1
|
Balaraman V, Gaudreault NN, Trujillo JD, Indran SV, Wilson WC, Richt JA. RT-qPCR genotyping assays for differentiating Rift Valley fever phlebovirus strains. J Virol Methods 2023; 315:114693. [PMID: 36801236 PMCID: PMC10040438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is an emerging, mosquito-borne, zoonotic pathogen. Real time RT-qPCR genotyping (GT) assays were developed to differentiate between two RVFV wild-type strains (128B-15 and SA01-1322) and a vaccine strain (MP-12). The GT assay uses a one-step RT-qPCR mix, with two different RVFV strain-specific primers (either forward or reverse) with long or short G/C tags and a common primer (either forward or reverse) for each of the 3 genomic segments. The GT assay produces PCR amplicons with unique melting temperatures that are resolved in a post PCR melt curve analysis for strain identification. Furthermore, a strain specific RT-qPCR (SS-PCR) assay was developed to allow for specific detection of low titer RVFV strains in mixed RVFV samples. Our data shows that the GT assays are capable of differentiating L, M, and S segments of RVFV strains 128B-15 versus MP-12, and 128B-15 versus SA01-1322. The SS-PCR assay results revealed that it can specifically amplify and detect a low titer MP-12 strain in mixed RVFV samples. Overall, these two novel assays are useful as screening tools for determining reassortment of the segmented RVFV genome during co-infections, and could be adapted and applied for other segmented pathogens of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Velmurugan Balaraman
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Sabarish V Indran
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - William C Wilson
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Onozuka N, Ohki T, Oka N, Maoka T. One-step real-time multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay with melt curve analysis for detection of potato leafroll virus, potato virus S, potato virus X, and potato virus Y. Virol J 2021; 18:131. [PMID: 34187522 PMCID: PMC8243585 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Certification of seed potato as free of viruses is essential for stable potato production. Among more than 30 virus species infecting potato, potato leafroll virus (PLRV), potato virus S (PVS), potato virus X (PVX), and potato virus Y (PVY) predominate worldwide and should be the targets of a high-throughput detection protocol for seed potato quarantine. Results We developed an assay based on one-step real-time multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) with melt curve analysis for the four viruses and one internal control, potato elongation factor 1 alpha gene (EF1α). Virus-specific primers were derived from conserved regions among randomly selected representatives considering viral genomic diversity. Our assay simultaneously detected representative Japanese isolates of PLRV, O lineage of PVS, PVX, and NTN strain of PVY. The variability of melting temperature (Tm) values for each virus was confirmed using Japanese isolates, and virus species could be identified by the values of 87.6 for PLRV, 85.9 for PVX, 82.2 (Ordinary lineage) to 83.1 (Andean lineage) for PVS, and 79.4 (NA-N strain) to 80.5 (O strain and NTN strain) for PVY on average. The reliability of calculation was validated by comparing the calculated Tm values and measured Tm values and the values had a strong linear correlation (correlation of determination: R2 = 0.9875). Based on the calculated Tm values, representative non-Japanese isolates could also be identified by our assay. For removing false positives, two criteria were set for the evaluation of result; successful amplification was considered as 30.0 ≥ threshold cycle value, and the virus-specific peak higher than the EF1α-specific peak was considered as positive. According to these criteria, our assay could detect PLRV and PVS from 100-fold dilution of potato leaf homogenate and PVX and PVY from 1000-fold in a model assay. Conclusion This new high-throughput detection protocol using one-step real-time mRT-PCR was sensitive enough to detect viruses in a 100-fold dilution of singly-virus contaminated homogenate in a model assay. This protocol can detect the four viruses in one assay and yield faster results for a vast number of samples, and greatly save the labor for seed potato quarantine and field surveys. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01591-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuya Onozuka
- Division of Agro-Environmental Research, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Hitsujigaoka 1, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8555, Japan. .,Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 8, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0808, Japan.
| | - Takehiro Ohki
- Division of Agro-Environmental Research, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Hitsujigaoka 1, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8555, Japan.,Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 8, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0808, Japan
| | - Norikuni Oka
- Division of Agro-Environmental Research, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Hitsujigaoka 1, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8555, Japan.,Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 8, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0808, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Maoka
- Department of Regional Strategy, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Hitsujigaoka 1, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bokhale M, Mwaba I, Allie F. Real-time PCR data for reference candidate gene selection in tomato infected with Tomato curly stunt virus. Data Brief 2020; 31:105750. [PMID: 32509939 PMCID: PMC7264493 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time PCR (qPCR) is a useful and robust method of quantifying gene expression, provided that suitable reference genes are used to normalize the data. To date, suitable reference genes have not been validated for tomato gene expression changes in response to Tomato curly stunt virus (ToCSV). RT-qPCR was conducted on resistent (R) and susceptible (S) tomato leave tissue infected with ToCSV at 35 days post infection. Ten candidate reference genes were selected and validated using SYBR green. Here, we report a set of primers designed for the ten candidate genes and the data for the melt curve analysis and standard curves generated for each candidate reference gene. This data provides a useful resourse in reference gene selection for future use in the normalization of qPCR data investigating tomato-virus interactions. To our knowledge, this data provides the first selection and testing of candidate reference genes in a tomato-ToCSV pathosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamokete Bokhale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Imanu Mwaba
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Farhahna Allie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Isgren CM, Edwards T, Pinchbeck GL, Winward E, Adams ER, Norton P, Timofte D, Maddox TW, Clegg PD, Williams NJ. Emergence of carriage of CTX-M-15 in faecal Escherichia coli in horses at an equine hospital in the UK; increasing prevalence over a decade (2008-2017). BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:268. [PMID: 31357996 PMCID: PMC6664770 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated changes over time in the epidemiology of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli within a single equine referral hospital in the UK. Faecal samples were collected from hospitalised horses in 2008 and 2017, processed using selective media and standard susceptibility laboratory methods. A novel real-time PCR with high resolution melt analysis was used to distinguish blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-15 within CTX-M-1 group. Results In 2008, 457 faecal samples from 103 horses were collected, with ESBL-producing E. coli identified in 131 samples (28.7, 95% CI 24.6–33.1). In 2017, 314 faecal samples were collected from 74 horses with ESBL-producing E. coli identified in 157 samples (50.0, 95% CI 44.5–55.5). There were 135 and 187 non-duplicate ESBL-producing isolates from 2008 and 2017, respectively. In 2008, 12.6% of isolates belonged to CTX-M-1 group, all carrying blaCTX-M-1, whilst in 2017, 94.1% of isolates were CTX-M-1 group positive and of these 39.2 and 60.8% of isolates carried blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-15, respectively. In addition, the prevalence of doxycycline, gentamicin and 3rd generation cephalosporin resistance increased significantly from 2008 to 2017 while a decreased prevalence of phenotypic resistance to potentiated sulphonamides was observed. Conclusions The real-time PCR proved a reliable and high throughput method to distinguish between blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-15. Furthermore, its use in this study demonstrated the emergence of faecal carriage of CTX-M-15 in hospitalised horses, with an increase in prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli as well as increased antimicrobial resistance to frequently used antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Isgren
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, England.
| | - T Edwards
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, England
| | - E Winward
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England
| | - E R Adams
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England
| | - P Norton
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England
| | - D Timofte
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, England.,Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, England
| | - T W Maddox
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - P D Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - N J Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, England
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kulstein G, Pably P, Fürst A, Wiegand P, Hadrys T. "The acid test"-validation of the ParaDNA® Body Fluid ID Test for routine forensic casework. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:751-7. [PMID: 30460509 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-018-1971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the cellular origin and composition of crime scene-related traces can provide crucial insight into a crime scene reconstruction. In the last decade, especially mRNA-based body fluid and tissue identification (BFI) has been vigorously examined. Besides capillary electrophoretic (CE) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)-based approaches for mRNA detection, melt curve analysis bears potential as a simple-to-use method for BFI. The ParaDNA® Body Fluid ID Test relies on HyBeacon® probes and was developed as a rapid test for mRNA-based BFI of six different body fluids: vaginal fluid, seminal fluid, sperm cells, saliva, menstrual, and peripheral blood. The herein presented work was performed as an "acid test" of the system and should clarify whether the approach matches the requirements of forensic routine casework in German police departments. Tested samples consisted of single source as well as of mixed samples.
Collapse
|
6
|
Nagaraj S, Ramlal S, Venkataswamachari BP, Paul S, Kingston J, Batra HV. Differentiation of entC1 from entC2/entC3 with a single primer pair using simple and rapid SYBR Green-based RT-PCR melt curve analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8495-506. [PMID: 27245675 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In spite of their involvement in foodborne illness, the epidemiological relevance of staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) subtypes is poorly documented may be due to high sequence similarity. Among subtypes, SEC1, SEC2, and SEC3 exhibit more than 97 % homology because of which specific detection tools are seldom available to identify and differentiate them. In this study, a SYBR Green-based RT-PCR followed by melt curve analysis was developed for differentiation of entC1 from entC2/entC3 using a single primer pair. Nucleotide sequences of all three subtypes were analyzed using Clustal Omega program and the region with significant sequence variation/heterogeneity (where utmost SNPs were closely located and accessible for RT-PCR) was selected for amplification by designing a single primer pair that could amplify all three subtypes. In spite of same amplicon size, entC1 showed distinct melt peak at 76 °C. However, due to high similarity between entC2 and entC3, the developed format was deficient to discriminate between them and both showed melt peak at 82 °C. Reliability of developed RT-PCR was evaluated using various naturally contaminated samples and 91 food and clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates where satisfactory results were obtained in comparison with commercial immunoassay kit and conventional PCRs using validated primers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method being reported to differentiate entC1 from entC2/entC3 using single primer pair which is unachievable by conventional PCR due to same amplicon size. As benefits, the method is sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive with no requirement of fluorescent probes, multiple primers, and post-PCR procedures. Thus, the assay might find its utility as a detection tool in epidemiological survey of foodborne outbreaks for simultaneous identification and differentiation of entC1 from entC2/entC3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Nagaraj
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, 570011, India
| | - Shylaja Ramlal
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, 570011, India.
| | | | - Soumya Paul
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, 570011, India
| | - Joseph Kingston
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, 570011, India
| | - Harsh Vardhan Batra
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, 570011, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Singh P, Mustapha A. Multiplex real-time PCR assays for detection of eight Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in food samples by melting curve analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 215:101-8. [PMID: 26355415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are pathogenic strains of E. coli that can cause bloody diarrhea and kidney failure. Seven STEC serogroups, O157, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121 and O145 are responsible for more than 71% of the total infections caused by this group of pathogens. All seven serogroups are currently considered as adulterants in non-intact beef products in the U.S. In this study, two multiplex melt curve real-time PCR assays with internal amplification controls (IACs) were standardized for the detection of eight STEC serogroups. The first multiplex assay targeted E. coli serogroups O145, O121, O104, and O157; while the second set detected E. coli serogroups O26, O45, O103 and O111. The applicability of the assays was tested using 11 different meat and produce samples. For food samples spiked with a cocktail of four STEC serogroups with a combined count of 10 CFU/25 g food, all targets of the multiplex assays were detected after an enrichment period of 6h. The assays also worked efficiently when 325 g of food samples were spiked with 10 CFU of STECs. The assays are not dependent on fluorescent-labeled probes or immunomagnetic beads, and can be used for the detection of eight STEC serogroups in less than 11h. Routine preliminary screening of STECs in food samples is performed by testing for the presence of STEC virulence genes. The assays developed in this study can be useful as a first- or second-tier test for the identification of the eight O serogroup-specific genes in suspected food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Singh
- Food Science Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| | - Azlin Mustapha
- Food Science Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dawnay N, Stafford-Allen B, Moore D, Blackman S, Rendell P, Hanson EK, Ballantyne J, Kallifatidis B, Mendel J, Mills DK, Nagy R, Wells S. Developmental Validation of the ParaDNA® Screening System - A presumptive test for the detection of DNA on forensic evidence items. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2014; 11:73-9. [PMID: 24670380 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Current assessment of whether a forensic evidence item should be submitted for STR profiling is largely based on the personal experience of the Crime Scene Investigator (CSI) and the submissions policy of the law enforcement authority involved. While there are chemical tests that can infer the presence of DNA through the detection of biological stains, the process remains mostly subjective and leads to many samples being submitted that give no profile or not being submitted although DNA is present. The ParaDNA(®) Screening System was developed to address this issue. It consists of a sampling device, pre-loaded reaction plates and detection instrument. The test uses direct PCR with fluorescent HyBeacon™ detection of PCR amplicons to identify the presence and relative amount of DNA on an evidence item and also provides a gender identification result in approximately 75 minutes. This simple-to-use design allows objective data to be acquired by both DNA analyst and non-specialist personnel, to enable a more informed submission decision to be made. The developmental validation study described here tested the sensitivity, reproducibility, accuracy, inhibitor tolerance, and performance of the ParaDNA Screening System on a range of mock evidence items. The data collected demonstrates that the ParaDNA Screening System identifies the presence of DNA on a variety of evidence items including blood, saliva and touch DNA items.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Dawnay
- Product Development Group, LGC Forensics, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3ED.
| | - Beccy Stafford-Allen
- Product Development Group, LGC Forensics, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3ED
| | - Dave Moore
- Innovation & Development Team, LGC, Teddington, TW11 0LY
| | - Stephen Blackman
- Product Development Group, LGC Forensics, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3ED
| | - Paul Rendell
- Product Development Group, LGC Forensics, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3ED
| | - Erin K Hanson
- National Center for Forensic Science, PO Box 162367, Orlando, FL 32816-2367, USA
| | - Jack Ballantyne
- National Center for Forensic Science, PO Box 162367, Orlando, FL 32816-2367, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, PO Box 162366, Orlando, FL 32816-2366, USA
| | - Beatrice Kallifatidis
- International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Julian Mendel
- International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - DeEtta K Mills
- International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Randy Nagy
- Product Development Group, LGC Forensics, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3ED
| | - Simon Wells
- Product Development Group, LGC Forensics, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3ED
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Singh J, Batish VK, Grover S. Simultaneous detection of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. in dairy products using real time PCR- melt curve analysis. J Food Sci Technol 2011; 49:234-9. [PMID: 23572847 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation reports development of post real time PCR (RTi-PCR) - melt curve analysis for simultaneous detection of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. The optimal Sybr Green I (SG-I) concentration of 1.6 μM resulted in two specific peaks with melting temperature (Tm) of 79.90 ± 0.39 °C and 86.29 ± 0.13 °C for L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp respectively. The detection sensitivity of the assay in reconstituted non-fat dried milk (NFDM; 11%) spiked with the target pathogens at different levels was 3 log cfu per ml of each pathogen. However, the sensitivity was improved up to 1 log cfu per ml by including pre-enrichment step of 6 h. On application of assay on 60 market samples, one sample each of raw milk and ice cream was detected positive for L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. Assay was quite specific as no cross reactivity with non target cultures could be observed. The developed assay can find valuable application in monitoring dairy products for the presence of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. to ensure their microbiological quality and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 Haryana India ; Product and Process Development Group, CALF Building, National Dairy Development Board, Anand, 388001 Gujarat India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|