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Ichikawa Y, Borjigin L, Enkhtuul B, Khurtsbaatar O, Aoshima K, Kobayashi A, Batbaatar V, Kimura T. First molecular characterization of Burkholderia mallei strains isolated from horses in Mongolia. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 123:105616. [PMID: 38852916 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Glanders, a highly contagious and often fatal disease affecting equids, is caused by Burkholderia mallei. Although sporadic cases of equine glanders have recently been documented in Mongolia, genome sequencing and molecular studies of the bacteria within this region are lacking. This study provided the first molecular characterization of B. mallei isolated from four native Mongolian horses from two different provinces in 2019 and 2022 by applying whole-genome sequencing with two SNP types (previously developed genotyping with 15 SNP markers that provide global coverage of the B. mallei population and the core genome coding SNP typing developed in this study). The Mongolian isolates were located within the L3B1 cluster, which was previously associated with the V-120 strain from Russia. Within the L3B1 cluster shared by neighboring countries, they were in a unique subbranch. In this study, specific SNP markers unique to the Mongolian strains were identified to track these strains using a high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA). This study revealed the unique phylogenetic background of Mongolian strains isolated from the eastern part of Mongolia. HRMA specific to the Mongolian subbranch may contribute to the molecular epidemiological monitoring of glanders in Mongolia and surrounding countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Liushiqi Borjigin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - Batchuluun Enkhtuul
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan, 17024 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ochirbat Khurtsbaatar
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan, 17024 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Biomedical Models, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Vanaabaatar Batbaatar
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan, 17024 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Park T, Yoon J, Yun Y, Unno T. Comparison of the fecal microbiota with high- and low performance race horses. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 66:425-437. [PMID: 38628692 PMCID: PMC11016738 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Exercise plays an important role in regulating energy homeostasis, which affects the diversity of the intestinal microbial community in humans and animals. To the best of the authors' knowledge, few studies have reported the associations between horse gut microbiota along with their predicted metabolic activities and the athletic ability of Jeju horses and Thoroughbreds living in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the association between the gut microbiota and athletic performance in horses. This study sequenced the V3 and V4 hypervariable regions of the partial 16S rRNA genes obtained from racehorse fecal samples and compared the fecal microbiota between high- and low-performance Jeju horses and Thoroughbreds. Forty-nine fecal samples were divided into four groups: high-performance Jeju horses (HJ, n = 13), low-performance Jeju horses (LJ, n = 17), high-performance Thoroughbreds (HT, n = 9), and low-performance Thoroughbreds (LT, n = 10). The high-performance horse groups had a higher diversity of the bacterial community than the low-performance horse groups. Two common functional metabolic activities of the hindgut microbiota (i.e., tryptophan and succinate syntheses) were observed between the low-performance horse groups, indicating dysbiosis of gut microbiota and fatigue from exercise. On the other hand, high-performance horse groups showed enriched production of polyamines, butyrate, and vitamin K. The racing performance may be associated with the composition of the intestinal microbiota of Jeju horses and Thoroughbreds in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taemook Park
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Racecourse, Korea
Racing Authority, Jeju 63066, Korea
| | - Jungho Yoon
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Racecourse, Korea
Racing Authority, Jeju 63066, Korea
| | - YoungMin Yun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju
National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute,
Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Tatsuya Unno
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Charron P, Gao R, Chmara J, Hoover E, Nadin-Davis S, Chauvin D, Hazelwood J, Makondo K, Duceppe MO, Kang M. Influence of genomic variations on glanders serodiagnostic antigens using integrative genomic and transcriptomic approaches. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1217135. [PMID: 38125681 PMCID: PMC10730941 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1217135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glanders is a highly contagious and life-threatening zoonotic disease caused by Burkholderia mallei (B. mallei). Without an effective vaccine or treatment, early diagnosis has been regarded as the most effective method to prevent glanders transmission. Currently, the diagnosis of glanders is heavily reliant on serological tests. However, given that markedly different host immune responses can be elicited by genetically different strains of the same bacterial species, infection by B. mallei, whose genome is unstable and plastic, may result in various immune responses. This variability can make the serodiagnosis of glanders challenging. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive understanding and assessment of how B. mallei genomic variations impact the appropriateness of specific target antigens for glanders serodiagnosis. In this study, we investigated how genomic variations in the B. mallei genome affect gene content (gene presence/absence) and expression, with a special focus on antigens used or potentially used in serodiagnosis. In all the genome sequences of B. mallei isolates available in NCBI's RefSeq database (accessed in July 2023) and in-house sequenced samples, extensive small and large variations were observed when compared to the type strain ATCC 23344. Further pan-genome analysis of those assemblies revealed variations of gene content among all available genomes of B. mallei. Specifically, differences in gene content ranging from 31 to 715 genes with an average of 334 gene presence-absence variations were found in strains with complete or chromosome-level genome assemblies, using the ATCC 23344 strain as a reference. The affected genes included some encoded proteins used as serodiagnostic antigens, which were lost due mainly to structural variations. Additionally, a transcriptomic analysis was performed using the type strain ATCC 23344 and strain Zagreb which has been widely utilized to produce glanders antigens. In total, 388 significant differentially expressed genes were identified between these two strains, including genes related to bacterial pathogenesis and virulence, some of which were associated with genomic variations, particularly structural variations. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study to uncover the impacts of genetic variations of B. mallei on its gene content and expression. These differences would have significant impacts on host innate and adaptive immunity, including antibody production, during infection. This study provides novel insights into B. mallei genetic variants, knowledge which will help to improve glanders serodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingsong Kang
- Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Gaspar EB, dos Santos LR, do Egito AA, dos Santos MG, Mantovani C, Rieger JDSG, Abrantes GADS, Suniga PAP, Favacho JDM, Pinto IB, Nassar AFDC, dos Santos FL, de Araújo FR. Assessment of the Virulence of the Burkholderia mallei Strain BAC 86/19 in BALB/c Mice. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2597. [PMID: 37894255 PMCID: PMC10609534 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is an aerobic, Gram-negative, non-motile bacillus. As an obligate mammalian pathogen, it primarily affects solipeds. Although rarely transmitted to humans, the disease it causes, glanders, is classified as a zoonosis. The bacterium was officially eradicated in Brazil in 1969; however, it reemerged after three decades. This study aims to assess the virulence of a specific B. mallei strain, isolated in Brazil, in BALB/c mice through intranasal infection. The strain, B. mallei BAC 86/19, was obtained from the tracheal secretion of a young mare displaying positive serology but no clinical signs of glanders. Post-mortem examinations revealed macroscopic lesions consistent with the disease, however. In mice, the LD50 was determined to be approximately 1.59 × 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/animal. Mice exposed to either 0.1 × LD50 or 1 × LD50 displayed transient weight loss, which resolved after three or five days, respectively. B. mallei persisted within the liver and lung for five days post-infection and in the spleen for seven days. These findings underscore the detectable virulence of the Brazilian B. mallei BAC 86/19 strain in mice, which are relatively resilient hosts. This research points to the importance of the continued investigation of the virulence mechanisms and potential countermeasures associated with B. mallei infections, including their Brazilian isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuelle Baldo Gaspar
- Embrapa South Livestock, BR-153, Km 632, 9 Vila Industrial, Rural Area, Mailbox 242, Bagé 96401-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Lenita Ramires dos Santos
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (L.R.d.S.); (A.A.d.E.); (M.G.d.S.); (F.R.d.A.)
| | - Andréa Alves do Egito
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (L.R.d.S.); (A.A.d.E.); (M.G.d.S.); (F.R.d.A.)
| | - Maria Goretti dos Santos
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (L.R.d.S.); (A.A.d.E.); (M.G.d.S.); (F.R.d.A.)
| | - Cynthia Mantovani
- Embrapa Beef Cattle/Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply Scholarship, Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (C.M.); (J.d.S.G.R.); (G.A.d.S.A.); (I.B.P.)
| | - Juliana da Silva Gomes Rieger
- Embrapa Beef Cattle/Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply Scholarship, Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (C.M.); (J.d.S.G.R.); (G.A.d.S.A.); (I.B.P.)
| | - Guilherme Augusto de Sousa Abrantes
- Embrapa Beef Cattle/Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply Scholarship, Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (C.M.); (J.d.S.G.R.); (G.A.d.S.A.); (I.B.P.)
| | - Paula Adas Pereira Suniga
- MAI/DAI Scholarship, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Costa e Silva Ave., Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-FAMEZ/UFMS, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Senador Filinto Muller Ave., 2443, Campo Grande 79074-460, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Ingrid Batista Pinto
- Embrapa Beef Cattle/Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply Scholarship, Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (C.M.); (J.d.S.G.R.); (G.A.d.S.A.); (I.B.P.)
| | | | - Fernando Leandro dos Santos
- UFPE Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil;
| | - Flábio Ribeiro de Araújo
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Rádio Maia Ave., 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (L.R.d.S.); (A.A.d.E.); (M.G.d.S.); (F.R.d.A.)
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Knox A, Zerna G, Beddoe T. Current and Future Advances in the Detection and Surveillance of Biosecurity-Relevant Equine Bacterial Diseases Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2663. [PMID: 37627456 PMCID: PMC10451754 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses play an important role throughout the world, whether for work, culture, or leisure, providing an ever-growing significant contribution to the economy. The increase in importation and movement of horses, both nationally and internationally, has inevitably allowed for the global equine industry to grow. Subsequently, however, the potential for transmission of fatal equine bacterial diseases has also escalated, and devasting outbreaks continue to occur. To prevent such events, disease surveillance and diagnosis must be heightened throughout the industry. Current common, or "gold-standard" techniques, have shown to be inadequate at times, thus requiring newer technology to impede outbreaks. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has proven to be a reliable, rapid, and accessible tool in both diagnostics and surveillance. This review will discuss equine bacterial diseases of biosecurity relevance and their current diagnostic approaches, as well as their respective LAMP assay developments. Additionally, we will provide insight regarding newer technology and advancements associated with this technique and their potential use for the outlined diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3082, Australia; (A.K.); (G.Z.)
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Protein Microarray-Guided Development of a Highly Sensitive and Specific Dipstick Assay for Glanders Serodiagnostics. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0123422. [PMID: 36541753 PMCID: PMC9879090 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01234-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei, the causative agent of glanders, is a clonal descendant of Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, which has lost its environmental reservoir and has a restricted host range. Despite limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity, complement fixation is still the official diagnostic test for glanders. Therefore, new tools are needed for diagnostics and to study the B. mallei epidemiology. We recently developed a highly sensitive serodiagnostic microarray test for human melioidosis based on the multiplex detection of B. pseudomallei proteins. In this study, we modified our array tests by using anti-horse IgG conjugate and tested sera from B. mallei-infected horses (n = 30), negative controls (n = 39), and horses infected with other pathogens (n = 14). Our array results show a sensitivity of 96.7% (confidence interval [CI] 85.5 to 99.6%) and a specificity of 100.0% (CI, 95.4 to 100.0%). The reactivity pattern of the positive sera on our array test allowed us to identify a set of 12 highly reactive proteins of interest for glanders diagnosis. The B. mallei variants of the three best protein candidates were selected for the development of a novel dipstick assay. Our point-of-care test detected glanders cases in less than 15 min with a sensitivity of 90.0% (CI, 75.7 to 97.1%) and a specificity of 100.0% (CI, 95.4 to 100.0%). The microarray and dipstick can easily be adopted for the diagnosis of both B. mallei and B. pseudomallei infections in different animals. Future studies will show whether multiplex serological testing has the potential to differentiate between these pathogens.
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Brangsch H, Singha H, Laroucau K, Elschner M. Sequence-based detection and typing procedures for Burkholderia mallei: Assessment and prospects. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1056996. [PMID: 36452150 PMCID: PMC9703372 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1056996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although glanders has been eradicated in most of the developed world, the disease still persists in various countries such as Brazil, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Iran, Bahrain, UAE and Turkey. It is one of the notifiable diseases listed by the World Organization for Animal Health. Occurrence of glanders imposes restriction on equestrian events and restricts equine movement, thus causing economic losses to equine industry. The genetic diversity and global distribution of the causing agent, Burkholderia (B.) mallei, have not been assessed in detail and are complicated by the high clonality of this organism. Among the identification and typing methods, PCR-based methods for distinguishing B. mallei from its close relative B. pseudomallei as well as genotyping using tandem repeat regions (MLVA) are established. The advent and continuous advancement of the sequencing techniques and the reconstruction of closed genomes enable the development of genome guided epidemiological tools. For achieving a higher genomic resolution, genotyping methods based on whole genome sequencing data can be employed, like genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms. One of the limitations in obtaining complete genomic sequences for further molecular characterization of B. mallei is its high GC content. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the widely used detection and typing methods for B. mallei and illustrate gaps that still require development. The genomic features of Burkholderia, their high homology and clonality will be first described from a comparative genomics perspective. Then, the commonly used molecular detection (PCR systems) and typing systems (e.g., multilocus sequence typing, variable number of tandem repeat analysis) will be presented and put in perspective with recently developed genomic methods. Also, the increasing availability of B. mallei genomic sequences and evolution of the sequencing methods offers exciting prospects for further refinement of B. mallei typing, that could overcome the difficulties presently encountered with this particular bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanka Brangsch
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut – Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Karine Laroucau
- Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Animal Health Laboratory, French Food Agency (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mandy Elschner
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut – Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
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Brangsch H, Saqib M, Sial AUR, Melzer F, Linde J, Elschner MC. Sequencing-Based Genotyping of Pakistani Burkholderia mallei Strains: A Useful Way for Investigating Glanders Outbreaks. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060614. [PMID: 35745468 PMCID: PMC9227068 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia (B.) mallei is a host-adapted equine pathogen that causes glanders, a re-emerging zoonotic disease, which is endemic in Pakistan and other developing countries and seriously impacts the global equine movement. Due to globalization, the geographical restriction of diseases vanishes and the lack of awareness of and experience with eradicated diseases in industrialized countries also promotes the re-introduction of infections in these regions. Owing to the high equine population, the Pakistani province Punjab is a potential hotspot where several glanders outbreaks have been seen over last two decades. For determining the genomic diversity of B. mallei in this and other equine-populated prefectures, the genomes of 19 B. mallei strains isolated between 1999 and 2020 in different locations were sequenced and their genotypes were determined. Particularly, for genetically highly homogenous pathogens like B. mallei genotyping techniques require a high discriminatory power for enabling differentiation on the strain level. Thus, core-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) analysis was applied for distinguishing the highly similar strains. Furthermore, a whole-genome sequence-based core genome multi locus sequence typing (cgMLST) scheme, specific to B. mallei, was developed and additionally applied to the data. It was found that B. mallei genotypes in Pakistan persisted over time and space and genotype clusters preferred connection with a time point rather than the place of isolation, probably due to frequent equine movement, which promotes the spread of glanders. The cgMLST approach proved to work in accord with SNP typing and may help to investigate future glanders outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanka Brangsch
- Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Thuringia, Germany; (F.M.); (J.L.); (M.C.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Awais ur Rehman Sial
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Falk Melzer
- Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Thuringia, Germany; (F.M.); (J.L.); (M.C.E.)
| | - Jörg Linde
- Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Thuringia, Germany; (F.M.); (J.L.); (M.C.E.)
| | - Mandy Carolina Elschner
- Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Thuringia, Germany; (F.M.); (J.L.); (M.C.E.)
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Libera K, Konieczny K, Grabska J, Szopka W, Augustyniak A, Pomorska-Mól M. Selected Livestock-Associated Zoonoses as a Growing Challenge for Public Health. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:63-81. [PMID: 35076534 PMCID: PMC8788295 DOI: 10.3390/idr14010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to review the most significant livestock-associated zoonoses. Human and animal health are intimately connected. This idea has been known for more than a century but now it has gained special importance because of the increasing threat from zoonoses. Zoonosis is defined as any infection naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. As the frequency and prevalence of zoonotic diseases increase worldwide, they become a real threat to public health. In addition, many of the newly discovered diseases have a zoonotic origin. Due to globalization and urbanization, some of these diseases have already spread all over the world, caused by the international flow of goods, people, and animals. However, special attention should be paid to farm animals since, apart from the direct contact, humans consume their products, such as meat, eggs, and milk. Therefore, zoonoses such as salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, tuberculosis, swine and avian influenza, Q fever, brucellosis, STEC infections, and listeriosis are crucial for both veterinary and human medicine. Consequently, in the suspicion of any zoonoses outbreak, the medical and veterinary services should closely cooperate to protect the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Libera
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Kacper Konieczny
- Department of Internal Diseases and Diagnostics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Julia Grabska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (J.G.); (W.S.)
| | - Wiktoria Szopka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (J.G.); (W.S.)
| | - Agata Augustyniak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (A.A.)
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt CG, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Gubbins S, Laroucau K, Antoniou S, Aznar I, Broglia A, Lima E, Van der Stede Y, Zancanaro G, Roberts HC. Assessment of the control measures of the category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Burkholderia mallei (Glanders). EFSA J 2022; 20:e07069. [PMID: 35035583 PMCID: PMC8753583 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for glanders. In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period and (iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zone, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere. Considering the epidemiology and distribution of glanders, it was foreseen that three different situations could lead to a suspicion of the disease. Sampling procedures were defined for each of the three different suspicion types, which can also be applied in most of the other scenarios assessed. The monitoring period (6 months) was assessed as effective in all scenarios. The AHAW Panel of experts considered the minimum radius and duration of the existing protection and surveillance zone, set at the establishment level, effective. Recommendations provided for each of the scenarios assessed aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to glanders.
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Saini S, Singha H, Shanmugasundaram K, Tripathi BN. Characterization of immunoglobulin and cytokine responses in Burkholderia mallei infected equids. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105310. [PMID: 34838612 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei causes a highly fatal infectious disease in equines known as glanders. It is one of the OIE listed notifiable diseases, which entails strict control policy measures once B. mallei infection is confirmed in the susceptible hosts. Humans, especially equine handlers, veterinary professionals and laboratory workers are at greater risk to acquire the B. mallei infection directly through prolonged contact with glanderous equines, and indirectly through unprotected handling of B. mallei contaminated materials. Further, natural resistance of B. mallei to multiple antibiotics, aerosol transmission, lack of effective vaccine and treatment make this organism a potential agent of biological warfare. Results of experimental B. mallei infection in mouse and non-human primates and immunization with live attenuated B. mallei strains demonstrated that activation of early innate and adaptive immune responses play a critical role in controlling B. mallei infection. However, the immune response elicited by the primary hosts (equids) B. mallei infection is poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to investigate immune responses in glanders affected horses (n = 23) and mules (n = 1). In this study, chronically infected equids showed strong humoral responses (IgM, IgG and IgA) specific to B. mallei type 6 secretory proteins such as Hcp1, TssA and TssB. The infected equids also elicited robust cellular responses characterized by significantly elevated levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-17 and IL-6 in PBMCs. In addition, stimulation of equine PBMCs by Hcp1 resulted in the further elevation of these cytokines. Thus, the present study indicated that antibody response and T helper cell (Th) type 1-associated cytokines were the salient features of chronic B. mallei infection in horses. The immune responses also suggest further evaluation of these proteins as potential vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Saini
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Harisankar Singha
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Karuppusamy Shanmugasundaram
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Bhupendra Nath Tripathi
- Division of Animal Sciences, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, 110 001, India.
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12
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Acharya KP, Marahatta S, Wilson RT. First outbreak of glanders in Nepal and possible implications for the animal sector. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3015-3017. [PMID: 34586719 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Prasad Acharya
- Animal Quarantine Office (AQO), Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Suraj Marahatta
- Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Tribhuvan University (TU), Siddarthanagar, Nepal
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13
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Shakibamehr N, Mosavari N, Harzandi N, Mojgani N. Designing of Western Blot Technique for Glanders Diagnosing in Iran. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 99:103403. [PMID: 33781425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is the etiologic agent of glanders. It is difficult to diagnose this zoonotic disease in its early stages. Some methods such as the complement fixation test (CFT) cause some problems for veterinary authorities and financial losses to animal owners due to false-positive results. The mallein test requires appropriate laboratory equipment and skilled personnel. To quickly and accurately diagnose the disease, especially in areas where animals cannot be kept, new methods (such as the Western blot test [WBT]) should be used to identify the disease. This study designed and optimized the Western blot (immunoblot) test using sera from 84 glanderous equids, and the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA and CFT were compared with the WBT. ELISA tests are based on B. mallei antigens whereas a purified lipopolysaccharide-containing B. mallei antigen is used in the WBT. The sensitivity and specificity of the tests were estimated using the cut-off values recommended by the test developers. The WBT and ELISA were significantly more specific than the CFT. The ELISA based on B. mallei antigens was significantly less sensitive than the CFT. Given their comparable sensitivities and specificities, the CFT (95.7%, 98.5%), the WBT (95%, 100%) and the ELISA (85%, 100%) should be further developed. The CFT is still the prescribed technique for serological investigation of equids for trade purposes to certify individual animals without glanders. Therefore, more efforts should be made to further improve and optimize the WBT and ELISA tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Shakibamehr
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Nader Mosavari
- Reference Laboratory of Bovine Tuberculosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Nasser Harzandi
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Naheed Mojgani
- Reference Laboratory of Bovine Tuberculosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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14
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Dyke JS, Huertas-Diaz MC, Michel F, Holladay NE, Hogan RJ, He B, Lafontaine ER. The Peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein Pal contributes to the virulence of Burkholderia mallei and provides protection against lethal aerosol challenge. Virulence 2020; 11:1024-1040. [PMID: 32799724 PMCID: PMC7567441 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1804275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI is a highly pathogenic bacterium that causes the fatal zoonosis glanders. The organism specifies multiple membrane proteins, which represent prime targets for the development of countermeasures given their location at the host-pathogen interface. We investigated one of these proteins, Pal, and discovered that it is involved in the ability of B. mallei to resist complement-mediated killing and replicate inside host cells in vitro, is expressed in vivo and induces antibodies during the course of infection, and contributes to virulence in a mouse model of aerosol infection. A mutant in the pal gene of the B. mallei wild-type strain ATCC 23344 was found to be especially attenuated, as BALB/c mice challenged with the equivalent of 5,350 LD50 completely cleared infection. Based on these findings, we tested the hypothesis that a vaccine containing the Pal protein elicits protective immunity against aerosol challenge. To achieve this, the pal gene was cloned in the vaccine vector Parainfluenza Virus 5 (PIV5) and mice immunized with the virus were infected with a lethal dose of B. mallei. These experiments revealed that a single dose of PIV5 expressing Pal provided 80% survival over a period of 40 days post-challenge. In contrast, only 10% of mice vaccinated with a PIV5 control virus construct survived infection. Taken together, our data establish that the Peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein Pal is a critical virulence determinant of B. mallei and effective target for developing a glanders vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S. Dyke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Frank Michel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nathan E. Holladay
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eric R. Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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Erdemsurakh O, Ochirbat K, Gombosuren U, Tserendorj B, Purevdorj B, Vanaabaatar B, Aoshima K, Kobayashi A, Kimura T. Seroprevalence of equine glanders in horses in the central and eastern parts of Mongolia. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1247-1252. [PMID: 32641602 PMCID: PMC7538334 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glanders is a contagious and fatal equine disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium
Burkholderia mallei. B. mallei is prevalent among horse populations in
Asia, the Middle East, and South America. More than four million horses have been
registered in Mongolia in 2020. However, the recent prevalence of glanders has not been
well investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the seropositivity of B.
mallei in horse populations in Mongolia using the complement fixation test
(CFT) and Rose Bengal plate agglutination test (RBT). We randomly collected blood samples
from horses in central and eastern Mongolia between 2018 and 2019. Of 337 horses, 26
(7.7%) and 28 (8.3%) were seropositive using RBT and CFT, respectively. Interestingly,
seropositivity in horses resulting from crossbreeding of Mongolian native horses with
thoroughbred horses was higher than that in Mongolian native horses. Our observations
suggest that equine glanders are still endemic to Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochbayar Erdemsurakh
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.,Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Khurtsbaatar Ochirbat
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ulziisaikhan Gombosuren
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batbold Tserendorj
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Baatarjargal Purevdorj
- Laboratory of Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolia University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batbaatar Vanaabaatar
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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16
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Sack A, Oladunni FS, Gonchigoo B, Chambers TM, Gray GC. Zoonotic Diseases from Horses: A Systematic Review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:484-495. [PMID: 32077811 PMCID: PMC7339018 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Worldwide, horses play critical roles in recreation, food production, transportation, and as working animals. Horses' roles differ by geographical region and the socioeconomic status of the people, but despite modern advances in transportation, which have in some ways altered humans contact with horses, potential risks for equine zoonotic pathogen transmission to humans occur globally. While previous reports have focused upon individual or groups of equine pathogens, to our knowledge, a systematic review of equine zoonoses has never been performed. Methods: Using PRISMA's systematic review guidelines, we searched the English literature and identified 233 previous reports of potential equine zoonoses found in horses. We studied and summarized their findings with a goal of identifying risk factors that favor disease transmission from horses to humans. Results: These previous reports identified 56 zoonotic pathogens that have been found in horses. Of the 233 articles, 13 involved direct transmission to humans (5.6%).The main potential routes of transmission included oral, inhalation, and cutaneous exposures. Pathogens most often manifest in humans through systemic, gastrointestinal, and dermatological signs and symptoms. Furthermore, 16.1% were classified as emerging infectious diseases and thus may be less known to both the equine and human medical community. Sometimes, these infections were severe leading to human and equine death. Conclusions: While case reports of zoonotic infections directly from horses remain low, there is a high potential for underreporting due to lack of knowledge among health professionals. Awareness of these zoonotic pathogens, their disease presentation in horses and humans, and their associated risk factors for cross-species infection are important to public health officials, clinicians, and people with recreational or occupational equid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sack
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fatai S. Oladunni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Battsetseg Gonchigoo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Thomas M. Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Global Health Research Center, Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Laroucau K, Saqib M, Martin B, Deshayes T, Bertin C, Wernery U, Joseph S, Singha H, Tripathi B, Beck C. Development of a microsphere-based immunoassay for the serological detection of glanders in equids. Acta Trop 2020; 207:105463. [PMID: 32302692 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is the etiologic agent of glanders, an infectious disease of solipeds, with renewed scientific interest due to its increasing incidence in different parts of the world. More rapid, sensitive and specific assays are required by laboratories for confirmatory testing of this disease. A microsphere-based immunoassay consisting of beads coated with B. mallei recombinant proteins (BimA, GroEL, Hcp1, and TssB) has been developed for the serological diagnosis of glanders. The proteins' performance was compared with the OIE reference complement fixation test (CFT) and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) on a large panel of sera comprised of uninfected horses (n=198) and clinically confirmed cases of glanders from India and Pakistan (n=99). Using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis and adjusting the cutoff levels, Hcp1 (Se=100%, Sp=99.5%) and GroEL (Se= 97%, Sp=99.5%) antigens exhibited the best specificity and sensitivity. Neither Hcp1 and GroEL proteins, nor iELISA reacted with doubtful and positive CFT samples from glanders free countries which further confirmed the false positive reactions seen in CFT.
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18
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Singha H, Shanmugasundaram K, Saini S, Tripathi BN. Serological Survey of Humans Exposed to Burkholderia mallei-Infected Equids: A Public Health Approach. Asia Pac J Public Health 2020; 32:274-277. [PMID: 32583670 DOI: 10.1177/1010539520930500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glanders is a fatal bacterial infection of equids caused by Burkholderia mallei. The infection can be transmitted to humans through prolonged direct contact with glanderous equids. Recently, reemergence of equine glanders has been reported in many countries. To investigate zoonotic transmission of B mallei infection, sera were collected from 538 humans including equine handlers and veterinary professionals exposed to glanderous equids. Samples were tested by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and complement fixation test and found negative for B mallei-specific antibodies. Even though there was no incidence of human glanders during this survey period, occupational exposure will continue to remain a serious concern and a key risk factor. Therefore, we emphasize the need for intersectoral collaboration and coordination among veterinary, human, and public health authorities for continuous surveillance and monitoring of human glanders under one health concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harisankar Singha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | | | - Sheetal Saini
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Bhupendra Nath Tripathi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
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19
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Singha H, Shanmugasundaram K, Tripathi BN, Saini S, Khurana SK, Kanani A, Shah N, Mital A, Kanwar P, Bhatt L, Limaye V, Khasa V, Arora R, Gupta S, Sangha S, Sharma H, Agarwal SK, Tapase J, Parnam S, Dubey P, Baalasundaram SK, Mandal BN, Virmani N, Gulati BR, Malik P. Serological surveillance and clinical investigation of glanders among indigenous equines in India from 2015 to 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1336-1348. [PMID: 31916415 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Equine glanders is an infectious and notifiable bacterial disease caused by Burkholderia mallei. The disease has been reported in South American, African and Asian countries including India. Here, we present the outcome of glanders serosurveillance carried out between January 2015 and December 2018 to know the status of equine glanders among different states in India. A total of 102,071 equid sera from 299 districts of twenty-one states and one union territory were tested for glanders. Samples were screened with Hcp1 indirect ELISA followed by confirmatory diagnosis by CFT. During this four-year surveillance, a total of 932 glanders-positive cases were detected from 120 districts of 12 states. The study also revealed increasing trend of glanders from 2016 onwards with maximum occurrence in northern India. Overall seroprevalence ranged between 0.62% (95% CI, 0.52-0.72) and 1.145% (95% CI, 1.03-1.25). Seasonal shifting from winter to summer (March to June) coincided with highest number glanders incidence with corresponding seroprevalences of 1.2% (95% CI, 1.09-1.30). The present surveillance unveils territorial ingression of glanders to six states like Jammu & Kashmir, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Tamil Nadu. In addition, re-emerging cases have been reported in Maharashtra, Haryana and Punjab after a gap of 10 years. Lack of awareness, little veterinary care and unrestricted movement of equids across state borders might have led to the introduction and establishment of the infection to these states. We believe that information from this study will provide a baseline data on glanders for devising surveillance and control strategies in India. Being a zoonotic disease, the persistence of glanders poses a potential threat to occupationally exposed humans especially equine handlers and veterinarians. Therefore, targeted surveillance of human population from each glanders outbreak is also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sheetal Saini
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | | | - Amit Kanani
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nisha Shah
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Anupam Mital
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Shimla, India
| | - Pooja Kanwar
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Shimla, India
| | - Lenin Bhatt
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Jaipur, India
| | - Vinayak Limaye
- Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, West Zone, Department of Animal Husbandry, Pune, India
| | - Vipin Khasa
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Sonepat, India
| | - Rajesh Arora
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Talabtillo, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Talabtillo, India
| | - Shivani Sangha
- Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, North Zone, Department of Animal Husbandry, Jalandhar, India
| | | | | | - Jayant Tapase
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Bhopal, India
| | - Sunil Parnam
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Bhopal, India
| | - Prasoon Dubey
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Rishikesh, India
| | - Satya K Baalasundaram
- Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital Complex Palam, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Baidya Nath Mandal
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitin Virmani
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | | | - Praveen Malik
- CCS National Institute of Animal Health (DAHD, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Govt of India), Baghpat, India
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20
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Ellis P. Glanders: re-emergence of an ancient zoonosis. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ma20011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glanders, although known to be endemic in certain regions/countries of the Old and New Worlds for centuries, had been largely overlooked as a threat to equine and human health until the disease re-emerged in the Middle East in 2004. The exponential growth in international horse movements, both legal and illegal, mainly for performance purposes, has enhanced the risk of global spread of glanders in the Middle East and elsewhere. Ever since the First World War, the glanders bacillus has been recognised as a potential biological warfare agent.
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21
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Khakhum N, Bharaj P, Myers JN, Tapia D, Walker DH, Endsley JJ, Torres AG. Evaluation of Burkholderia mallei ΔtonB Δhcp1 (CLH001) as a live attenuated vaccine in murine models of glanders and melioidosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007578. [PMID: 31306423 PMCID: PMC6658008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glanders caused by Burkholderia mallei is a re-emerging zoonotic disease affecting solipeds and humans. Furthermore, B. mallei is genetically related to B. pseudomallei, which is the causative agent of melioidosis. Both facultative intracellular bacteria are classified as tier 1 select biothreat agents. Our previous study with a B. mallei ΔtonB Δhcp1 (CLH001) live-attenuated vaccine demonstrated that it is attenuated, safe and protective against B. mallei wild-type strains in the susceptible BALB/c mouse model. Methodology/Principal finding In our current work, we evaluated the protective efficacy of CLH001 against glanders and melioidosis in the more disease-resistant C57BL/6 mouse strain. The humoral as well as cellular immune responses were also examined. We found that CLH001-immunized mice showed 100% survival against intranasal and aerosol challenge with B. mallei ATCC 23344. Moreover, this vaccine also afforded significant cross-protection against B. pseudomallei K96243, with low level bacterial burden detected in organs. Immunization with a prime and boost regimen of CLH001 induced significantly greater levels of total and subclasses of IgG, and generated antigen-specific splenocyte production of IFN-γ and IL-17A. Interestingly, protection induced by CLH001 is primarily dependent on humoral immunity, while CD4+ and CD8+ T cells played a less critical protective role. Conclusions/Significance Our data indicate that CLH001 serves as an effective live attenuated vaccine to prevent glanders and melioidosis. The quantity and quality of antibody responses as well as improving cell-mediated immune responses following vaccination need to be further investigated prior to advancement to preclinical studies. Glanders (caused by Burkholderia. mallei) and melioidosis (caused by B. pseudomallei) are severe infectious diseases of concern worldwide because of the rising number of cases and mortality rate. The low infectious doses of these two pathogens along with their amenability for aerosolization are factors that could be exploited as potential biothreat agents. Once the diseases have developed in humans and animals, intrinsic resistance to broad classes of antibiotics becomes a challenge for treatment and increases the risk for relapse. The progress in vaccine development demonstrates that live attenuated vaccine strains are the most effective in protection and providing long-lasting immune responses against both diseases. Our data indicate that the B. mallei double mutant (ΔtonB Δhcp1) strain CLH001, is a feasible vaccine candidate to prevent glanders and melioidosis, especially for biodefense and public health purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nittaya Khakhum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Preeti Bharaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia N. Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel Tapia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David H. Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Janice J. Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Kinoshita Y, Cloutier AK, Rozak DA, Khan MSR, Niwa H, Uchida-Fujii E, Katayama Y, Tuanyok A. A novel selective medium for the isolation of Burkholderia mallei from equine specimens. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:133. [PMID: 31064357 PMCID: PMC6505306 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia mallei is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes glanders, a zoonotic disease, especially in equine populations (e.g. horses, donkeys, and mules). B. mallei usually grows slowly on most culture media, and this property makes it difficult to isolate from clinical specimens. One of the problems is that B. mallei is easily overgrown by other bacteria, especially in animal specimens collected from non-sterile sites. The aim of this study was to develop a new selective agar for the laboratory diagnosis of glanders. We formulated a new agar, named BM agar, to enrich B. mallei growth, but inhibit the growth of other bacteria and fungi based on their antimicrobial profiles. We compared the growth of B. mallei on BM with Xie's and PC agars, the two previously described selective agars for B. mallei. RESULTS BM agar could sufficiently grow almost all of the tested B. mallei strains within 72 h: only one out of the 38 strains grew scantly after 72 h of incubation. BM agar was further tested with other Burkholderia species and various bacterial species commonly found in the nasal cavities and on the skin of horses. We have found that other Burkholderia species including B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis can grow on BM agar, but non-Burkholderia species cannot. Furthermore, the specificities of the three selective agars were tested with or without spiking B. mallei culture into clinical specimens of non-sterile sites collected from healthy horses. The results showed that BM agar inhibited growths of fungi and other bacterial species better than PC and Xie's agars. We have also found that growth of B. mallei on BM agar was equivalent to that on 5% horse blood agar and was significantly greater than those on the other two agars (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We believe that BM agar can be used to efficiently isolate B. mallei from mixed samples such as those typically collected from horses and other contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kinoshita
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Ashley K Cloutier
- Unified Culture Collection, Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702-5011, USA
| | - David A Rozak
- Unified Culture Collection, Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702-5011, USA
| | - Md S R Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Eri Uchida-Fujii
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Katayama
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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23
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Development of Rose Bengal test against mallein test for rapid diagnosis of equine glanders. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1969-1974. [PMID: 31041722 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Burkholderia mallei, the etiologic agent of the disease known as glanders. Clinical and bacteriological diagnosis of glanders is difficult in the early stages of the disease. Currently, mallein (allergic hypersensitivity test) is used for the diagnosis of glanders. The mallein test requires an experienced laboratory person and lasts 48 h. Therefore, in order to quickly diagnose the disease, especially in areas (such as the borders of the country) that cannot be kept animals, new methods should be used to identify the disease. The Rose Bengal is a serological diagnostic test and has been recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). In this study, the Rose Bengal test (RBT) was evaluated for the diagnosis of equine glanders, and its diagnostic was compared with mallein test. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sera from 70 naturally infected culture-positive horses, 3 equines that were sensitized by injecting antigen and 110 healthy equines were tested. Specificity and sensitivity of RBT and mallein test when testing culture-positive equines were calculated. RESULTS Diagnosis of glanders with both methods yield the same results, but Rose Bengal test is much faster than mallein test for diagnosis of equine glanders. CONCLUSION By comparative RBT with mallein test, it can be considered, RBT test has been used for rapid detection of glanders with features such as, ease of use and can be applicable without specialized equipment and trained personnel. Because the RBT is simpler and rapid to perform, the inclusion of the test as a supplementary test for the diagnosis of glanders in field conditions is recommended.
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Lafontaine ER, Chen Z, Huertas-Diaz MC, Dyke JS, Jelesijevic TP, Michel F, Hogan RJ, He B. The autotransporter protein BatA is a protective antigen against lethal aerosol infection with Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei. Vaccine X 2019; 1:100002. [PMID: 33826684 PMCID: PMC6668238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2018.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei are the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis, respectively. There is no vaccine to protect against these highly-pathogenic and intrinsically antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and there is concern regarding their use as biological warfare agents. For these reasons, B. mallei and B. pseudomallei are classified as Tier 1 organisms by the U.S. Federal Select Agent Program and the availability of effective countermeasures represents a critical unmet need. METHODS Vaccines (subunit and vectored) containing the surface-exposed passenger domain of the conserved Burkholderia autotransporter protein BatA were administered to BALB/c mice and the vaccinated animals were challenged with lethal doses of wild-type B. mallei and B. pseudomallei strains via the aerosol route. Mice were monitored for signs of illness for a period of up to 40 days post-challenge and tissues from surviving animals were analyzed for bacterial burden at study end-points. RESULTS A single dose of recombinant Parainfluenza Virus 5 (PIV5) expressing BatA provided 74% and 60% survival in mice infected with B. mallei and B. pseudomallei, respectively. Vaccination with PIV5-BatA also resulted in complete bacterial clearance from the lungs and spleen of 78% and 44% of animals surviving lethal challenge with B. pseudomallei, respectively. In contrast, all control animals vaccinated with a PIV5 construct expressing an irrelevant antigen and infected with B. pseudomallei were colonized in those tissues. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that the autotransporter BatA is a valuable target for developing countermeasures against B. mallei and B. pseudomallei and demonstrates the utility of the PIV5 viral vaccine delivery platform to elicit cross-protective immunity against the organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Huertas-Diaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jeremy S. Dyke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Tomislav P. Jelesijevic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Frank Michel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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25
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Elschner MC, Laroucau K, Singha H, Tripathi BN, Saqib M, Gardner I, Saini S, Kumar S, El-Adawy H, Melzer F, Khan I, Malik P, Sauter-Louis C, Neubauer H. Evaluation of the comparative accuracy of the complement fixation test, Western blot and five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serodiagnosis of glanders. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214963. [PMID: 30951554 PMCID: PMC6450644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glanders is a zoonotic contagious disease of equids caused by Burkholderia (B.) mallei. Serodiagnosis of the disease is challenging because of false-positive and false-negative test results. The accuracy of the complement fixation test (CFT) which is prescribed for international trade by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), five ELISAs and a Western blot (WB) were compared for serodiagnosis of glanders using sera from 3,000 glanders-free and 254 glanderous equids. Four ELISA tests are based on recombinant antigens (TssA, TssB, BimA and Hcp1), the IDVet ELISA is based on a semi-purified fraction of B. mallei and WB makes use of a purified LPS-containing B. mallei-antigen. Sensitivity and specificity of tests were estimated using cut-off values recommended by the test developers. The WB and all ELISAs, except BimA, were significantly more specific than the CFT. ELISAs based on TssA, TssB, and BimA antigens had significantly lower sensitivity compared to CFT while the sensitivities of the Hcp1-ELISA, the IDVet-ELISA and the WB did not differ significantly from that of the CFT. Given their comparable sensitivities and specificities, the CFT (98.0%, 96.4%), the WB (96.8%, 99.4%), the Hcp1-ELISA (95.3%, 99.6%) and the IDVet-ELISA (92.5%, 99.5%) should be further developed to meet OIE requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Carolina Elschner
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Karine Laroucau
- Paris Est University, Animal Health Laboratory, EU-Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Maisons Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Harisankar Singha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research—National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | | | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ian Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, UPEI, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Sheetal Saini
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research—National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Microbiology Division, Gwalior, India
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Falk Melzer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Iahtasham Khan
- Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Praveen Malik
- Chaudhary Charan Singh, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Baghpat, India
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
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26
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Fonseca-Rodríguez O, Pinheiro Júnior JW, Mota RA. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Glanders in Brazil. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 78:14-19. [PMID: 31203979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.03.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, glanders remains a serious problem, with the obligatory sacrifice of disease-positive animals without compensation. Each year, glanders cases are reported in several regions of the country, causing severe economic losses and trade restrictions. The present study describes and discusses the occurrence of glanders foci in Brazil during a 12-year period from 2005 to 2016. The highest frequency of reported affected holdings during the study period was in the northeast region. Moreover, during this period, the disease incidence in Brazil showed an overall increasing tendency. The number of affected holdings significantly increased during the last four years of the period, and more cases were noted during the months of May and June. Spatiotemporally, there are four high-risk glanders clusters: (1) cluster A (relative risk [RR = 6.51, P < .0001) involved the northeast region from March 2008 to February 2014; (2) cluster B (RR = 17.37, P < .0001) involved a southeast region state from March 2013 to June 2015; (3) cluster C (RR = 6.92, P < .0001) involved the states in the midwest, southeast, and south regions of Brazil from March 2015 to May 2016; and (4) cluster D (RR = 19.07, P < .0001) involved a north region state from October 2015 to April 2016. Only two states of the north region (Acre and Amapá) did not experience glanders during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rinaldo Aparecido Mota
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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27
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Hogan RJ, Lafontaine ER. Antibodies Are Major Drivers of Protection against Lethal Aerosol Infection with Highly Pathogenic Burkholderia spp. mSphere 2019; 4:e00674-18. [PMID: 30602525 PMCID: PMC6315082 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00674-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively. There is no vaccine to protect against these highly pathogenic bacteria, and there is concern regarding their emergence as global public health (B. pseudomallei) and biosecurity (B. mallei) threats. In this issue of mSphere, an article by Khakhum and colleagues (N. Khakhum, P. Bharaj, J. N. Myers, D. Tapia, et al., mSphere 4:e00570-18, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00570-18) describes a novel vaccination platform with excellent potential for cross-protection against both Burkholderia species. The report also highlights the importance of antibodies in immunity against these facultative intracellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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28
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Zimmerman SM, Long ME, Dyke JS, Jelesijevic TP, Michel F, Lafontaine ER, Hogan RJ. Use of Immunohistochemistry to Demonstrate In Vivo Expression of the Burkholderia mallei Virulence Factor BpaB During Experimental Glanders. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:258-267. [PMID: 29145795 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817736113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei causes the highly contagious and debilitating zoonosis glanders, which infects via inhalation or percutaneous inoculation and often culminates in life-threatening pneumonia and sepsis. In humans, glanders is difficult to diagnose and requires prolonged antibiotic therapy with low success rates. No vaccine exists to protect against B. mallei, and there is concern regarding its use as a bioweapon. The authors previously identified the protein BpaB as a potential target for devising therapies due to its role in adherence to host cells and the formation of biofilms in vitro and its contribution to pathogenicity in a mouse model of glanders. In the present study, the authors developed an immunostaining approach to probe tissues of experimentally infected animals and demonstrated that BpaB is produced exclusively in vivo by wild-type B. mallei in target organs from mice and marmosets. They detected the expression of BpaB by B. mallei both extracellularly and within macrophages, neutrophils, and epithelial cells in respiratory tissues (7/10 marmoset; 2/2 mouse). The authors also noted the intracellular expression of BpaB by B. mallei in macrophages in the regional lymph nodes of mice (2/2 tissues) and MALT of marmosets (4/5 tissues). It is interesting that B. mallei bacteria infecting distal organs did not express BpaB (2/2 mice; 3/3 marmosets), suggesting that the protein is not necessary for bacterial fitness in these anatomic locations. These findings underscore the value of BpaB as a target for developing medical countermeasures and provide insight into its role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Zimmerman
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mackenzie E Long
- 2 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy S Dyke
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tomislav P Jelesijevic
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Frank Michel
- 3 Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA.,3 Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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29
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Elschner MC, Neubauer H, Sprague LD. The Resurrection of Glanders in a new Epidemiological Scenario: A Beneficiary of “Global Change”. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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