TrustLondonUK
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - M‐Y Thum
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Lister Fertility ClinicThe Lister HospitalLondonUK
| | - I Quiroga
- The Oxford Transplant CentreThe Churchill HospitalOxford University Hospitals NHS TrustOxfordUK
| | - J Yazbek
- West London Gynaecological Cancer CentreHammersmith HospitalImperial College NHS TrustLondonUK
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - S Wilkinson
- Department of Politics, Philosophy and ReligionLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | - S Ghaem‐Maghami
- West London Gynaecological Cancer CentreHammersmith HospitalImperial College NHS TrustLondonUK
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - P Thomas
- Brighton Gender ClinicNuffield Health HospitalBrightonUK
| | - JR Smith
- West London Gynaecological Cancer CentreHammersmith HospitalImperial College NHS TrustLondonUK
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
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18
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Singleton DA, Sánchez-Vizcaíno F, Arsevska E, Dawson S, Jones PH, Noble PJM, Pinchbeck GL, Williams NJ, Radford AD. New approaches to pharmacosurveillance for monitoring prescription frequency, diversity, and co-prescription in a large sentinel network of companion animal veterinary practices in the United Kingdom, 2014-2016. Prev Vet Med 2018; 159:153-161. [PMID: 30314778 PMCID: PMC6193134 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical agents (PAs) are commonly prescribed in companion animal practice in the United Kingdom. However, little is known about PA prescription on a population-level, particularly with respect to PAs authorised for human use alone prescribed via the veterinary cascade; this raises important questions regarding the efficacy and safety of PAs prescribed to companion animals. This study explored new approaches for describing PA prescription, diversity and co-prescription in dogs, cats and rabbits utilising electronic health records (EHRs) from a sentinel network of 457 companion animal-treating veterinary sites throughout the UK over a 2-year period (2014-2016). A novel text mining-based identification and classification methodology was utilised to semi-automatically map practitioner-defined product descriptions recorded in 918,333 EHRs from 413,870 dogs encompassing 1,242,270 prescriptions; 352,730 EHRs from 200,541 cats encompassing 491,554 prescriptions, and 22,526 EHRS from 13,398 rabbits encompassing 18,490 prescriptions respectively. PA prescription as a percentage of booked consultations was 65.4% (95% confidence interval, CI, 64.6-66.3) in dogs; in cats it was 69.1% (95% CI, 67.9-70.2) and in rabbits, 56.3% (95% CI, 54.7-57.8). Vaccines were the most commonly prescribed PAs in all three species, with antibiotics, antimycotics, and parasiticides also commonly prescribed. PA prescription utilising products authorised for human use only (hence, 'human-authorised') comprised 5.1% (95% CI, 4.7-5.5) of total canine prescription events; in cats it was 2.8% (95% CI, 2.6-3.0), and in rabbits, 7.8% (95% CI, 6.5-9.0). The most commonly prescribed human-authorised PA in dogs was metronidazole (antibiotic); in cats and rabbits it was ranitidine (H2 histamine receptor antagonist). Using a new approach utilising the Simpson's Diversity Index (an ecological measure of relative animal, plant etc. species abundance), we identified differences in prescription based on presenting complaint and species, with rabbits generally exposed to a less diverse range of PAs than dogs or cats, potentially reflecting the paucity of authorised PAs for use in rabbits. Finally, through a novel application of network analysis, we demonstrated the existence of three major co-prescription groups (preventive health; treatment of disease, and euthanasia); a trend commonly observed in practice. This study represents the first time PA prescription has been described across all pharmaceutical families in a large population of companion animals, encompassing PAs authorised for both veterinary and human-only use. These data form a baseline against which future studies could be compared, and provides some useful tools for understanding PA comparative efficacy and risks when prescribed in the varied setting of clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Singleton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
| | - F Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, The Farr Institute @ HeRC, University of Liverpool, Waterhouse Building, Liverpool, L69 3GL, United Kingdom
| | - E Arsevska
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - S Dawson
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - P H Jones
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - P J M Noble
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - N J Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - A D Radford
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
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Williams NJ, Perlis M, Castor C, Barnes A, Chung A, Kalinowski J, Roseus J, Rogers A, Jean-Louis G. 0193 An Exploratory, Descriptive Study Of African American’s Experiences Of Insomnia Symptoms And Treatment. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N J Williams
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Population Health, New York, NY
| | - M Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - C Castor
- Howard University, Division of Allied Health, Washington, DC
| | - A Barnes
- Brooklyn Campus of the VA NY Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
| | - A Chung
- NYU Lngone Health, New York, NY
| | | | - J Roseus
- NYU Langone Health, New York, NY
| | - A Rogers
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - G Jean-Louis
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Population Health, New York, NY
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Singleton DA, Sánchez-Vizcaíno F, Dawson S, Jones PH, Noble PJM, Pinchbeck GL, Williams NJ, Radford AD. Patterns of antimicrobial agent prescription in a sentinel population of canine and feline veterinary practices in the United Kingdom. Vet J 2017; 224:18-24. [PMID: 28697871 PMCID: PMC5518771 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial agent prescription was monitored in a large UK population of cats and dogs over a 2 year period (2014–2016). Systemic antimicrobial agents were prescribed more frequently to cats; topical prescription was more frequent in dogs. A temporal reduction (2014–2016) in antimicrobial agent prescription was observed in both cats and dogs in this population. Premises which prescribed antimicrobial agents commonly to cats generally also prescribed commonly to dogs. The most frequently prescribed antibiotics were cefovecin in cats and clavulanic acid potentiated amoxicillin in dogs.
Antimicrobial resistance is an increasingly important global health threat and the use of antimicrobial agents is a key risk factor in its development. This study describes antimicrobial agent prescription (AAP) patterns over a 2 year period using electronic health records (EHRs) from booked consultations in a network of 457 sentinel veterinary premises in the United Kingdom. A semi-automated classification methodology was used to map practitioner defined product codes in 918,333 EHRs from 413,870 dogs and 352,730 EHRs from 200,541 cats, including 289,789 AAPs. AAP as a proportion of total booked consultations was more frequent in dogs (18.8%, 95% confidence interval, CI, 18.2–19.4) than cats (17.5%, 95% CI 16.9–18.1). Prescription of topical antimicrobial agents was more frequent in dogs (7.4%, 95% CI 7.2–7.7) than cats (3.2%, 95% CI 3.1–3.3), whilst prescription of systemic antimicrobial agents was more frequent in cats (14.8%, 95% CI 14.2–15.4) than dogs (12.2%, 95% CI 11.7–12.7). A decreasing temporal pattern was identified for prescription of systemic antimicrobial agents in dogs and cats. Premises which prescribed antimicrobial agents frequently for dogs also prescribed frequently for cats. AAP was most frequent during pruritus consultations in dogs and trauma consultations in cats. Clavulanic acid potentiated amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed antimicrobial agent in dogs (28.6% of prescriptions, 95% CI 27.4–29.8), whereas cefovecin, a third generation cephalosporin, was the most frequently prescribed antimicrobial agent in cats (36.2%, 95% CI 33.9–38.5). This study demonstrated patterns in AAP over time and for different conditions in a population of companion animals in the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Singleton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
| | - F Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, The Farr Institute @ HeRC, University of Liverpool, Waterhouse Building, Liverpool, L69 3GL, United Kingdom
| | - S Dawson
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - P H Jones
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - P J M Noble
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - N J Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - A D Radford
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
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Williams NJ, He Z, Langford A, Barnes A, Jean-Louis G. 1187 RACIAL AND ETHNIC PARTICIPATION IN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA AND INSOMNIA CLINICAL TRIALS. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Tuerena I, Williams NJ, Nuttall T, Pinchbeck G. Antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in hospitalised companion animals and their hospital environment. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 57:339-47. [PMID: 27385621 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern with implications for animal health. This study investigated the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among commensal and environmental Escherichia coli isolated from animals sampled in referral hospitals in the UK. MATERIALS AND METHODS Resistant Escherichia coli isolated from animal faeces and practice environments were tested for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. PCR and sequencing techniques were used to identify extended spectrum beta-lactamase and AmpC-producer genotypes. RESULTS In total, 333 faecal and 257 environmental samples were collected. Multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli were found in 13·1% of faecal and 8·9% of environmental samples. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase and AmpC genes were identified 14% and 7·7% of faecal samples and 8·6% and 8·6% of environmental samples, respectively. The most common extended spectrum beta-lactamase gene type detected was blaCTX-M -15 , although blaTEM-158 was detected in faecal and environmental samples from one practice. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Escherichia coli resistant to key antimicrobials were isolated from hospitalised animals and the practice environment. We identified the emergence of the inhibitor resistant and extended spectrum beta-lactamase blaTEM-158 in companion animals. Further investigation to determine risk factors for colonisation with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is needed to provide evidence for antimicrobial stewardship and infection control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tuerena
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE
| | - N J Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE
| | - T Nuttall
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE
| | - G Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE
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Coyne LA, Latham SM, Williams NJ, Dawson S, Donald IJ, Pearson RB, Smith RF, Pinchbeck GL. Understanding the culture of antimicrobial prescribing in agriculture: a qualitative study of UK pig veterinary surgeons. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:3300-3312. [PMID: 27516473 PMCID: PMC5079303 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals has been linked with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial populations, with consequences for animal and public health. This study explored the underpinning drivers, motivators and reasoning behind prescribing decisions made by veterinary surgeons working in the UK pig industry. METHODS A qualitative interview study was conducted with 21 veterinary surgeons purposively selected from all UK pig veterinary surgeons. Thematic analysis was used to analyse transcripts. RESULTS Ensuring optimum pig health and welfare was described as a driver for antimicrobial use by many veterinary surgeons and was considered a professional and moral obligation. Veterinary surgeons also exhibited a strong sense of social responsibility over the need to ensure that antimicrobial use was responsible. A close relationship between management practices, health and economics was evident, with improvements in management commonly identified as being potential routes to reduce antimicrobial usage; however, these were not always considered economically viable. The relationship with clients was identified as being a source of professional stress for practitioners due to pressure from farmers requesting antimicrobial prescriptions, and concern over poor compliance of antimicrobial administration by some farmers. CONCLUSIONS The drivers behind prescribing decisions by veterinary surgeons were complex and diverse. A combination of education, improving communication between veterinary surgeons and farmers, and changes in regulations, in farm management and in consumer/retailer demands may all be needed to ensure that antimicrobial prescribing is optimal and to achieve significant reductions in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Coyne
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - S M Latham
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - N J Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - S Dawson
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - I J Donald
- Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK
| | - R B Pearson
- The George Pig Practice, High Street, Malmesbury, Wiltshire SN16 9AU, UK
| | - R F Smith
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
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Williams NJ, Sherlock C, Jones TR, Clough HE, Telfer SE, Begon M, French N, Hart CA, Bennett M. The prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in sympatric wild rodents varies by season and host. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 110:962-70. [PMID: 21255210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the prevalence and temporal patterns of antimicrobial resistance in wild rodents with no apparent exposure to antimicrobials. METHODS AND RESULTS Two sympatric populations of bank voles and wood mice were trapped and individually monitored over a 2- year period for faecal carriage of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli. High prevalences of ampicillin-, chloramphenicol-, tetracycline- and trimethoprim-resistant E. coli were observed. A markedly higher prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli was found in wood mice than in bank voles, with the prevalence in both increasing over time. Superimposed on this trend was a seasonal cycle with a peak prevalence of resistant E. coli in mice in early- to mid-summer and in voles in late summer and early autumn. CONCLUSIONS These sympatric rodent species had no obvious contact with antimicrobials, and the difference in resistance profiles between rodent species and seasons suggests that factors present in their environment are unlikely to be drivers of such resistance. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These findings suggest that rodents may represent a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, transmissible to livestock and man. Furthermore, such findings have implications for human and veterinary medicine regarding antimicrobial usage and subsequent selection of antimicrobial-resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Williams
- National Centre for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand School of Host Immunity and Infection, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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25
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Maddox TW, Clegg PD, Williams NJ, Pinchbeck GL. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from horses: Epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance. Equine Vet J 2015; 47:756-65. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. W. Maddox
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology; Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; Neston UK
| | - P. D. Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology; Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; Neston UK
| | - N. J. Williams
- National Consortium for Zoonosis Research; School of Veterinary Sciences; Neston UK
| | - G. L. Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health; Institute of Infection and Global Health; School of Veterinary Sciences; Leahurst Campus; University of Liverpool Neston UK
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26
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Seixas A, Ravenell J, Williams NJ, Williams SK, Zizi F, Ogedegbe G, Jean-Louis G. Uncontrolled blood pressure and risk of sleep apnea among blacks: findings from the Metabolic Syndrome Outcome (MetSO) study. J Hum Hypertens 2015; 30:149-52. [PMID: 26246311 PMCID: PMC4744577 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2015.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) is linked to increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, few studies have assessed the impact of this relationship among blacks with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Data for this study were collected from 1035 blacks (mean age=62±13 years) enrolled in the Metabolic Syndrome Outcome study. Patients with a score ⩾6 on the Apnea Risk Evaluation System were considered at risk for OSA. Of the sample, 77.1% were low-to-high OSA risk and 92.3% were hypertensive, of which 16.8% had uncontrolled BP levels. Analysis also showed that 60.4% were diabetic, 8.9% had a stroke history, 74.3% had dyslipidemia, 69.8% were obese and 30.9% had a history of heart disease. Logistic regression analyses were employed to investigate associations between uncontrolled BP and OSA risk, while adjusting for known covariates. Findings showed that uncontrolled BP independently increased the odds of OSA risk twofold (odds ratio=2.02, 95% confidence interval=1.18-3.48, P<0.05). In conclusion, our findings show that uncontrolled BP was associated with a twofold greater risk of OSA among blacks, suggesting that those with MetS and who have uncontrolled BP should be screened for the presence of OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seixas
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Ravenell
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - N J Williams
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S K Williams
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - F Zizi
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Ogedegbe
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Jean-Louis
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Coyne LA, Pinchbeck GL, Williams NJ, Smith RF, Dawson S, Pearson RB, Latham SM. Understanding antimicrobial use and prescribing behaviours by pig veterinary surgeons and farmers: a qualitative study. Vet Rec 2014; 175:593. [PMID: 25200432 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Increasing awareness of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in human beings and veterinary medicine has raised concerns over the issue of overprescribing and the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials. Their use in food-producing animals is under scrutiny due to the perceived risk from the zoonotic transfer of resistant pathogens from animals to human beings. This study used focus groups to explore the drivers and motivators behind antimicrobial use and prescribing by veterinary surgeons and farmers in the pig industry in the UK. Studies of two veterinary and four farmer focus groups were undertaken, each with between three and six participants, in three geographically distinct regions of low, moderate and high pig density in England. Thematic analysis of the focus group transcriptions revealed convergent themes, both within and across, the veterinary and farmer focus groups. Veterinary opinion was such that 'external pressures', such as pressure from clients, legislation and public perception, were considered to strongly influence prescribing behaviour, whereas, farmers considered issues surrounding farming systems and management to be greater drivers towards antimicrobial use. Acquiring such in-depth insight into the antimicrobial prescribing behaviours in veterinary medicine provides more detailed understanding of prescribing practice and will aid the development of interventions to promote the responsible use of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Coyne
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - N J Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - R F Smith
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - S Dawson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - R B Pearson
- The George Pig Practice, High Street, Malmesbury, Wiltshire SN16 9AU, UK
| | - S M Latham
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
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28
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Turner EL, Metcalfe C, Donovan JL, Noble S, Sterne JAC, Lane JA, Avery KN, Down L, Walsh E, Davis M, Ben-Shlomo Y, Oliver SE, Evans S, Brindle P, Williams NJ, Hughes LJ, Hill EM, Davies C, Ng SY, Neal DE, Hamdy FC, Martin RM. Design and preliminary recruitment results of the Cluster randomised triAl of PSA testing for Prostate cancer (CAP). Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2829-36. [PMID: 24867688 PMCID: PMC4056057 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening for prostate cancer continues to generate controversy because of concerns about over-diagnosis and unnecessary treatment. We describe the rationale, design and recruitment of the Cluster randomised triAl of PSA testing for Prostate cancer (CAP) trial, a UK-wide cluster randomised controlled trial investigating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. METHODS Seven hundred and eighty-five general practitioner (GP) practices in England and Wales were randomised to a population-based PSA testing or standard care and then approached for consent to participate. In the intervention arm, men aged 50-69 years were invited to undergo PSA testing, and those diagnosed with localised prostate cancer were invited into a treatment trial. Control arm practices undertook standard UK management. All men were flagged with the Health and Social Care Information Centre for deaths and cancer registrations. The primary outcome is prostate cancer mortality at a median 10-year-follow-up. RESULTS Among randomised practices, 271 (68%) in the intervention arm (198,114 men) and 302 (78%) in the control arm (221,929 men) consented to participate, meeting pre-specified power requirements. There was little evidence of differences between trial arms in measured baseline characteristics of the consenting GP practices (or men within those practices). CONCLUSIONS The CAP trial successfully met its recruitment targets and will make an important contribution to international understanding of PSA-based prostate cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Turner
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - C Metcalfe
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - J L Donovan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - S Noble
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - J A C Sterne
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - J A Lane
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - K N Avery
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - L Down
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - E Walsh
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - M Davis
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Y Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - S E Oliver
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York and the Hull York Medical School, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - S Evans
- Royal United Hospital Bath, Combe Park, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
| | - P Brindle
- Avon Primary Care Research Collaborative, Marlborough Street, South Plaza, Bristol BS1 3NX, UK
| | - N J Williams
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - L J Hughes
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Box 279 (S4), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - E M Hill
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - C Davies
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - S Y Ng
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Freeman Hospital, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - D E Neal
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Box 279 (S4), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - F C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - R M Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
- MRC/University of Bristol Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - the CAP trial group
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York and the Hull York Medical School, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Royal United Hospital Bath, Combe Park, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
- Avon Primary Care Research Collaborative, Marlborough Street, South Plaza, Bristol BS1 3NX, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Box 279 (S4), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Freeman Hospital, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- MRC/University of Bristol Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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Merga JY, Royden A, Pandey AK, Williams NJ. Arcobacter spp. isolated from untreated domestic effluent. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:122-6. [PMID: 24666283 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus were isolated from samples of raw untreated domestic sewage influent from nine separate wastewater treatment facilities in Cheshire, UK. This is the first report of Arcobacter spp. from sewage in the UK and suggests that Arcobacter spp. may be present in the human community. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Studies have shown Arcobacter spp. to be present in domestic sewage in several European countries. This study supports previous findings with the first report of Arcobacter spp. in domestic sewage in the UK. This study suggests that Arcobacter spp. is present amongst local human populations, implicating it as an underestimated gastrointestinal pathogen in the UK and contributing to our understanding of this emerging pathogen and its presence within the UK. Providing a confirmation of the presence of Arcobacter in sewage, which supports previous studies, this paper will appeal to fellow researchers of Arcobacter, as well as healthcare and water treatment professionals concerned with microbiology, water safety and gastroenterology, potentially having a wide impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Merga
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Timofte D, Maciuca IE, Kemmett K, Wattret A, Williams NJ. Detection of the human-pandemic Escherichia coli B2-O25b-ST131 in UK dogs. Vet Rec 2014; 174:352. [PMID: 24570404 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Timofte
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
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Kemmett K, Williams NJ, Chaloner G, Humphrey S, Wigley P, Humphrey T. The contribution of systemic Escherichia coli infection to the early mortalities of commercial broiler chickens. Avian Pathol 2013; 43:37-42. [PMID: 24328462 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.866213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are a substantial burden to the global poultry industry. APEC cause a syndromic poultry infection known as colibacillosis, which has been previously associated with broiler chickens over 2 weeks old. We recently reported that the intestinal tract of 1-day-old broilers harbours a rich reservoir of potentially pathogenic E. coli. Prior infections of the reproductive tract of breeders, egg hygiene and transportation all contribute to early colonization of the neonatal gut. Up to one-half of all flock deaths occur in the first week of production, but few data are available describing the contribution of E. coli. In the present study, all dead birds collected on the first daily welfare walk 48 and 72 h after chick placement underwent post-mortem examination. Diseased tissues were selectively cultured for E. coli and isolates subsequently virulotyped using 10 APEC virulence-associated genes (VAGs): astA, iss, irp2, iucD, papC, tsh, vat, cvi, sitA and ibeA. Approximately 70% of birds displayed signs of colibacillosis. Thirty distinct virulence profiles were identified among 157 E. coli. Isolates carried between zero and seven VAGs; ∼ 30% of E. coli isolates carried five to seven VAGs, with 12.7% sharing the same VAG profile (astA, iss, irp2, iucD, tsh, cvi and sitA). Overall, this study demonstrates the significant contribution of E. coli infections to early broiler mortalities. The identification of a diverse E. coli population is unsurprising based on our previous findings. This work emphasizes the need for an effective vaccination programme and provides preliminary data for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kemmett
- a Zoonotic Infections of People, Pigs and Poultry Group , Institute of Infection & Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool , Leahurst Campus, Neston , UK
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Harrold JA, Hughes GM, O'Shiel K, Quinn E, Boyland EJ, Williams NJ, Halford JCG. Acute effects of a herb extract formulation and inulin fibre on appetite, energy intake and food choice. Appetite 2012. [PMID: 23207186 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The impact of two commercially available products, a patented herb extract Yerbe Maté, Guarana and Damiana (YGD) formulation and an inulin-based soluble fermentable fibre (SFF), alone or in combination, on appetite and food intake were studied for the first time in a double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. 58 normal to slightly overweight women consumed a fixed-load breakfast followed 4h later by an ad libitum lunch. They were administered YGD (3 tablets) and SFF (5g in 100ml water), YGD and water (100ml), SFF and placebo (3 tablets) or water and placebo 15min before meals. Appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales, and energy intake was measured at lunch. Significant reductions in food intake and energy intake were observed when YGD was present (59.5g, 16.3%; 112.4kcal, 17.3%) and when SFF was present (31.9g, 9.1%; 80kcal, 11.7%) compared with conditions were products were absent. The lowest intake (gram and kcal) was in the YGD+SFF condition. Significant reductions in AUC hunger and AUC desire to eat were also observed after YGD+SFF combination. The data demonstrate that YGD produces a robust short-term effect on caloric intake, an effect augmented by SFF. Caloric compensation for SFF indicates independent effects on appetite regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Harrold
- Kissileff Laboratory for the Study of Human Ingestive Behaviour, Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.
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McCollum JT, Williams NJ, Beam SW, Cosgrove S, Ettestad PJ, Ghosh TS, Kimura AC, Nguyen L, Stroika SG, Vogt RL, Watkins AK, Weiss JR, Williams IT, Cronquist AB. Multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with in-store sampling of an aged raw-milk Gouda cheese, 2010. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1759-65. [PMID: 23043823 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In 2010, 41 patients ill with Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates determined to be indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were identified among residents of five Southwestern U.S. states. A majority of patients reported consuming complimentary samples of aged raw-milk Gouda cheese at national warehouse chain store locations; sampling Gouda cheese was significantly associated with illness (odds ratio, 9.0; 95 % confidence interval, 1.7 to 47). Several Gouda samples yielded the O157:H7 outbreak strain, confirming the food vehicle and source of infections. Implicated retail food-sampling operations were inconsistently regulated among affected states, and sanitation deficiencies were common among sampling venues. Inspection of the cheese manufacturer indicated deficient sanitation practices and insufficient cheese curing times. Policymakers should continue to reexamine the adequacy and enforcement of existing rules intended to ensure the safety of raw-milk cheeses and retail food sampling. Additional research is necessary to clarify the food safety hazards posed to patrons who consume free food samples while shopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T McCollum
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Maddox TW, Clegg PD, Diggle PJ, Wedley AL, Dawson S, Pinchbeck GL, Williams NJ. Cross-sectional study of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in horses. Part 1: Prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:289-96. [PMID: 21848534 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli represents a significant problem. However, the carriage of such bacteria by horses in the UK has not been well characterised. OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of nasal carriage of MRSA and faecal carriage of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli amongst horses in the general equine community of the mainland UK. METHODS A cross-sectional study of horses recruited by 65 randomly selected equine veterinary practices was conducted, with nasal swabs and faecal samples collected. Faecal samples were cultured for antimicrobial-resistant E. coli. Nasal swabs were cultured for staphylococcal species; methicillin-resistant isolates identified as S. aureus were characterised by SCCmec and spa gene typing. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to calculate prevalence estimates with adjustment for clustering at practice and premises levels. Spatial variation in risk of antimicrobial resistance was also examined. RESULTS In total, 650 faecal samples and 678 nasal swabs were collected from 692 horses located on 525 premises. The prevalence of faecal carriage of E. coli with resistance to any antimicrobial was 69.5% (95% CI 65.9-73.1%) and the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli was 6.3% (95% CI 4.1-9.6%). The prevalence of nasal carriage of MRSA was 0.6% (95% CI 0.2-1.5%). Spatial analysis indicated variation across the UK for risk of carriage of resistant and multidrug-resistant (resistant to more than 3 antimicrobial classes) E. coli. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Carriage of MRSA by horses in the community appears rare, but the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli (including ESBL-producing E. coli) is higher. A high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria could have significant health implications for the horse population of the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Maddox
- National Centre for Zoonosis Research, School of Veterinary Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, UK.
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Maddox TW, Pinchbeck GL, Clegg PD, Wedley AL, Dawson S, Williams NJ. Cross-sectional study of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in horses. Part 2: Risk factors for faecal carriage of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in horses. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:297-303. [PMID: 21848536 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria such as antimicrobial-resistant and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli represents a significant problem for human and veterinary medicine. Despite this, the risk factors for faecal carriage of such bacteria by horses in the UK, particularly those in the wider community, have not been well described. OBJECTIVES To characterise the risk factors for faecal carriage of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli amongst horses in the mainland UK. METHODS A cross-sectional study of horses recruited by 65 randomly selected equine veterinary practices was conducted, with a faecal sample collected and self-administered questionnaire completed by the horse owner. Faecal samples were cultured for antimicrobial-resistant E. coli, with isolates confirmed as E. coli having their antimicrobial resistance profile determined. Multilevel, multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate risk factors for the carriage of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in the sample population. RESULTS Faecal samples and completed questionnaires were obtained for 627 horses located on 475 premises. Recent hospitalisation, contact with specific types of nonequid animals, the type of premises, the surrounding land use, the reason for veterinary treatment received in the last 6 months and antimicrobial treatment in the previous 10 days were identified as risk factors for many of the antimicrobial-resistance outcomes considered. Being stabled on the same yard as a recently hospitalised horse was identified as a risk factor for increased risk of carriage of ESBL-producing E. coli. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Increasing antimicrobial resistance may have significant health implications for the horse population of Great Britain. This form of epidemiological investigation highlights potential risk factors that may be controlled to limit the extent of the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Maddox
- National Centre for Zoonosis Research, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.
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Wedley AL, Maddox TW, Westgarth C, Coyne KP, Pinchbeck GL, Williams NJ, Dawson S. Prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in dogs in a cross-sectional, community-based study. Vet Rec 2011; 168:354. [PMID: 21498238 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of carriage of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli was determined in 183 healthy dogs from a semi-rural community in Cheshire. Isolates were tested against a panel of antimicrobials and by PCR to detect resistance genes. In the suspected ESBL-producing isolates, the presence of bla(SHV), bla(TEM), bla(CTX-M) and bla(AmpC) genes was determined by PCR and sequencing. A total of 53 (29 per cent, 95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 22.4 to 35.5 per cent) dogs carried at least one AMR E coli isolate. Twenty-four per cent (95 per cent CI 17.9 to 30.2 per cent) of dogs carried isolates resistant to ampicillin, 19.7 per cent (95 per cent CI 13.9 to 25.4 per cent) to tetracycline and 16.9 per cent (95 per cent CI 11.5 to 22.4 per cent) to trimethoprim. A bla(TEM) gene was detected in 39 of 54 ampicillin-resistant isolates, a tet(B) gene in 12 of 45 tetracycline-resistant isolates, and a dfr gene in 22 of 33 trimethoprim-resistant isolates. Multidrug-resistant isolates were demonstrated in 15 per cent (28 of 183; 95 per cent CI 10.1 to 20.5 per cent) of dogs. Nine suspected ESBL-producing E coli were isolated, of which only one was confirmed by double disc diffusion testing. Two of these isolates carried the bla(TEM-1) gene and seven carried the bla(CMY-2) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Wedley
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health Research, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE.
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Parsons BN, Williams NJ, Pinchbeck GL, Christley RM, Hart CA, Gaskell RM, Dawson S. Prevalence and shedding patterns of Campylobacter spp. in longitudinal studies of kennelled dogs. Vet J 2010; 190:249-254. [PMID: 21094061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dog ownership is considered a risk factor for campylobacteriosis in humans. This study investigated the prevalence and shedding of Campylobacter spp. in kennelled dogs. Faecal samples (n=399) were collected in longitudinal studies from 52 dogs in two kennels. Campylobacter spp. were isolated using charcoal-based selective agars and direct PCR. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in dogs in boarding kennels ranged from 46% (95% CI 22, 72) on entry, to 50% (95% CI 30, 70) overall, and in dogs in 'rescue' kennels from 68% (95% CI 49, 84) on entry to 73% (95%, CI 56, 87) overall. C. upsaliensis was isolated from 62% (95% CI 48, 73) of the dogs, whilst C. jejuni was isolated from 15% (95% CI 7, 26) of animals. The majority of infected dogs entered the kennels already carrying Campylobacter spp., and remained infected throughout their stay. However, in some cases, shedding appeared to commence after kennelling. Given that the prevalence of C. upsaliensis and C. jejuni was relatively high in dogs from both boarding and rescue kennels, such animals may pose a zoonotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Parsons
- Small Animal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Groups, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - N J Williams
- Small Animal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Groups, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Small Animal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Groups, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - R M Christley
- Small Animal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Groups, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C A Hart
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - R M Gaskell
- Small Animal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Groups, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - S Dawson
- Small Animal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Groups, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
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Maddox TW, Scantlebury CE, Clegg PD, Dawson S, Pinchbeck GL, Williams NJ. A review of the characteristics and treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the horse and a case series of MRSA infection in four horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2009.00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Westgarth C, Nicolson L, Pinchbeck GL, Christley RM, Dawson S, Porter CJ, Birtles RJ, Williams NJ, Gaskell RM, Hart C. Risk factors for the carriage of Campylobacter
upsaliensis by dogs in a community in Cheshire. Vet Rec 2009; 165:526-30. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.18.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - S. Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science
| | | | | | | | - R. M. Gaskell
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Liverpool, Leahurst; Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - C.A. Hart
- Department of Medical Microbiology; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 3BX
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Parsons BN, Porter CJ, Ryvar R, Stavisky J, Williams NJ, Pinchbeck GL, Birtles RJ, Christley RM, German AJ, Radford AD, Hart CA, Gaskell RM, Dawson S. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in a cross-sectional study of dogs attending veterinary practices in the UK and risk indicators associated with shedding. Vet J 2009; 184:66-70. [PMID: 19223212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is a major cause of gastroenteritis in humans and some studies have suggested that dog ownership is a risk factor for the condition. To determine the prevalence, species distribution, and risk indicators for Campylobacter spp. infecting dogs attending veterinary practices in UK, faecal samples were collected in a cross-sectional study from 249 dogs with and without clinical signs. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was 38% (95% CI 32, 44), with Campylobacter upsaliensis accounting for 94 (98%) of the isolates and Campylobacter jejuni for the remainder. Multivariable analysis indicated that younger dogs were more likely to carry C. upsaliensis and the high prevalence of this pathogen supports the hypothesis that dogs, particularly younger animals, may be an important source of C. upsaliensis infection for humans. However the prevalence of C. jejuni, the most common Campylobacter spp. associated with disease in humans, was low (1.2%, 95% CI 0.3, 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Parsons
- Small Animal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Groups, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
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Knobles DP, Joshi SM, Gaul RD, Graber HC, Williams NJ. Analysis of wind-driven ambient noise in a shallow water environment with a sandy seabed. J Acoust Soc Am 2008; 124:EL157-EL162. [PMID: 19045559 DOI: 10.1121/1.2960976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
On the New Jersey continental shelf ambient sound levels were recorded during tropical storm Ernesto that produced wind speeds up to 40 knots in early September 2006. The seabed at the position of the acoustic measurements can be approximately described as coarse sand. Differences between the ambient noise levels for the New Jersey shelf measurements and deep water reference measurements are modeled using both normal mode and ray methods. The analysis is consistent with a nonlinear frequency dependent seabed attenuation for the New Jersey site.
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Radford AD, Williams NJ, Leatherbarrow AJH, Hall N, Darby AC, Winstanley C. Sequencing veterinary pathogens. Vet Rec 2008; 163:225-6. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.7.225-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Radford
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - N. J. Williams
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - A. J. H. Leatherbarrow
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - N. Hall
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Liverpool; PO Box 147 Liverpool L69 3BX
| | - A. C. Darby
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Liverpool; PO Box 147 Liverpool L69 3BX
| | - C. Winstanley
- School of Infection and Host Defence; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 3GA
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Woolley KL, Kelly RF, Fazakerley J, Williams NJ, Nuttall TJ, McEwan NA. Reduced in vitro adherence of Staphylococcus species to feline corneocytes compared to canine and human corneocytes. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19:1-6. [PMID: 18177284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is apparent that in-contact humans and animals exchange commensal staphylococci. Previous in vitro studies, however, indicate that staphylococci preferentially adhere to corneocytes from host species. This study compared adherence of meticillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA/MRSA), S. intermedius, S. felis and S. hominis to feline, canine and human corneocytes acquired from 10 healthy subjects using adhesive tape discs. Adherent bacteria were counted using an image processing and analysis programme. Mean adherence of MSSA (P = 0.0009), MRSA (P = 0.0162) and S. intermedius (P = 0.0117), but not S. felis or S. hominis, to feline corneocytes was significantly lower than that to canine and human corneocytes. All the isolates had similar adherence to both human and canine corneocytes. S. felis was the most adherent species to feline corneocytes followed by S. intermedius, and then MSSA, MRSA and S. hominis. For dogs and humans, S. intermedius and S. felis were the most adherent, followed by MRSA and MSSA, and then S. hominis. These results do not reveal any preferential adherence of staphylococci to canine or human corneocytes. Poor adherence to feline corneocytes could suggest that cats are relatively resistant to pyoderma and cross-species transmission of staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Woolley
- The University of Liverpool Faculty of Veterinary Science, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK
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Leatherbarrow AJH, Griffiths R, Hart CA, Kemp R, Williams NJ, Diggle PJ, Wright EJ, Sutherst J, Houghton P, French NP. Campylobacter lari: genotype and antibiotic resistance of isolates from cattle, wildlife and water in an area of mixed dairy farmland in the United Kingdom. Environ Microbiol 2008; 9:1772-9. [PMID: 17564610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter lari is a rare human pathogen most commonly associated with birds and shellfish. Little information has been published regarding its prevalence in other environments, or on its potential role as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance. In this study, we characterized 109 C. lari isolated from a range of hosts using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of macro-restricted chromosomal DNA, and by determining their susceptibility to a panel of four antibiotics. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis showed C. lari to be genetically diverse, particularly in isolates from wild birds and environmental water. The most common composite macro-restriction profile (cMRP) was found in multiple hosts (cattle, badgers, wild birds and rabbits), and seven other cMRPs were recovered from more than one host. All isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Resistance to erythromycin and ampicillin was uncommon, but was observed in isolates from wild birds, cattle, wild mammals and water samples. The presence of the same cMRP in multiple hosts provides further evidence of transmission between livestock, wildlife and the environment, or for a common source of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J H Leatherbarrow
- DEFRA Epidemiology Fellowship Unit, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral, UK.
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Abstract
A flock of 13,951 hens and 1379 cockerels was monitored from 26 to 58 weeks of age for the complex of salpingitis, peritonitis and salpingoperitonitis (sps). Two hundred and forty-three hens (78 per cent of the hens that died) were examined postmortem, and sps was recognised by gross examination for inflammatory exudate, in the body cavity or oviduct in 111 (46 per cent) of them. Salpingoperitonitis was the most common form, followed by salpingitis and then peritonitis. There were acute and chronic cases in all three conditions, but only in peritonitis were acute cases more common than chronic cases. Seventeen birds that had died of sps were cultured for aerobic bacteria within 12 hours of death. Escherichia coli was recovered from a variety of tissues from all of them, and other bacteria, including staphylococci, Mannheimia haemolytica and Streptococcus bovis, were isolated from a few carcases, either alone or together with E coli. Relatively few isolations of E coli were made from normal hens cultured 48, 72 and 96 hours after death.
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Affiliation(s)
- F T W Jordan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral
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Kemp R, Leatherbarrow AJH, Williams NJ, Hart CA, Clough HE, Turner J, Wright EJ, French NP. Prevalence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter spp. in environmental water samples from a 100-square-kilometer predominantly dairy farming area. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:1876-82. [PMID: 15812015 PMCID: PMC1082521 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.4.1876-1882.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Water samples were taken systematically from a 100-km2 area of mainly dairy farmland in northwestern England and examined for Campylobacter spp. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PFGE-RFLP) and flaA strain typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates were done. Data on the water source and the adjacent environment were recorded and examined as explanatory variables. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 40.5% (n = 119) of the water samples tested. C. jejuni was isolated from 14.3%, C. coli was isolated from 18.5%, and Campylobacter lari was isolated from 4.2% of the samples. Campylobacter hyointestinalis was not isolated from any water source. The difference in prevalence between water types (trough, running, and standing) was significant (P = 0.001). C. jejuni was the species most commonly isolated from trough-water and running-water sources, while C. coli was the most frequently isolated from standing water (P < 0.001). No association was found between the presence of Escherichia coli and that of Campylobacter spp. The final multivariable logistic regression model for Campylobacter spp. included the following variables: water source, soil type, aspect, and amount of cattle fecal material in the environment (fecal pat count). Strain typing demonstrated a diverse population of C. jejuni and the presence of a common C. coli flaA type that was widely distributed throughout the area. Most of the isolates within the common flaA type were discriminated by PFGE-RFLP. These findings suggest a possible role for environmental water in the epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. in a farming environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kemp
- DEFRA Epidemiology Fellowship, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Rd., Neston, S. Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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Brown PE, Christensen OF, Clough HE, Diggle PJ, Hart CA, Hazel S, Kemp R, Leatherbarrow AJH, Moore A, Sutherst J, Turner J, Williams NJ, Wright EJ, French NP. Frequency and spatial distribution of environmental Campylobacter spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:6501-11. [PMID: 15528512 PMCID: PMC525266 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.11.6501-6511.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 05/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to Campylobacter spp. in a range of sources via both food and environmental pathways. For this study, we explored the frequency and distribution of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in a 10- by 10-km square rural area of Cheshire, United Kingdom. The area contains approximately 70, mainly dairy, farms and is used extensively for outdoor recreational activities. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from a range of environmental samples by use of a systematic sampling grid. Livestock (mainly cattle) and wildlife feces and environmental water and soil samples were cultured, and isolates were presumptively identified by standard techniques. These isolates were further characterized by PCR. Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent species in all animal samples, ranging from 11% in samples from nonavian wildlife to 36% in cattle feces, and was isolated from 15% of water samples. Campylobacter coli was commonly found in water (17%) and sheep (21%) samples, but rarely in other samples. Campylobacter lari was recovered from all sample types, with the exception of sheep feces, and was found in moderate numbers in birds (7%) and water (5%). Campylobacter hyointestinalis was only recovered from cattle (7%) and birds (1%). The spatial distribution and determinants of C. jejuni in cattle feces were examined by the use of model-based spatial statistics. The distribution was consistent with very localized within-farm or within-field transmission and showed little evidence of any larger-scale spatial dependence. We concluded that there is a potentially high risk of human exposure to Campylobacter spp., particularly C. jejuni, in the environment of our study area. The prevalence and likely risk posed by C. jejuni-positive cattle feces in the environment diminished as the fecal material aged. After we took into account the age of the fecal material, the absence or presence of rain, and the presence of bird feces, there was evidence of significant variation in the prevalence of C. jejuni-positive cattle feces between grazing fields but no evidence of spatial clustering beyond this resolution. The spatial pattern of C. jejuni is therefore consistent with that for an organism that is ubiquitous in areas contaminated with cattle feces, with a short-scale variation in infection intensity that cannot be explained solely by variations in the age of the fecal material. The observed pattern is not consistent with large-scale transmission attributable to watercourses, wildlife territories, or other geographical features that transcend field and farm boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Brown
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
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Robinson SE, Wright EJ, Williams NJ, Hart CA, French NP. Development and application of a spiral plating method for the enumeration of Escherichia coli O157 in bovine faeces. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 97:581-9. [PMID: 15281939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop and validate a direct plating method applicable to epidemiological studies for enumerating Escherichia coli O157 in cattle faeces. METHODS AND RESULTS The spiral plate count method was used to enumerate E. coli O157 in faecal samples. The accuracy and variation of counts was then assessed using faecal samples inoculated with E. coli O157. There was good agreement between inoculated levels of E. coli O157 and those recovered from faeces, particularly when counts were > 10(2) CFU g(-1) of faeces. The method was applied to a small study assessing short-term survival of E. coli O157 in naturally infected cattle faeces. E. coli O157 was found to survive in faeces for over 10 days at concentrations above 10(3) CFU g(-1) of faeces. Populations of E. coli O157 were also found to increase 100-fold in the first few hours after defecation. CONCLUSIONS The enumeration method is easy to implement and enables a quick throughput of large numbers of samples. The method is accurate and reliable and enables the inherent variation in count data to be explored but needs to be used in combination with a more sensitive method for samples containing < 10(2) CFU g(-1) of faeces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The method described is appropriate for enumeration of E. coli O157 in cattle faeces in large-scale epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Robinson
- DEFRA Epidemiology Fellowship Unit, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral, UK.
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Leatherbarrow AJH, Hart CA, Kemp R, Williams NJ, Ridley A, Sharma M, Diggle PJ, Wright EJ, Sutherst J, French NP. Genotypic and antibiotic susceptibility characteristics of a Campylobacter coli population isolated from dairy farmland in the United Kingdom. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:822-30. [PMID: 14766560 PMCID: PMC348940 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.2.822-830.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter infections are the most common cause of bacterial enteritis in humans, and nearly 8% of such infections are caused by Campylobacter coli. Most studies have concentrated on Campylobacter jejuni, frequently isolated from intensively farmed poultry and livestock production units, and few studies have examined the spread and relatedness of Campylobacter across a range of geographical and host boundaries. Systematic sampling of a 100-km2 area of mixed farmland in northwest England yielded 88 isolates of C. coli from a range of sample types and locations, and water was heavily represented. Screening for antibiotic resistance revealed a very low prevalence of resistance, while genotyping performed by using three methods (flaA PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism [RFLP], pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE], and fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism [fAFLP]) provided insights into the genomic relatedness of isolates from different locations and hosts. Isolates were classified into 23 flaA groups, 34 PFGE groups, and five major fAFLP clusters. PFGE banding analysis revealed a high level of variability and no clustering by sample type. fAFLP and flaA analyses successfully grouped the isolates by sample type. We report preliminary findings suggesting that there is a strain of C. coli which may have become adapted to survival or persistence in water and that there is a group of mainly water-derived isolates from which unusual flaA PCR fragments were recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J H Leatherbarrow
- DEFRA Epidemiology Fellowship Unit, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral, United Kingdom.
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Mokbel K, Williams NJ. Telomerase and breast cancer: from diagnosis to therapy. Int J Surg Investig 2003; 2:85-8. [PMID: 12774343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomeres are believed to be responsible for chromosomal stability during cellular proliferation. They are created by telomerase, an enzyme present in many human neoplasms. Telomerase is considered to be important in breast cancer since reactivation of the enzyme ensures cell stability allowing malignant cells to divide indefinitely. AIMS This article aims to discuss the role of telomerase in breast cancer and explore the future of telomerase research. METHOD We have reported on the literature to date in order to present this current review. RESULTS Telomerase is found in significant levels in breast neoplasms and is reliably detected in fine needle aspirations aiding the diagnosis of breast cancer. There is also a correlation between telomerase and disease prognosis, and there is current work assessing if telomerase can be of benefit in monitoring the efficacy of systemic treatment. CONCLUSION The role of telomerase in breast cancer is still being investigated however by understanding the action it has on chromosomal stability, and its detection in tumour cells, there are possibilities to enhance the methods employed to detect and treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mokbel
- Breast Unit, 2nd Floor, West Wing, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
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