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El-Sherif MW, Nazih MA. A novel extraoral ultrasound-guided approach for mandibular nerve block in Rahmani sheep. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:74. [PMID: 38402395 PMCID: PMC10893670 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regional anesthesia is the favored choice in ruminant animals compared to general anesthesia, primarily due to its high safety margin and reduced demand for cost-intensive equipment in addition to its field applicability. Ultrasound-guided nerve block has gained significant attention in the field of veterinary medicine. This study utilized twenty-seven sheep of the native Rahmani breed to both demonstrate and evaluate the effectiveness of the ultrasound guided inferior alveolar nerve block technique. METHODS The research comprised three phases: Phase 1 involved an anatomical examination of mandibles and sheep heads to locate the mandibular foramen and delineate the mandibular nerve course. Phase 2 included ultrasound-guided injection of methylene blue dye at specific sites along the mandibular nerve in cadaveric sheep heads. In Phase 3, clinical implementation of ultrasound-guided inferior alveolar nerve blocks was conducted in 27 live sheep, assessing efficacy, onset, and duration. RESULTS Vertical extraoral ultrasound-guided nerve block was achieved successfully in 25 sheep (98%). A preliminary cadaveric study showed good distribution of the injectate at the mandibular nerve site. The mean onset time was 138 ± 18 s, and the mean duration time was 54 ± 4.1 min. Prominent analgesia of the ipsilateral mandible, medial surface of the cheek, and lateral border of the tongue was observed. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound-guided mandibular nerve block holds promise as a technique for providing effective and safe anesthesia in sheep undergoing mandibular procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Wefky El-Sherif
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El Kharga, 72511, New Valley, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Nazih
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El Kharga, 72511, New Valley, Egypt
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Marzok M, Nazih MA, Almubarak AI, Al Mohamad Z, Emam IA, El-Sherif MW. Introducing a novel intraoral mandibular nerve block technique for loco-regional analgesia in camels (Camelus dromedarius): a cadaveric study using computed tomography. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:42. [PMID: 38308261 PMCID: PMC10837923 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to introduce a novel intraoral technique for performing mandibular nerve blocks in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). In this study, 18 adult camel skulls of varying ages and breeds were examined to determine the position of the mandibular foramen. Using a Vernier caliper, three dimensions in millimeters were measured: (1) the distance between the mandibular foramen (MF) and the caudal edge of the third molar tooth at the occlusal surface level, (2) the distance between the MF and the rostral edge border of the mandible's ramus (RER) at the occlusal surface level, and (3) the distance between the MF and the ventral margin border of the mandible (VM). The technique was evaluated using five intact camel cadaver heads (n = 5), and a total of ten mandibular nerve blocks were described. An 18-gauge 80-mm Tuohy needle was inserted into the mouth commissure and advanced caudally while injecting a saline-methylene blue solution. The accuracy of the injection was confirmed through the infiltration of the contrast dye into the target area using computed tomography (CT) and post procedural dissection. Anatomical study of the mandibular nerve site was performed to aid the blind insertion of the needle. The findings contribute to the development of veterinary anesthesia techniques and provide anatomical considerations for clinicians performing oral surgeries in sedated camels. The results demonstrated the successful implementation of the intraoral technique, highlighting its efficacy and reliability in achieving local anesthesia for oral surgeries involving the lower jaw and teeth in sedated camels. Further research studies are needed to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of the technique and to compare it with existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Nazih
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, Elkharga, New Valley, 72511, Egypt
| | - Adel I Almubarak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zakriya Al Mohamad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Emam
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed W El-Sherif
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, Elkharga, New Valley, 72511, Egypt
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Al Mohamad Z, Hamed M, Abdellatif A, Eldoumani H, Elshafaey E, Abouelnasr K. Topographical anatomy of the mandibular foramen in the dromedary camels ( Camelus dromedarius): an extraoral approach for the inferior alveolar nerve blocks. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1303810. [PMID: 38125682 PMCID: PMC10730936 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1303810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the clinical anatomy of the head is essential for performing proper inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block anesthesia to facilitate invasive dental procedures in camels. However, osteometric data related to the IAN in camels are lacking. This study was carried out to accurately locate the mandibular foramen (MF) and the course of the IAN in the camel head and to establish an approach for its localization in clinical practice. To achieve these aims, eight osteometric measurements were used to determine the location of the MF in relation to its surrounding structures in six cadaveric skulls of adult camels. Four camel heads were dissected, and the course of the IAN inside the mandibular canal was studied. In addition, four heads were used as a trial for the extraoral approach to the IAN block using contrast radiographs based on established metric indices. Dissection of the four camel heads revealed that the MF was located near the intersection of two lines passing through the occlusal surface of the mandibular cheek teeth and at the midpoint of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. Significant differences were not observed between the right and left mandibles. Successful deposition of the contrast medium near the MF was observed in all examined specimens. This study reports a new, simple approach to reaching the IAN at the MF. However, further clinical validation of the proposed technique is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakriya Al Mohamad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hamed
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdellatif
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Haitham Eldoumani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Elsayed Elshafaey
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Salam Veterinary Group, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Abouelnasr
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Lloyd‐Edwards RA, Ferrão ‐ van Sommeren A, Hermans H, Tersmette AA, Veraa S, van Loon JPAM. Comparison of blind, ultrasound‐ and neurostimulator‐guided methods of percutaneous inferior alveolar nerve block. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A. Lloyd‐Edwards
- University of Utrecht Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht Netherlands
- Vet CT Cambridge UK
| | | | - Hanneke Hermans
- University of Utrecht Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Anne A. Tersmette
- University of Utrecht Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Veraa
- University of Utrecht Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht Netherlands
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5
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Amitrano FN, Shaw K, De Gasperi D, Henry T, Brounts SH. Standing Intraoral Extraction of the Right Mandibular Third Molar Tooth in a Cow Utilizing Tooth Sectioning. J Vet Dent 2021; 39:71-77. [PMID: 34918557 DOI: 10.1177/08987564211065129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old Holstein heifer presented to a university teaching hospital with an apical tooth infection of the right mandibular third molar. A standing oral extraction technique was attempted for tooth removal; however, the molar could not be delivered intact. A tooth sectioning technique was performed, and the affected molar was successfully delivered. Three months postextraction, the heifer had fully recovered, and the extraction site had healed. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of a tooth extraction in a cow using a tooth sectioning technique. This case describes an alternative technique for tooth removal in cattle with an apical tooth infection. The clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features of this case may be helpful to clinicians when they approach similar cases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly Shaw
- 5228University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Travis Henry
- Midwest Veterinary Dental Services, Elkhorn, WI, USA
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6
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JOHNSON JP, VINARDELL T, DAVID F. Ultrasound-guided injections of the equine head and neck: review and expert opinion. J Equine Sci 2021; 32:103-115. [PMID: 35023988 PMCID: PMC8731684 DOI: 10.1294/jes.32.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound-guided injections can be used for a wide variety of conditions in the horse, including both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Benefits of ultrasound guidance include more accurate deposition of injectate compared with blind approaches. Improved identification of vital structures, including nerves and blood vessels, allows their avoidance and thus reduces procedure-associated complications. Validation of such ultrasound-guided techniques has shown that they can be easily learnt by inexperienced veterinarians, assuming a proper knowledge of the sonographic anatomy. In many cases they can be employed in the field with a high level of accuracy, using widely available equipment, and with complete adherence to the sterility principles. Many ultrasound-guided injection techniques of the axial skeleton in the horse have been described in past years, enabling the equine veterinarian to perform more accurate treatments of specific anatomical areas. The goal of this review is to discuss diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound-guided injection techniques of the skull and cervical spine in the horse, including those for the retrobulbar space, maxillary and inferior alveolar nerves, atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial junctions, and cervical articular process joints, as well as the 1st cervical nerve, the C2 and C3 nerve plexus, and the 6th, 7th, and 8th cervical nerve roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P. JOHNSON
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, A Member of
Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 6788, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tatiana VINARDELL
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, A Member of
Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 6788, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health & Life Science, Hamad Bin
Khalifa University, A Member of Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha,
Qatar
| | - Florent DAVID
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, A Member of
Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 6788, Doha, Qatar
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Campoy L, Sedgwick SR. Standing Sedation and Iocoregional Analgesia in Equine Dental Surgery. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 36:477-499. [PMID: 33189231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Procedural sedation has become popular for describing a semiconscious state that allows patients to be comfortable during certain surgical or diagnostic procedures. Sedation may be enhanced by locoregional anesthetic techniques to produce sufficient analgesia and muscle relaxation for surgery to occur. Sedation and local anesthesia for standing diagnostic and surgical procedures on the horse's head circumvents the potential complications of general anesthesia (particularly, complications related to recovery). However, the implementation of a locoregional anesthetic technique requires a thorough understanding of the anatomy to maximize success and minimize possible complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Campoy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Mailbox 32, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Samantha R Sedgwick
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Mailbox 32, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Tanner RB, Hubbell JAE. A Retrospective Study of the Incidence and Management of Complications Associated With Regional Nerve Blocks in Equine Dental Patients. J Vet Dent 2019; 36:40-45. [PMID: 31138048 DOI: 10.1177/0898756419848165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Regional anesthesia of the equine head is commonly performed to allow oral extraction of diseased teeth in the standing horse. The use of 4 blocks (infraorbital nerve, maxillary nerve, mental nerve, and mandibular nerve) is well documented for desensitization of dental quadrants for oral surgery for exodontia, but descriptions of associated complications are limited. A total of 270 regional nerve blocks were performed on 162 equine patients in a second opinion referral hospital setting. Criteria for inclusion in the study included a 24-hour stay in hospital, that the blocks be performed by one clinician and at minimum, a 2-week follow-up examination be performed. A total of 8 complications were identified in 7 patients representing a 2.96% incidence of complication. Complications included supraorbital hematoma (3), local hematoma (2), lingual self-trauma (2), and nerve block failure to desensitize (1). Treatment and management of complications are discussed. Complications associated with regional anesthesia may be reduced by reducing anesthetic volumes, precise needle placement, familiarity with the facial anatomy relevant to nerve blocks, adequate restraint, aseptic technique, postprocedural muzzling, and the use of a newly opened bottle of local anesthetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brad Tanner
- 1 Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY, USA
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9
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Johnson JP, Peckham RK, Rowan C, Wolfe A, O'Leary JM. Ultrasound-Guided Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in the Horse: Assessment of the Extraoral Approach in Cadavers. J Vet Dent 2019; 36:46-51. [PMID: 31138051 DOI: 10.1177/0898756419844836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blinded techniques to desensitize the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) include intraoral, angled, and vertical extraoral approaches with reported success rates of 100%, 73%, and 59%, respectively. It has not been determined whether an ultrasound-guided extraoral approach is feasible. Further, the fascicular nature of the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves of the horse has not been described. The objectives of this study were to describe a low-volume ultrasound-guided vertical extraoral inferior alveolar nerve block technique and to describe the fascicular nature of these nerves. An ultrasound-guided approach to the IAN was conducted with a microconvex transducer and an 18-G, 15-cm spinal needle using a solution containing iodinated-contrast and methylene blue dye. Accuracy was assessed by contrast visualized at the mandibular foramen on computed tomography (CT) and methylene blue dye staining of the nerves on gross dissection. Sections of inferior alveolar and lingual nerves were submitted for histological analysis. Assessment by CT and dissection determined success rates of 81.3% and 68.8%, respectively; 68.8% of injections had inadvertent methylene blue dye staining of the lingual nerve. Nerve histology revealed both the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves to be multifascicular in nature. Mean fascicle counts for the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves were 29 and 30.8, respectively. The technique is challenging and no more accurate than previously published blinded techniques. Any extraoral approach to the IAN is likely to also desensitize the lingual nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Conor Rowan
- 3 University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Wolfe
- 3 University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Mark O'Leary
- 3 University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Abstract
Regional nerve blocks are necessary to facilitate equine oral surgery in the standing sedated patient. Step-by-step instruction on how to perform common regional nerve blocks are discussed, including infraorbital, maxillary, middle mental, and inferior alveolar nerve blocks. Regional nerve blocks are critical when performing dental procedures in the standing horse.1 The infraorbital and maxillary nerve blocks provide anesthesia of the infraorbital nerve, which is a branch of the maxillary nerve. Both nerve blocks provide adequate anesthesia for all maxillary dental procedures.1 When the infraorbital nerve block is utilized, care must be taken to advance the needle into the infraorbital foramen in order to appropriately anesthetize the caudal maxillary teeth. Mandibular dental procedures require anesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve, which is a branch of the mandibular nerve. Local anesthesia at the level of the mental foramen will result in anesthesia of ipsilateral incisors and canines, while anesthesia at the level of the mandibular foramen will anesthetize the entire ipsilateral mandibular dental quadrant. All nerve blocks should have the injection site aseptically prepared prior to the procedure. The 4 most common dental nerve blocks are described step by step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly K Rice
- 1 Midwest Veterinary Dental Services, Elkhorn, WI, USA
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11
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Eckert RE, Griffin CE, Cohen ND, Marx S. Investigation into intraoral approach for nerve block injection at the mental foramen in the horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Eckert
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TexasUSA
| | - C. E. Griffin
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TexasUSA
| | - N. D. Cohen
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TexasUSA
| | - S. Marx
- Advance Equine Dentistry Parker Colorado USA
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12
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Tremaine H. Local analgesia techniques for dental and head procedures in horses. IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.l662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Rice MK, Henry TJ. Standing intraoral extractions of cheek teeth aided by partial crown removal in 165 horses (2010-2016). Equine Vet J 2017; 50:48-53. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Rice
- Midwest Veterinary Dental Services; Elkhorn Wisconsin USA
| | - T. J. Henry
- Midwest Veterinary Dental Services; Elkhorn Wisconsin USA
- William B. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California - Davis; Davis California USA
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14
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Abstract
There has been great progress in the understanding of basic neurobiologic mechanisms of pain, but this body of knowledge has not yet translated into new and improved analgesics. Progress has been made regarding pain assessment in horses, but more work is needed until sensitive and accurate pain assessment tools are available for use in clinical practice. This review summarizes and updates the knowledge concerning the cornerstones of pain medicine (understand, assess, prevent, and treat). It highlights the importance of understanding pain mechanisms and expressions to enable a rational approach to pain assessment, prevention, and management in the equine patient.
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Hermans H, Veraa S, Wolschrijn CF, van Loon JPAM. Local anaesthetic techniques for the equine head, towards guided techniques and new applications. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Hermans
- Department of Equine SciencesFaculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht UniversityUtrecht The Netherlands
| | - S. Veraa
- Division of Diagnostic ImagingFaculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht UniversityUtrecht The Netherlands
| | - C. F. Wolschrijn
- Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. P. A. M. van Loon
- Department of Equine SciencesFaculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht UniversityUtrecht The Netherlands
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Dixon PM, Nicholls V. Science in brief: Keeping up progress with equine dental research. Equine Vet J 2016; 48:537-9. [PMID: 27515499 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P M Dixon
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - V Nicholls
- Veterinary Postgraduate Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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du Toit N. Which nerve blocks will help me with a tooth extraction? EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. du Toit
- Tulbagh Equine Dentistry; Tulbagh South Africa
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Wright S. Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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