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Wu HF, Saito-Diaz K, Huang CW, McAlpine JL, Seo DE, Magruder DS, Ishan M, Bergeron HC, Delaney WH, Santori FR, Krishnaswamy S, Hart GW, Chen YW, Hogan RJ, Liu HX, Ivanova NB, Zeltner N. Parasympathetic neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells model human diseases and development. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:734-753.e8. [PMID: 38608707 PMCID: PMC11069445 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Autonomic parasympathetic neurons (parasymNs) control unconscious body responses, including "rest-and-digest." ParasymN innervation is important for organ development, and parasymN dysfunction is a hallmark of autonomic neuropathy. However, parasymN function and dysfunction in humans are vastly understudied due to the lack of a model system. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neurons can fill this void as a versatile platform. Here, we developed a differentiation paradigm detailing the derivation of functional human parasymNs from Schwann cell progenitors. We employ these neurons (1) to assess human autonomic nervous system (ANS) development, (2) to model neuropathy in the genetic disorder familial dysautonomia (FD), (3) to show parasymN dysfunction during SARS-CoV-2 infection, (4) to model the autoimmune disease Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and (5) to show that parasymNs innervate white adipocytes (WATs) during development and promote WAT maturation. Our model system could become instrumental for future disease modeling and drug discovery studies, as well as for human developmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Fu Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kenyi Saito-Diaz
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jessica L McAlpine
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dong Eun Seo
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - D Sumner Magruder
- Department of Genetics, Department of Computer Science, Wu Tsai Institute, Program for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mohamed Ishan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Harrison C Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William H Delaney
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Fabio R Santori
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Smita Krishnaswamy
- Department of Genetics, Department of Computer Science, Wu Tsai Institute, Program for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gerald W Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Institute for Airway Sciences, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hong-Xiang Liu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Natalia B Ivanova
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nadja Zeltner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Murray J, Martin DE, Hosking S, Orr-Burks N, Hogan RJ, Tripp RA. Probenecid Inhibits Influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) Viruses In Vitro and in Mice. Viruses 2024; 16:152. [PMID: 38275962 PMCID: PMC10821351 DOI: 10.3390/v16010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) viruses cause infection in birds and humans. Several H5N1 and H7N9 variants are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. H5N1 is a highly infectious bird virus infecting primarily poultry, but unlike other AIs, H5N1 also infects mammals and transmits to humans with a case fatality rate above 40%. Similarly, H7N9 can infect humans, with a case fatality rate of over 40%. Since 1996, there have been several HPAI outbreaks affecting humans, emphasizing the need for safe and effective antivirals. We show that probenecid potently inhibits H5N1 and H7N9 replication in prophylactically or therapeutically treated A549 cells and normal human broncho-epithelial (NHBE) cells, and H5N1 replication in VeroE6 cells and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackelyn Murray
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | | | - Sarah Hosking
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Nichole Orr-Burks
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
- TrippBio, Inc., Jacksonville, FL 32256, USA;
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3
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Michon M, Müller-Schiffmann A, Lingappa AF, Yu SF, Du L, Deiter F, Broce S, Mallesh S, Crabtree J, Lingappa UF, Macieik A, Müller L, Ostermann PN, Andrée M, Adams O, Schaal H, Hogan RJ, Tripp RA, Appaiah U, Anand SK, Campi TW, Ford MJ, Reed JC, Lin J, Akintunde O, Copeland K, Nichols C, Petrouski E, Moreira AR, Jiang IT, DeYarman N, Brown I, Lau S, Segal I, Goldsmith D, Hong S, Asundi V, Briggs EM, Phyo NS, Froehlich M, Onisko B, Matlack K, Dey D, Lingappa JR, Prasad MD, Kitaygorodskyy A, Solas D, Boushey H, Greenland J, Pillai S, Lo MK, Montgomery JM, Spiropoulou CF, Korth C, Selvarajah S, Paulvannan K, Lingappa VR. A Pan-Respiratory Antiviral Chemotype Targeting a Host Multi-Protein Complex. bioRxiv 2023:2021.01.17.426875. [PMID: 34931190 PMCID: PMC8687465 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.17.426875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel small molecule antiviral chemotype that was identified by an unconventional cell-free protein synthesis and assembly-based phenotypic screen for modulation of viral capsid assembly. Activity of PAV-431, a representative compound from the series, has been validated against infectious virus in multiple cell culture models for all six families of viruses causing most respiratory disease in humans. In animals this chemotype has been demonstrated efficacious for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (a coronavirus) and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (a paramyxovirus). PAV-431 is shown to bind to the protein 14-3-3, a known allosteric modulator. However, it only appears to target the small subset of 14-3-3 which is present in a dynamic multi-protein complex whose components include proteins implicated in viral lifecycles and in innate immunity. The composition of this target multi-protein complex appears to be modified upon viral infection and largely restored by PAV-431 treatment. Our findings suggest a new paradigm for understanding, and drugging, the host-virus interface, which leads to a new clinical therapeutic strategy for treatment of respiratory viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Michon
- Prosetta Biosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Li Du
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fred Deiter
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sean Broce
- Prosetta Biosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jackelyn Crabtree
- University of Georgia, Animal Health Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Müller
- Institute of Virology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Marcel Andrée
- Institute of Virology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ortwin Adams
- Institute of Virology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heiner Schaal
- Institute of Virology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- University of Georgia, Animal Health Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- University of Georgia, Animal Health Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan C. Reed
- Dept. of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jim Lin
- Prosetta Biosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian Brown
- Prosetta Biosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Lau
- Prosetta Biosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ilana Segal
- Prosetta Biosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Shi Hong
- Prosetta Biosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Greenland
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Satish Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael K. Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Carsten Korth
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Vishwanath R. Lingappa
- Prosetta Biosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Rotolo L, Vanover D, Bruno NC, Peck HE, Zurla C, Murray J, Noel RK, O'Farrell L, Araínga M, Orr-Burks N, Joo JY, Chaves LCS, Jung Y, Beyersdorf J, Gumber S, Guerrero-Ferreira R, Cornejo S, Thoresen M, Olivier AK, Kuo KM, Gumbart JC, Woolums AR, Villinger F, Lafontaine ER, Hogan RJ, Finn MG, Santangelo PJ. Species-agnostic polymeric formulations for inhalable messenger RNA delivery to the lung. Nat Mater 2023; 22:369-379. [PMID: 36443576 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA has now been used to vaccinate millions of people. However, the diversity of pulmonary pathologies, including infections, genetic disorders, asthma and others, reveals the lung as an important organ to directly target for future RNA therapeutics and preventatives. Here we report the screening of 166 polymeric nanoparticle formulations for functional delivery to the lungs, obtained from a combinatorial synthesis approach combined with a low-dead-volume nose-only inhalation system for mice. We identify P76, a poly-β-amino-thio-ester polymer, that exhibits increased expression over formulations lacking the thiol component, delivery to different animal species with varying RNA cargos and low toxicity. P76 allows for dose sparing when delivering an mRNA-expressed Cas13a-mediated treatment in a SARS-CoV-2 challenge model, resulting in similar efficacy to a 20-fold higher dose of a neutralizing antibody. Overall, the combinatorial synthesis approach allowed for the discovery of promising polymeric formulations for future RNA pharmaceutical development for the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rotolo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daryll Vanover
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas C Bruno
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hannah E Peck
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chiara Zurla
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Richard K Noel
- Physiological Research Laboratory, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura O'Farrell
- Physiological Research Laboratory, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Nichole Orr-Burks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jae Yeon Joo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lorena C S Chaves
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Younghun Jung
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jared Beyersdorf
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Santiago Cornejo
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Merrilee Thoresen
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Alicia K Olivier
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Katie M Kuo
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James C Gumbart
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amelia R Woolums
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - M G Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Philip J Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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5
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Vanover D, Zurla C, Peck HE, Orr‐Burks N, Joo JY, Murray J, Holladay N, Hobbs RA, Jung Y, Chaves LCS, Rotolo L, Lifland AW, Olivier AK, Li D, Saunders KO, Sempowski GD, Crowe JE, Haynes BF, Lafontaine ER, Hogan RJ, Santangelo PJ. Nebulized mRNA-Encoded Antibodies Protect Hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2202771. [PMID: 36316224 PMCID: PMC9731714 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines, there remains a clear need for new classes of preventatives for respiratory viral infections due to vaccine hesitancy, lack of sterilizing immunity, and for at-risk patient populations, including the immunocompromised. While many neutralizing antibodies have been identified, and several approved, to treat COVID-19, systemic delivery, large doses, and high costs have the potential to limit their widespread use, especially in low- and middle-income countries. To use these antibodies more efficiently, an inhalable formulation is developed that allows for the expression of mRNA-encoded, membrane-anchored neutralizing antibodies in the lung to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infections. First, the ability of mRNA-encoded, membrane-anchored, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to prevent infections in vitro is demonstrated. Next, it is demonstrated that nebulizer-based delivery of these mRNA-expressed neutralizing antibodies potently abrogates disease in the hamster model. Overall, these results support the use of nebulizer-based mRNA expression of neutralizing antibodies as a new paradigm for mitigating respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryll Vanover
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringEmory University and Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Chiara Zurla
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringEmory University and Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Hannah E. Peck
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringEmory University and Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Nichole Orr‐Burks
- Department of Infectious DiseasesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Jae Yeon Joo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringEmory University and Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious DiseasesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Nathan Holladay
- Department of Infectious DiseasesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Ryan A. Hobbs
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringEmory University and Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Younghun Jung
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringEmory University and Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Lorena C. S. Chaves
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringEmory University and Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Laura Rotolo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringEmory University and Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Aaron W. Lifland
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringEmory University and Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Alicia K. Olivier
- Department of Pathobiology and Population MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMS39762USA
| | - Dapeng Li
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and the Departments of Medicine and ImmunologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNC27710USA
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine InstituteDepartments of SurgeryMolecular Genetics and Microbiologyand ImmunologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNC27710USA
| | - Gregory D. Sempowski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and the Departments of Medicine and ImmunologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNC27710USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine CenterVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTN37232USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and the Departments of Medicine and ImmunologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNC27710USA
| | - Eric R. Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious DiseasesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Department of Infectious DiseasesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic ImagingCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Philip J. Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringEmory University and Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30322USA
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6
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Müller-Schiffmann A, Michon M, Lingappa AF, Yu SF, Du L, Deiter F, Broce S, Mallesh S, Crabtree J, Lingappa UF, Macieik A, Müller L, Ostermann PN, Andrée M, Adams O, Schaal H, Hogan RJ, Tripp RA, Appaiah U, Anand SK, Campi TW, Ford MJ, Reed JC, Lin J, Akintunde O, Copeland K, Nichols C, Petrouski E, Moreira AR, Jiang IT, DeYarman N, Brown I, Lau S, Segal I, Goldsmith D, Hong S, Asundi V, Briggs EM, Phyo NS, Froehlich M, Onisko B, Matlack K, Dey D, Lingappa JR, Prasad MD, Kitaygorodskyy A, Solas D, Boushey H, Greenland J, Pillai S, Lo MK, Montgomery JM, Spiropoulou CF, Korth C, Selvarajah S, Paulvannan K, Lingappa VR. A Pan-respiratory Antiviral Chemotype Targeting a Transient Host Multiprotein Complex. bioRxiv 2022:2021.01.17.426875. [PMID: 34931190 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.22.497080v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We present a small molecule chemotype, identified by an orthogonal drug screen, exhibiting nanomolar activity against members of all the six viral families causing most human respiratory viral disease, with a demonstrated barrier to resistance development. Antiviral activity is shown in mammalian cells, including human primary bronchial epithelial cells cultured to an air-liquid interface and infected with SARS-CoV-2. In animals, efficacy of early compounds in the lead series is shown by survival (for a coronavirus) and viral load (for a paramyxovirus). The drug target is shown to include a subset of the protein 14-3-3 within a transient host multi-protein complex containing components implicated in viral lifecycles and in innate immunity. This multi-protein complex is modified upon viral infection and largely restored by drug treatment. Our findings suggest a new clinical therapeutic strategy for early treatment upon upper respiratory viral infection to prevent progression to lower respiratory tract or systemic disease. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY A host-targeted drug to treat all respiratory viruses without viral resistance development.
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7
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Esseili MA, Mann A, Narwankar R, Kassem II, Diez-Gonzalez F, Hogan RJ. SARS-CoV-2 remains infectious for at least a month on artificially-contaminated frozen berries. Food Microbiol 2022; 107:104084. [PMID: 35953178 PMCID: PMC9214230 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via food has been controversial since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. To investigate these concerns, reliable detection methods and data on virus die-off rates in various foods are needed. Here, an FDA-standard method for the detection of enteric viruses’ RNA from soft fruits was modified for the recovery of infectious SARS-CoV-2. Then, the survival of SARS-CoV-2 on berries was investigated as well as the effectiveness of washing virus-contaminated berries with water. The modified method did not significantly reduced log infectivity titers of recovered viruses, but berries did. The detection limit of the method for infectious SARS-CoV-2 was ∼2.97 log TCID50/g of berries. On SARS-CoV-2-inoculated berries that were stored at 4 °C for 7 days, significant reductions in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity were observed over time. In contrast, on frozen berries, infectious SARS-CoV-2 was recovered for 28 days without significant reductions. Washing SARS-CoV-2-inoculated berries with water removed >90% of infectious viruses within 10 min; however, infectious viruses were detected in wash water. Therefore, on fresh berries infectious viruses are markedly inactivated over time and can be largely removed by washing with water. However, the prolonged survival of SARS-CoV-2 on frozen berries suggests that the virus can potentially spread through frozen fruits.
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8
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Dyke JS, Huertas-Diaz MC, Michel F, Holladay NE, Hogan RJ, He B, Lafontaine ER. The Peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein Pal contributes to the virulence of Burkholderia mallei and provides protection against lethal aerosol challenge. Virulence 2021; 11:1024-1040. [PMID: 32799724 PMCID: PMC7567441 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1804275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is a highly pathogenic bacterium that causes the fatal zoonosis glanders. The organism specifies multiple membrane proteins, which represent prime targets for the development of countermeasures given their location at the host-pathogen interface. We investigated one of these proteins, Pal, and discovered that it is involved in the ability of B. mallei to resist complement-mediated killing and replicate inside host cells in vitro, is expressed in vivo and induces antibodies during the course of infection, and contributes to virulence in a mouse model of aerosol infection. A mutant in the pal gene of the B. mallei wild-type strain ATCC 23344 was found to be especially attenuated, as BALB/c mice challenged with the equivalent of 5,350 LD50 completely cleared infection. Based on these findings, we tested the hypothesis that a vaccine containing the Pal protein elicits protective immunity against aerosol challenge. To achieve this, the pal gene was cloned in the vaccine vector Parainfluenza Virus 5 (PIV5) and mice immunized with the virus were infected with a lethal dose of B. mallei. These experiments revealed that a single dose of PIV5 expressing Pal provided 80% survival over a period of 40 days post-challenge. In contrast, only 10% of mice vaccinated with a PIV5 control virus construct survived infection. Taken together, our data establish that the Peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein Pal is a critical virulence determinant of B. mallei and effective target for developing a glanders vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Dyke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Frank Michel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nathan E Holladay
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA, USA
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA, USA
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9
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Blanchard EL, Vanover D, Bawage SS, Tiwari PM, Rotolo L, Beyersdorf J, Peck HE, Bruno NC, Hincapie R, Michel F, Murray J, Sadhwani H, Vanderheyden B, Finn MG, Brinton MA, Lafontaine ER, Hogan RJ, Zurla C, Santangelo PJ. Treatment of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 infections via mRNA-encoded Cas13a in rodents. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:717-726. [PMID: 33536629 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00822-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cas13a has been used to target RNA viruses in cell culture, but efficacy has not been demonstrated in animal models. In this study, we used messenger RNA (mRNA)-encoded Cas13a for mitigating influenza virus A and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in mice and hamsters, respectively. We designed CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) specific for PB1 and highly conserved regions of PB2 of influenza virus, and against the replicase and nucleocapsid genes of SARS-CoV-2, and selected the crRNAs that reduced viral RNA levels most efficiently in cell culture. We delivered polymer-formulated Cas13a mRNA and the validated guides to the respiratory tract using a nebulizer. In mice, Cas13a degraded influenza RNA in lung tissue efficiently when delivered after infection, whereas in hamsters, Cas13a delivery reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication and reduced symptoms. Our findings suggest that Cas13a-mediated targeting of pathogenic viruses can mitigate respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline L Blanchard
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daryll Vanover
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Swapnil Subhash Bawage
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pooja Munnilal Tiwari
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura Rotolo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jared Beyersdorf
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hannah E Peck
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas C Bruno
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert Hincapie
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Frank Michel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Heena Sadhwani
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bob Vanderheyden
- Analytics and Data Science Institute, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - M G Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Margo A Brinton
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chiara Zurla
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Philip J Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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10
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Hoffman RL, Kania RS, Brothers MA, Davies JF, Ferre RA, Gajiwala KS, He M, Hogan RJ, Kozminski K, Li LY, Lockner JW, Lou J, Marra MT, Mitchell LJ, Murray BW, Nieman JA, Noell S, Planken SP, Rowe T, Ryan K, Smith GJ, Solowiej JE, Steppan CM, Taggart B. Discovery of Ketone-Based Covalent Inhibitors of Coronavirus 3CL Proteases for the Potential Therapeutic Treatment of COVID-19. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12725-12747. [PMID: 33054210 PMCID: PMC7571312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 that emerged in 2019 is caused by the virus SARS CoV-2 and named for its close genetic similarity to SARS CoV-1 that caused severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002. Both SARS coronavirus genomes encode two overlapping large polyproteins, which are cleaved at specific sites by a 3C-like cysteine protease (3CLpro) in a post-translational processing step that is critical for coronavirus replication. The 3CLpro sequences for CoV-1 and CoV-2 viruses are 100% identical in the catalytic domain that carries out protein cleavage. A research effort that focused on the discovery of reversible and irreversible ketone-based inhibitors of SARS CoV-1 3CLpro employing ligand-protease structures solved by X-ray crystallography led to the identification of 3 and 4. Preclinical experiments reveal 4 (PF-00835231) as a potent inhibitor of CoV-2 3CLpro with suitable pharmaceutical properties to warrant further development as an intravenous treatment for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Hoffman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Robert S. Kania
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Mary A. Brothers
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Jay F. Davies
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Rose A. Ferre
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Ketan S. Gajiwala
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Mingying He
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Southern Research
Institute, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham,
Alabama 35205 United States
| | - Kirk Kozminski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Lilian Y. Li
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Jonathan W. Lockner
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Jihong Lou
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Michelle T. Marra
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Lennert J. Mitchell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Brion W. Murray
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - James A. Nieman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Stephen Noell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Simon P. Planken
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Southern Research
Institute, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham,
Alabama 35205 United States
| | - Kevin Ryan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - George J. Smith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - James E. Solowiej
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Claire M. Steppan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research
and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San
Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Barbara Taggart
- Southern Research
Institute, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham,
Alabama 35205 United States
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11
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Aschenbroich SA, Lafontaine ER, Lopez MC, Baker HV, Hogan RJ. Transcriptome analysis of human monocytic cells infected with Burkholderia species and exploration of pentraxin-3 as part of the innate immune response against the organisms. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:127. [PMID: 31492148 PMCID: PMC6729079 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Burkholderia mallei (Bm) is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen causing highly-fatal glanders in solipeds and humans. The ability of Bm to thrive intracellularly is thought to be related to exploitation of host immune response-related genes and pathways. Relatively little is known of the molecular strategies employed by this pathogen to modulate these pathways and evade intracellular killing. This manuscript seeks to fill gaps in the understanding of the interface between Bm and innate immunity by examining gene expression changes during infection of host monocytes. Methods The transcriptome of Bm-infected human Mono Mac-6 (MM6) monocytes was profiled on Affymetrix Human Transcriptome GeneChips 2.0. Gene expression changes in Bm-infected monocytes were compared to those of Burkholderia thailandensis (Bt)-infected monocytes and to uninfected monocytes. The resulting dataset was normalized using Robust Multichip Average and subjected to statistical analyses employing a univariate F test with a random variance model. Differentially expressed genes significant at p < 0.001 were subjected to leave-one-out cross-validation studies and 1st and 3rd nearest neighbor prediction model. Significant probe sets were used to populate human pathways in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, with statistical significance determined by Fisher’s exact test or z-score. Results The Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) pathway was represented among significantly enriched immune response-related human canonical pathways, with evidence of upregulation across both infections. Among members of this pathway, pentraxin-3 was significantly upregulated by Bm- or Bt-infected monocytes. Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) was demonstrated to bind to both Bt and Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp), but not Bm. Subsequent assays did not identify a role for PTX3 in potentiating complement-mediated lysis of Bt or in enhancing phagocytosis or replication of Bt in human monocytes. Conclusion We report on the novel binding of PTX3 to Bt and Bp, with lack of interaction with Bm, suggesting that a possible evasive mechanism by Bm warrants further exploration. We determined that (1) PTX3 may not play a role in activating the lytic pathway of complement in different bacterial species and that (2) the opsonophagocytic properties of PTX3 should be investigated in different primary or immortalized cell lines representing host phagocytes, given lack of binding of PTX3 to MM6 monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Aschenbroich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Maria Cecilia Lopez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Henry V Baker
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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12
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Lafontaine ER, Chen Z, Huertas-Diaz MC, Dyke JS, Jelesijevic TP, Michel F, Hogan RJ, He B. The autotransporter protein BatA is a protective antigen against lethal aerosol infection with Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei. Vaccine X 2019; 1:100002. [PMID: 33826684 PMCID: PMC6668238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2018.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei are the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis, respectively. There is no vaccine to protect against these highly-pathogenic and intrinsically antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and there is concern regarding their use as biological warfare agents. For these reasons, B. mallei and B. pseudomallei are classified as Tier 1 organisms by the U.S. Federal Select Agent Program and the availability of effective countermeasures represents a critical unmet need. METHODS Vaccines (subunit and vectored) containing the surface-exposed passenger domain of the conserved Burkholderia autotransporter protein BatA were administered to BALB/c mice and the vaccinated animals were challenged with lethal doses of wild-type B. mallei and B. pseudomallei strains via the aerosol route. Mice were monitored for signs of illness for a period of up to 40 days post-challenge and tissues from surviving animals were analyzed for bacterial burden at study end-points. RESULTS A single dose of recombinant Parainfluenza Virus 5 (PIV5) expressing BatA provided 74% and 60% survival in mice infected with B. mallei and B. pseudomallei, respectively. Vaccination with PIV5-BatA also resulted in complete bacterial clearance from the lungs and spleen of 78% and 44% of animals surviving lethal challenge with B. pseudomallei, respectively. In contrast, all control animals vaccinated with a PIV5 construct expressing an irrelevant antigen and infected with B. pseudomallei were colonized in those tissues. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that the autotransporter BatA is a valuable target for developing countermeasures against B. mallei and B. pseudomallei and demonstrates the utility of the PIV5 viral vaccine delivery platform to elicit cross-protective immunity against the organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Huertas-Diaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jeremy S. Dyke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Tomislav P. Jelesijevic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Frank Michel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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13
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Uhl EW, Osborn ML, Michel F, Jelesijevic T, Hogan RJ. Synonymous Changes in Specific Leucine Codons Impact Morbilliviral Protein Production from Human & Canine Codon Optimized Constructs. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.662.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle L Osborn
- Comparative Biomedical SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLA
| | - Frank Michel
- Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic ImagingUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
| | | | - Robert J Hogan
- Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic ImagingUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
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14
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Uhl EW, Kelderhouse C, Buikstra J, Blick JP, Bolon B, Hogan RJ. New world origin of canine distemper: Interdisciplinary insights. Int J Paleopathol 2019; 24:266-278. [PMID: 30743216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Canine distemper virus (CDV), human measles virus (HMV), and rinderpest virus (RPV) of cattle are morbilliviruses that have caused devastating outbreaks for centuries. This paper seeks to reconstruct the evolutionary history of CDV. MATERIALS AND METHODS An interdisciplinary approach is adopted, synthesizing paleopathological analysis of 96 Pre-Columbian dogs (750-1470 CE) from the Weyanoke Old Town, Virginia site, with historical reports, molecular analysis and morbilliviral epidemiology. RESULTS Both measles (c.900CE) and rinderpest (c. 376 BCE) were first reported in Eurasia, while canine distemper was initially described in South America much later (1735 CE); there are no paleopathological indications of CDV in Weyanoke Old Town dogs. Molecularly, CDV is closely related to HMV, while viral codon usage indicates CDV may have previously infected humans; South American measles epidemics occurred prior to the emergence of canine distemper and would have facilitated HMV transmission and adaptation to dogs. CONCLUSIONS The measles epidemics that decimated indigenous South American populations in the 1500-1700 s likely facilitated the establishment of CDV as a canine pathogen, which eventually spread to Europe and beyond. SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the historical and environmental conditions that have driven morbilliviral evolution provides important insights into potential future threats of animal/human cross-species infections. LIMITATIONS Interpreting historical disease descriptions is difficult and the archaeological specimens are limited. Molecular sequence data and codon usage analyses rely on modern viruses. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Interdisciplinary approaches are increasingly needed to understand diseases of the past and present, as critical information and knowledge is scattered in different disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Uhl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7388, USA.
| | - Charles Kelderhouse
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA, 30602-7388, USA.
| | - Jane Buikstra
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402, USA.
| | - Jeffrey P Blick
- Department of Government and Sociology, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061-0490, USA
| | - Brad Bolon
- Department of Government and Sociology, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061-0490, USA.
| | - Robert J Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7388, USA.
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15
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Wu H, Fan Z, Brandsrud M, Meng Q, Bobbitt M, Regouski M, Stott R, Sweat A, Crabtree J, Hogan RJ, Tripp RA, Wang Z, Polejaeva IA, Sullivan EJ. Generation of H7N9-specific human polyclonal antibodies from a transchromosomic goat (caprine) system. Sci Rep 2019; 9:366. [PMID: 30675003 PMCID: PMC6344498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To address the unmet needs for human polyclonal antibodies both as therapeutics and diagnostic reagents, building upon our previously established transchromosomic (Tc) cattle platform, we report herein the development of a Tc goat system expressing human polyclonal antibodies in their sera. In the Tc goat system, a human artificial chromosome (HAC) comprising the entire human immunoglobulin (Ig) gene repertoire in the germline configuration was introduced into the genetic makeup of the domestic goat. We achieved this by transferring the HAC into goat fetal fibroblast cells followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer for Tc goat production. Gene and protein expression analyses in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the sera, respectively, of Tc caprine demonstrated the successful expression of human Ig genes and antibodies. Furthermore, immunization of Tc caprine with inactivated influenza A (H7N9) viruses followed by H7N9 Hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) boosting elicited human antibodies with high neutralizing activities against H7N9 viruses in vitro. As a small ungulate, Tc caprine offers the advantages of low cost and quick establishment of herds, therefore complementing the Tc cattle platform in responses to a range of medical needs and diagnostic applications where small volumes of human antibody products are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA.,SAB Capra, LLC, Salt Lake City, UT, 84101, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | | | - Qinggang Meng
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | | | - Misha Regouski
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Rusty Stott
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Alexis Sweat
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Jackelyn Crabtree
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zhongde Wang
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
| | - Irina A Polejaeva
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
| | - Eddie J Sullivan
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA. .,SAB Capra, LLC, Salt Lake City, UT, 84101, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively. There is no vaccine to protect against these highly pathogenic bacteria, and there is concern regarding their emergence as global public health (B. pseudomallei) and biosecurity (B. mallei) threats. In this issue of mSphere, an article by Khakhum and colleagues (N. Khakhum, P. Bharaj, J. N. Myers, D. Tapia, et al., mSphere 4:e00570-18, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00570-18) describes a novel vaccination platform with excellent potential for cross-protection against both Burkholderia species. The report also highlights the importance of antibodies in immunity against these facultative intracellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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17
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Shah A, Uhl EW, Osborn ML, Michel F, Hogan RJ. Protein Expression from Measles (MV) L Protein Genes Optimized and Suboptimized to Human and Canine Codon Usage Bias Varies with Construct and Cell Type. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.819.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Frank Michel
- Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic ImagingUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic ImagingUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
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18
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Uhl EW, Osborn ML, Michel F, Jelesijevic T, Hogan RJ. Localized Optimization of Measles Virus (MV) Hemagglutinin (H) Gene to Human Codon Usage Bias Increases Protein Expression. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.819.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank Michel
- Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic ImagingUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
| | | | - Robert J. Hogan
- Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic ImagingUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
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19
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Zimmerman SM, Long ME, Dyke JS, Jelesijevic TP, Michel F, Lafontaine ER, Hogan RJ. Use of Immunohistochemistry to Demonstrate In Vivo Expression of the Burkholderia mallei Virulence Factor BpaB During Experimental Glanders. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:258-267. [PMID: 29145795 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817736113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei causes the highly contagious and debilitating zoonosis glanders, which infects via inhalation or percutaneous inoculation and often culminates in life-threatening pneumonia and sepsis. In humans, glanders is difficult to diagnose and requires prolonged antibiotic therapy with low success rates. No vaccine exists to protect against B. mallei, and there is concern regarding its use as a bioweapon. The authors previously identified the protein BpaB as a potential target for devising therapies due to its role in adherence to host cells and the formation of biofilms in vitro and its contribution to pathogenicity in a mouse model of glanders. In the present study, the authors developed an immunostaining approach to probe tissues of experimentally infected animals and demonstrated that BpaB is produced exclusively in vivo by wild-type B. mallei in target organs from mice and marmosets. They detected the expression of BpaB by B. mallei both extracellularly and within macrophages, neutrophils, and epithelial cells in respiratory tissues (7/10 marmoset; 2/2 mouse). The authors also noted the intracellular expression of BpaB by B. mallei in macrophages in the regional lymph nodes of mice (2/2 tissues) and MALT of marmosets (4/5 tissues). It is interesting that B. mallei bacteria infecting distal organs did not express BpaB (2/2 mice; 3/3 marmosets), suggesting that the protein is not necessary for bacterial fitness in these anatomic locations. These findings underscore the value of BpaB as a target for developing medical countermeasures and provide insight into its role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Zimmerman
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mackenzie E Long
- 2 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy S Dyke
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tomislav P Jelesijevic
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Frank Michel
- 3 Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA.,3 Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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Aschenbroich SA, Lafontaine ER, Hogan RJ. Melioidosis and glanders modulation of the innate immune system: barriers to current and future vaccine approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1163-81. [PMID: 27010618 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1170598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are pathogenic bacteria causing fatal infections in animals and humans. Both organisms are classified as Tier 1 Select Agents owing to their highly fatal nature, potential/prior use as bioweapons, severity of disease via respiratory exposure, intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, and lack of a current vaccine. Disease manifestations range from acute septicemia to chronic infection, wherein the facultative intracellular lifestyle of these organisms promotes persistence within a broad range of hosts. This ability to thrive intracellularly is thought to be related to exploitation of host immune response signaling pathways. There are currently considerable gaps in our understanding of the molecular strategies employed by these pathogens to modulate these pathways and evade intracellular killing. A better understanding of the specific molecular basis for dysregulation of host immune responses by these organisms will provide a stronger platform to identify novel vaccine targets and develop effective countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Aschenbroich
- a Department of Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA.,c Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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Dowling WE, Hogan RJ. Focus on Ebola virus research. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:1-2. [PMID: 25565061 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William E Dowling
- 1 Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Rockville, Maryland
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Zimmerman SM, Michel F, Hogan RJ, Lafontaine ER. The Autotransporter BpaB Contributes to the Virulence of Burkholderia mallei in an Aerosol Model of Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126437. [PMID: 25993100 PMCID: PMC4438868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is a highly pathogenic bacterium that causes the zoonosis glanders. Previous studies indicated that the genome of the organism contains eight genes specifying autotransporter proteins, which are important virulence factors of Gram-negative bacteria. In the present study, we report the characterization of one of these autotransporters, BpaB. Database searches identified the bpaB gene in ten B. mallei isolates and the predicted proteins were 99-100% identical. Comparative sequence analyses indicate that the gene product is a trimeric autotransporter of 1,090 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 105-kDa. Consistent with this finding, we discovered that recombinant bacteria expressing bpaB produce a protein of ≥300-kDa on their surface that is reactive with a BpaB-specific monoclonal antibody. Analysis of sera from mice infected with B. mallei indicated that animals produce antibodies against BpaB during the course of disease, thus establishing production of the autotransporter in vivo. To gain insight on its role in virulence, we inactivated the bpaB gene of B. mallei strain ATCC 23344 and determined the median lethal dose of the mutant in a mouse model of aerosol infection. These experiments revealed that the bpaB mutation attenuates virulence 8-14 fold. Using a crystal violet-based assay, we also discovered that constitutive production of BpaB on the surface of B. mallei promotes biofilm formation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a biofilm factor for this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M. Zimmerman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Frank Michel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kumar S, Driskell EA, Cooley AJ, Jia K, Blackmon S, Wan XF, Uhl EW, Saliki JT, Sanchez S, Krimer PM, Hogan RJ. Fatal Canid Herpesvirus 1 Respiratory Infections in 4 Clinically Healthy Adult Dogs. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:681-7. [PMID: 25358536 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814556190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Four healthy adult dogs (Golden Retrievers aged 6 years and 9 years, Dalmatian aged 13 years, and Mastiff aged 5 years) developed clinical signs of acute respiratory disease and died within 2 to 7 days of onset of clinical signs. The lungs of the 3 dogs submitted for necropsy were diffusely and severely reddened due to hyperemia and hemorrhage. Microscopic lesions in all dogs were suggestive of acute viral or toxic respiratory damage and varied from acute severe fibrinonecrotic or hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia to fibrinous or necrotizing bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Necropsied dogs also had hemorrhagic rhinitis and tracheitis with necrosis. Virus isolation, transmission electron microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction were used to confirm the presence of canid herpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1) in the lung samples of these dogs. Lung tissues were negative for influenza A virus, canine distemper virus, canine parainfluenza virus, canine respiratory coronavirus, and canine adenovirus 2. Canid herpesvirus 1 has been isolated from cases of acute infectious respiratory disease in dogs but has only rarely been associated with fatal primary viral pneumonia in adult dogs. The cases in the current report document lesions observed in association with CaHV-1 in 4 cases of fatal canine herpesvirus pneumonia in adult dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - E A Driskell
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - A J Cooley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - K Jia
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary University, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - S Blackmon
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary University, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - X-F Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary University, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - E W Uhl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J T Saliki
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S Sanchez
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - P M Krimer
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - R J Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Lafontaine ER, Balder R, Michel F, Hogan RJ. Characterization of an autotransporter adhesin protein shared by Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:92. [PMID: 24731253 PMCID: PMC4021183 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autotransporters form a large family of outer membrane proteins specifying diverse biological traits of Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a novel autotransporter gene product of Burkholderia mallei (locus tag BMA1027 in strain ATCC 23344). Results Database searches identified the gene in at least seven B. mallei isolates and the encoded proteins were found to be 84% identical. Inactivation of the gene encoding the autotransporter in the genome of strain ATCC 23344 substantially reduces adherence to monolayers of HEp-2 laryngeal cells and A549 type II pneumocytes, as well as to cultures of normal human bronchial epithelium (NHBE). Consistent with these findings, expression of the autotransporter on the surface of recombinant E. coli bacteria increases adherence to these cell types by 5–7 fold. The gene specifying the autotransporter was identified in the genome of 29 B. pseudomallei isolates and disruption of the gene in strain DD503 reduced adherence to NHBE cultures by 61%. Unlike B. mallei, the mutation did not impair binding of B. pseudomallei to A549 or HEp-2 cells. Analysis of sera from mice infected via the aerosol route with B. mallei and B. pseudomallei revealed that animals inoculated with as few as 10 organisms produce antibodies against the autotransporter, therefore indicating expression in vivo. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that we have identified an autotransporter protein common to the pathogenic species B. mallei and B. pseudomallei which mediates adherence to respiratory epithelial cells and is expressed in vivo during the course of aerosol infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602 Athens, GA, USA.
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Lafontaine ER, Zimmerman SM, Shaffer TL, Michel F, Gao X, Hogan RJ. Use of a safe, reproducible, and rapid aerosol delivery method to study infection by Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76804. [PMID: 24098563 PMCID: PMC3788738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a saprophytic bacterium readily isolated from wet soils of countries bordering the equator. Burkholderia mallei is a host-adapted clone of B. pseudomallei that does not persist outside of its equine reservoir and causes the zoonosis glanders, which is endemic in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and South America. Infection by these organisms typically occurs via percutaneous inoculation or inhalation of aerosols, and the most common manifestation is severe pneumonia leading to fatal bacteremia. Glanders and melioidosis are difficult to diagnose and require prolonged antibiotic therapy with low success rates. There are no vaccines available to protect against either Burkholderia species, and there is concern regarding their use as biological warfare agents given that B. mallei has previously been utilized in this manner. Hence, experiments were performed to establish a mouse model of aerosol infection to study the organisms and develop countermeasures. Using a hand-held aerosolizer, BALB/c mice were inoculated intratracheally with strains B. pseudomallei 1026b and B. mallei ATCC23344 and growth of the agents in the lungs, as well as dissemination to the spleen, were examined. Mice infected with 102, 103 and 104 organisms were unable to control growth of B. mallei in the lungs and bacteria rapidly disseminated to the spleen. Though similar results were observed in mice inoculated with 103 and 104B. pseudomallei cells, animals infected with 102 organisms controlled bacterial replication in the lungs, dissemination to the spleen, and the extent of bacteremia. Analysis of sera from mice surviving acute infection revealed that animals produced antibodies against antigens known to be targets of the immune response in humans. Taken together, these data show that small volume aerosol inoculation of mice results in acute disease, dose-dependent chronic infection, and immune responses that correlate with those seen in human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shawn M. Zimmerman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Teresa L. Shaffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Frank Michel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiudan Gao
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shaffer TL, Balder R, Buskirk SW, Hogan RJ, Lafontaine ER. Use of the Chinchilla model to evaluate the vaccinogenic potential of the Moraxella catarrhalis filamentous hemagglutinin-like proteins MhaB1 and MhaB2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67881. [PMID: 23844117 PMCID: PMC3699455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis causes significant health problems, including 15–20% of otitis media cases in children and ∼10% of respiratory infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The lack of an efficacious vaccine, the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates, and high carriage rates reported in children are cause for concern. In addition, the effectiveness of conjugate vaccines at reducing the incidence of otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae suggest that M. catarrhalis infections may become even more prevalent. Hence, M. catarrhalis is an important and emerging cause of infectious disease for which the development of a vaccine is highly desirable. Studying the pathogenesis of M. catarrhalis and the testing of vaccine candidates have both been hindered by the lack of an animal model that mimics human colonization and infection. To address this, we intranasally infected chinchilla with M. catarrhalis to investigate colonization and examine the efficacy of a protein-based vaccine. The data reveal that infected chinchillas produce antibodies against antigens known to be major targets of the immune response in humans, thus establishing immune parallels between chinchillas and humans during M. catarrhalis infection. Our data also demonstrate that a mutant lacking expression of the adherence proteins MhaB1 and MhaB2 is impaired in its ability to colonize the chinchilla nasopharynx, and that immunization with a polypeptide shared by MhaB1 and MhaB2 elicits antibodies interfering with colonization. These findings underscore the importance of adherence proteins in colonization and emphasize the relevance of the chinchilla model to study M. catarrhalis–host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L. Shaffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rachel Balder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sean W. Buskirk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xu P, Huang Z, Gao X, Michel FJ, Hirsch G, Hogan RJ, Sakamoto K, Ho W, Wu J, He B. Infection of mice, ferrets, and rhesus macaques with a clinical mumps virus isolate. J Virol 2013; 87:8158-68. [PMID: 23678169 PMCID: PMC3700206 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01028-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many mumps outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated populations worldwide. The reasons for these outbreaks are not clear. Animal models are needed to investigate the causes of outbreaks and to understand the pathogenesis of mumps virus (MuV). In this study, we have examined the infection of three animal models with an isolate of mumps virus from a recent outbreak (MuV-IA). We have found that while both ferrets and mice generated humoral and cellular immune responses to MuV-IA infection, no obvious signs of illness were observed in these animals; rhesus macaques were the most susceptible to MuV-IA infection. Infection of rhesus macaques via both intranasal and intratracheal routes with MuV-IA led to the typical clinical signs of mumps 2 weeks to 4 weeks postinfection. However, none of the infected macaques showed any fever or neurologic signs during the experimental period. Mumps viral antigen was detected in parotid glands by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Rhesus macaques represent the best animal model for the study of mumps virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhixiang Huang
- The Center for Animal Experiment ABSL-3 Laboratory, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiudan Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Frank J. Michel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Gwen Hirsch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuchang, People's Republic of China
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Uhl EW, Clarke TJ, Lester C, Hogan RJ. Rats susceptible to virus-induced asthma have a persistent virus-induced change in the predominant pulmonary form of the NF-κB inhibitor IκBα. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:1021-7. [PMID: 20817891 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810382521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Weanling Brown Norway (BN) rats are susceptible to persistent steroid-responsive pulmonary abnormalities following resolution of an acute respiratory virus infection. In contrast, Fischer 344 (F344) rats recover without complications. Previous studies determined that NF-κB activation and subunit composition were markedly different between these 2 rat strains. This study examined whether viral infection also resulted in altered pulmonary expression of IκBα and IκBβ, 2 inhibitory regulators of NF-κB. Western blot analyses of total pulmonary protein extracted from BN and F344 rats at 7, 10, and 14 days after inoculation (n = 5 per group) did not reveal virus-induced differences in IκBβ expression. In contrast, a lower molecular weight form of IκBα appeared in the BN rats at 14 days postinfection, and it was still present at 21 days after infection (n = 5 per group). The change in IκBα expression observed in the susceptible BN but not the resistant F344 animals occurs when the epithelium is proliferating during the repair phase, and it correlates with the development of the persistent virus-induced airway inflammation and pulmonary functional abnormalities. These results further implicate differential regulation of NF-κB in the pathogenesis of virus-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Uhl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7388 , USA.
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Dlugolenski D, Hauck R, Hogan RJ, Michel F, Mundt E. Production of H5-specific monoclonal antibodies and the development of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of H5 antibodies in multiple species. Avian Dis 2010; 54:644-9. [PMID: 20521708 DOI: 10.1637/8683-030909-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The hemagglutinin gene of an avian influenza virus (AIV) A/duck/NC/674964/07 (H5N2) was cloned and expressed in a baculovirus system (H5-Bac). In parallel, a recombinant hemagglutinin of A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) was expressed in mammalian cells, purified, and used for generation of H5-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAb). The purified H5-Bac was used to develop a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) to detect H5 antibodies in a species-independent approach using one of the established H5-specific MAbs as the competitor antibody. The cELISA performed with influenza antibody-free sera or with sera of animals infected with other than H5-encoding AIV showed no significant inhibition of H5-MAb binding, indicating high test specificity. In contrast, sera of poultry (chickens, turkeys, ducks) experimentally infected with H5-encoding AIV were able to significantly inhibit the binding of the MAb in a species-independent approach. Comparison of the results of the cELISA with results obtained by a hemagglutination inhibition assay showed a gradient of the sensitivity (turkeys > ducks > chicken). The described results show that H5-specific antibodies in sera can be detected in a species-independent approach by using a recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dlugolenski
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Uhl EW, Harvey SB, Michel F, Perozo Y, Gabbard J, Tompkins SM, Hogan RJ. Immunogenicity of avian H5N1 influenza virus recombinant vaccines in cats. Viral Immunol 2010; 23:221-6. [PMID: 20374002 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Confirmed reports of large domesticated cats becoming infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus have raised questions about both the risk of infection for these animals, and their potential as vector or reservoir hosts in an influenza pandemic. With this in mind, we examined the immunogenicity of the hemagglutinin (HA) of H5N1 strain A/Vietnam/1203/04 using several different vaccination strategies. Data from ELISA assays showed that vaccination with a single dose of recombinant H5 HA protein induces a robust antibody response against both whole inactivated virus and recombinant HA antigen. Moreover, a single dose of the recombinant H5 HA protein induced hemagglutination inhibition titers >or=40, which is indicative of protective immunization. Cats receiving the IND H5N1 vaccine required two doses before similar H5 HA-specific antibody titers were observed, and despite boosting, these animals had HIA titers that were lower than or equivalent to those in the group receiving one injection of recombinant protein. In contrast, cats vaccinated with plasmid DNA encoding HA failed to develop HA-specific antibody responses above those seen in cohorts receiving an unrelated control plasmid. The results of this study indicate that recombinant H5 HA protein-based vaccines can rapidly induce high serum antibody titers, and may be more effective than either inactivated influenza virus or DNA vaccines in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Uhl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Uhl EW, Tompkins SM, Harvey SB, Gabbard J, Michel F, Perozo Y, Hogan RJ. Immunogenicity of Avian H5N1 Influenza Virus Recombinant Vaccines in Cats. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.422.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Frank Michel
- Anatomy and RadiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
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Uhl EW, Clarke TJ, Hogan RJ. Differential expression of nuclear factor-kappaB mediates increased pulmonary expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and virus-induced asthma. Viral Immunol 2009; 22:79-89. [PMID: 19326995 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2008.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with respiratory pathogens such as respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus have been associated with the development of long-term chronic airway disease. To better understand the events responsible for this clinical outcome, a rodent model of virus-induced chronic airway disease has been characterized. Upon infection with Sendai virus (parainfluenza virus type-1), Brown Norway (BN) rats develop an asthma-like clinical syndrome, while Fischer 344 (F344) rats fully recover. Our previous studies demonstrated that after infection, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expression is substantially higher in BN rats compared to F344 rats, and this may at least partially mediate the virus-induced airway abnormalities. To investigate the underlying mechanism(s) for the increased TNF-alpha expression, the role of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), an important regulator of TNF-alpha gene transcription, was examined. Supershift electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) indicate that normal F344 rats predominantly express the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB in the lungs, and virus infection temporarily increases expression of the p50 subunit. In contrast, normal BN rats have higher expression of the p50 subunit in the pulmonary tract. Upon infection, p50-subunit expression in BN rats increases to levels higher than those observed in virus-infected F344 rats. Interestingly, treatment of infected BN rats with dexamethasone at doses known to prevent virus-induced airway abnormalities increases pulmonary expression of the p65 subunit, and decreases TNF-alpha mRNA levels in the lungs. Furthermore, direct inhibition of TNF-alpha also increases pulmonary expression of p65 in virus-infected BN, but not F344, rats. Taken together, these results suggest that differential expression of NF-kappaB subunits may play an important role in the development of post-viral chronic airway abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Uhl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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Harrison RG, Heath AM, Hogan RJ, Rogers GW. Comparison of balloon-carried atmospheric motion sensors with Doppler lidar turbulence measurements. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:026108. [PMID: 19256683 DOI: 10.1063/1.3086432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic sensors have been added to a standard weather balloon radiosonde package to detect motion in turbulent air. These measure the terrestrial magnetic field and return data over the standard uhf radio telemetry. Variability in the magnetic sensor data is caused by motion of the instrument package. A series of radiosonde ascents carrying these sensors has been made near a Doppler lidar measuring atmospheric properties. Lidar-retrieved quantities include vertical velocity (w) profile and its standard deviation (sigma(w)). sigma(w) determined over 1 h is compared with the radiosonde motion variability at the same heights. Vertical motion in the radiosonde is found to be robustly increased when sigma(w)>0.75 m s(-1) and is linearly proportional to sigma(w).
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Harrison
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, P.O. Box 243, Earley Gate, Reading, Berks. RG6 6BB, United Kingdom.
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Subramanian GM, Moore PA, Gowen BB, Olsen AL, Barnard DL, Paragas J, Hogan RJ, Sidwell RW. Potent in vitro activity of the albumin fusion type 1 interferons (albumin-interferon-alpha and albumin-interferon-beta) against RNA viral agents of bioterrorism and the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus. Chemotherapy 2008; 54:176-80. [PMID: 18560223 DOI: 10.1159/000140361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The type 1 interferons (INF-alpha and INF-beta) are potent antiviral agents. Albumin-INF-alpha and albumin-INF-beta are novel recombinant proteins consisting of IFN-alpha or IFN-beta genetically fused to human albumin. METHODS The in vitro antiviral activity of albumin-IFN-alpha was evaluated against representative bioterrorism viral agents and the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. Antiviral activity was assessed using inhibition of cytopathic effect and neutral red staining. RESULTS EC(50) values for albumin-IFN-alpha ranged from <0.1 ng/ml for Punta Toro virus to 65 ng/ml for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in the neutral red assay. Albumin-IFN-beta showed 75- and 360-fold greater in vitro activity than albumin-IFN-alpha against Ebola virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome, respectively. CONCLUSION Further evaluation of these long-acting albumin-IFN fusion proteins as prophylactic or therapeutic agents against these viral agents of bioterrorism in relevant primate models is warranted.
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Harrison RG, Rogers GW, Hogan RJ. A three-dimensional magnetometer for motion sensing of a balloon-carried atmospheric measurement package. Rev Sci Instrum 2007; 78:124501. [PMID: 18163738 DOI: 10.1063/1.2815349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An instrument is described which carries three orthogonal geomagnetic field sensors on a standard meteorological balloon package, to sense rapid motion and position changes during ascent through the atmosphere. Because of the finite data bandwidth available over the UHF radio link, a burst sampling strategy is adopted. Bursts of 9 s of measurements at 3.6 Hz are interleaved with periods of slow data telemetry lasting 25 s. Calculation of the variability in each channel is used to determine position changes, a method robust to periods of poor radio signals. During three balloon ascents, variability was found repeatedly at similar altitudes, simultaneously in each of three orthogonal sensors carried. This variability is attributed to atmospheric motions. It is found that the vertical sensor is least prone to stray motions, and that the use of two horizontal sensors provides no additional information over a single horizontal sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Harrison
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, P.O. Box 243, Earley Gate, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6BB, United Kingdom.
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Tompkins SM, Zhao ZS, Lo CY, Misplon JA, Liu T, Ye Z, Hogan RJ, Wu Z, Benton KA, Tumpey TM, Epstein SL. Matrix protein 2 vaccination and protection against influenza viruses, including subtype H5N1. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:426-35. [PMID: 17552096 PMCID: PMC2725899 DOI: 10.3201/eid1303.061125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination of mice with influenza matrix protein 2 induced cross-reactive antibody responses. Changes in influenza viruses require regular reformulation of strain-specific influenza vaccines. Vaccines based on conserved antigens provide broader protection. Influenza matrix protein 2 (M2) is highly conserved across influenza A subtypes. To evaluate its efficacy as a vaccine candidate, we vaccinated mice with M2 peptide of a widely shared consensus sequence. This vaccination induced antibodies that cross-reacted with divergent M2 peptide from an H5N1 subtype. A DNA vaccine expressing full-length consensus-sequence M2 (M2-DNA) induced M2-specific antibody responses and protected against challenge with lethal influenza. Mice primed with M2-DNA and then boosted with recombinant adenovirus expressing M2 (M2-Ad) had enhanced antibody responses that cross-reacted with human and avian M2 sequences and induced T-cell responses. This M2 prime-boost vaccination conferred broad protection against challenge with lethal influenza A, including an H5N1 strain. Vaccination with M2, with key sequences represented, may provide broad protection against influenza A.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Female
- Genes, Viral
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Immunization Schedule
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Ion Channels/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/blood
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
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Kobinger GP, Figueredo JM, Rowe T, Zhi Y, Gao G, Sanmiguel JC, Bell P, Wivel NA, Zitzow LA, Flieder DB, Hogan RJ, Wilson JM. Adenovirus-based vaccine prevents pneumonia in ferrets challenged with the SARS coronavirus and stimulates robust immune responses in macaques. Vaccine 2007; 25:5220-31. [PMID: 17559989 PMCID: PMC7115643 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A ferret model of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV infection was used to evaluate the efficacy of an adenovirus vaccine. Animals were subjected to heterologous prime-boost using vectors from human serotype 5 and chimpanzee derived adenoviruses (human AdHu5 and chimpanzee AdC7) expressing spike protein followed by intranasal challenge with SARS-CoV. Vaccination led to a substantial reduction in viral load and prevented the severe pneumonia seen in unvaccinated animals. The same prime-boost strategy was effective in rhesus macaques in eliciting SARS-CoV specific immune responses. These data indicate that a heterologous adenovirus-based prime-boost vaccine strategy could safely stimulate strong immunity that may be needed for complete protection against SARS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P. Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Health Canada, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Joanita M. Figueredo
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Emerging Pathogens Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yan Zhi
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julio C. Sanmiguel
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Bell
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nelson A. Wivel
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lois A. Zitzow
- Emerging Pathogens Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Douglas B. Flieder
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Emerging Pathogens Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James M. Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corresponding author at: 125 South 31st Street, TRL, Suite 2000, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA. Tel.: +1 215 898 0226; fax: +1 215 898 6588.
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38
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Dowling W, Thompson E, Badger C, Mellquist JL, Garrison AR, Smith JM, Paragas J, Hogan RJ, Schmaljohn C. Influences of glycosylation on antigenicity, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of ebola virus GP DNA vaccines. J Virol 2006; 81:1821-37. [PMID: 17151111 PMCID: PMC1797596 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02098-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) envelope glycoprotein (GP) is the primary target of protective immunity. Mature GP consists of two disulfide-linked subunits, GP1 and membrane-bound GP2. GP is highly glycosylated with both N- and O-linked carbohydrates. We measured the influences of GP glycosylation on antigenicity, immunogenicity, and protection by testing DNA vaccines comprised of GP genes with deleted N-linked glycosylation sites or with deletions in the central hypervariable mucin region. We showed that mutation of one of the two N-linked GP2 glycosylation sites was highly detrimental to the antigenicity and immunogenicity of GP. Our data indicate that this is likely due to the inability of GP2 and GP1 to dimerize at the cell surface and suggest that glycosylation at this site is required for achieving the conformational integrity of GP2 and GP1. In contrast, mutation of two N-linked sites on GP1, which flank previously defined protective antibody epitopes on GP, may enhance immunogenicity, possibly by unmasking epitopes. We further showed that although deleting the mucin region apparently had no effect on antigenicity in vitro, it negatively impacted the elicitation of protective immunity in mice. In addition, we confirmed the presence of previously identified B-cell and T-cell epitopes in GP but show that when analyzed individually none of them were neither absolutely required nor sufficient for protective immunity to EBOV. Finally, we identified other potential regions of GP that may contain relevant antibody or T-cell epitopes.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Ebola Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Ebolavirus/genetics
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Glycosylation
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Injections, Jet
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mucins/metabolism
- Neutralization Tests
- Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Point Mutation
- Sequence Alignment
- Species Specificity
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- William Dowling
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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39
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40
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See RH, Zakhartchouk AN, Petric M, Lawrence DJ, Mok CPY, Hogan RJ, Rowe T, Zitzow LA, Karunakaran KP, Hitt MM, Graham FL, Prevec L, Mahony JB, Sharon C, Auperin TC, Rini JM, Tingle AJ, Scheifele DW, Skowronski DM, Patrick DM, Voss TG, Babiuk LA, Gauldie J, Roper RL, Brunham RC, Finlay BB. Comparative evaluation of two severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) vaccine candidates in mice challenged with SARS coronavirus. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:641-650. [PMID: 16476986 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) vaccine strategies were evaluated for their ability to protect against live SARS coronavirus (CoV) challenge in a murine model of infection. A whole killed (inactivated by beta-propiolactone) SARS-CoV vaccine and a combination of two adenovirus-based vectors, one expressing the nucleocapsid (N) and the other expressing the spike (S) protein (collectively designated Ad S/N), were evaluated for the induction of serum neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses and their ability to protect against pulmonary SARS-CoV replication. The whole killed virus (WKV) vaccine given subcutaneously to 129S6/SvEv mice was more effective than the Ad S/N vaccine administered either intranasally or intramuscularly in inhibiting SARS-CoV replication in the murine respiratory tract. This protective ability of the WKV vaccine correlated with the induction of high serum neutralizing-antibody titres, but not with cellular immune responses as measured by gamma interferon secretion by mouse splenocytes. Titres of serum neutralizing antibodies induced by the Ad S/N vaccine administered intranasally or intramuscularly were significantly lower than those induced by the WKV vaccine. However, Ad S/N administered intranasally, but not intramuscularly, significantly limited SARS-CoV replication in the lungs. Among the vaccine groups, SARS-CoV-specific IgA was found only in the sera of mice immunized intranasally with Ad S/N, suggesting that mucosal immunity may play a role in protection for the intranasal Ad S/N delivery system. Finally, the sera of vaccinated mice contained antibodies to S, further suggesting a role for this protein in conferring protective immunity against SARS-CoV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Female
- Immunoglobulin A/blood
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Neutralization Tests
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/genetics
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/chemistry
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond H See
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Alexander N Zakhartchouk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Martin Petric
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - David J Lawrence
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Catherine P Y Mok
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Robert J Hogan
- Emerging Pathogens Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Emerging Pathogens Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Lois A Zitzow
- Emerging Pathogens Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Karuna P Karunakaran
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Mary M Hitt
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Frank L Graham
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Ludvik Prevec
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - James B Mahony
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Chetna Sharon
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Thierry C Auperin
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - James M Rini
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Aubrey J Tingle
- Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research, Vancouver, BC V6H 3X8, Canada
| | - David W Scheifele
- Vaccine Evaluation Centre, British Columbia Institute for Children's and Women's Health, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Danuta M Skowronski
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - David M Patrick
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Thomas G Voss
- Emerging Pathogens Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Lorne A Babiuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Jack Gauldie
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Rachel L Roper
- Brody School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Robert C Brunham
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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41
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Olinger GG, Bailey MA, Dye JM, Bakken R, Kuehne A, Kondig J, Wilson J, Hogan RJ, Hart MK. Protective cytotoxic T-cell responses induced by venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons expressing Ebola virus proteins. J Virol 2006; 79:14189-96. [PMID: 16254354 PMCID: PMC1280180 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.22.14189-14196.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Ebola virus causes a severe disease accompanied by high mortality rates, and there are no licensed vaccines or therapies available for human use. Filovirus vaccine research efforts still need to determine the roles of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in protection from Ebola virus infection. Previous studies indicated that exposure to Ebola virus proteins expressed from packaged Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons elicited protective immunity in mice and that antibody-mediated protection could only be demonstrated after vaccination against the glycoprotein. In this study, the murine CD8(+) T-cell responses to six Ebola virus proteins were examined. CD8(+) T cells specific for Ebola virus glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, and viral proteins (VP24, VP30, VP35, and VP40) were identified by intracellular cytokine assays using splenocytes from vaccinated mice. The cells were expanded by restimulation with peptides and demonstrated cytolytic activity. Adoptive transfer of the CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells protected filovirus naïve mice from challenge with Ebola virus. These data support a role for CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells as part of a protective mechanism induced by vaccination against six Ebola virus proteins and provide additional evidence that cytotoxic T-cell responses can contribute to protection from filovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene G Olinger
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA
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42
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Rowe T, Gao G, Hogan RJ, Crystal RG, Voss TG, Grant RL, Bell P, Kobinger GP, Wivel NA, Wilson JM. Macaque model for severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Virol 2004; 78:11401-4. [PMID: 15452262 PMCID: PMC521815 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.20.11401-11404.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques were challenged with 10(7) PFU of a clinical isolate of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus. Some of the animals developed a mild self-limited respiratory infection very different from that observed in humans with SARS. The macaque model as it currently exists will have limited utility in the study of SARS and the evaluation of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rowe
- 204 Wistar, 3601 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104.
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43
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Hogan RJ, Gao G, Rowe T, Bell P, Flieder D, Paragas J, Kobinger GP, Wivel NA, Crystal RG, Boyer J, Feldmann H, Voss TG, Wilson JM. Resolution of primary severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection requires Stat1. J Virol 2004; 78:11416-21. [PMID: 15452265 PMCID: PMC521834 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.20.11416-11421.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal inhalation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV) in the immunocompetent mouse strain 129SvEv resulted in infection of conducting airway epithelial cells followed by rapid clearance of virus from the lungs and the development of self-limited bronchiolitis. Animals resistant to the effects of interferons by virtue of a deficiency in Stat1 demonstrated a markedly different course following intranasal inhalation of SARS CoV, one characterized by replication of virus in lungs and progressively worsening pulmonary disease with inflammation of small airways and alveoli and systemic spread of the virus to livers and spleens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hogan
- Department of Homeland Security, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
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44
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Zhou T, Wang H, Luo D, Rowe T, Wang Z, Hogan RJ, Qiu S, Bunzel RJ, Huang G, Mishra V, Voss TG, Kimberly R, Luo M. An exposed domain in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein induces neutralizing antibodies. J Virol 2004; 78:7217-26. [PMID: 15194798 PMCID: PMC421657 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.13.7217-7226.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposed epitopes of the spike protein may be recognized by neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV). A protein fragment (S-II) containing predicted epitopes of the spike protein was expressed in Escherichia coli. The properly refolded protein fragment specifically bound to the surface of Vero cells. Monoclonal antibodies raised against this fragment recognized the native spike protein of SARS CoV in both monomeric and trimeric forms. These monoclonal antibodies were capable of blocking S-II attachment to Vero cells and exhibited in vitro antiviral activity. These neutralizing antibodies mapped to epitopes in two peptides, each comprising 20 amino acids. Thus, this region of the spike protein might be a target for generation of therapeutic neutralizing antibodies against SARS CoV and for vaccine development to elicit protective humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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45
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Shaw BM, Hogan RJ. Orthodontic and cosmetic dental masking of avulsed maxillary central incisors. N Y State Dent J 2003; 69:22-3. [PMID: 14974188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Maxillary central incisors were avulsed and fractured to the extent that they were nonrestorable and unable to be reimplanted. Orthodontic treatment was advised to center and advance the lateral incisors so they could be cosmetically enlarged to replace the central incisors.
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46
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Cauley LS, Cookenham T, Hogan RJ, Crowe SR, Woodland DL. Renewal of peripheral CD8+ memory T cells during secondary viral infection of antibody-sufficient mice. J Immunol 2003; 170:5597-606. [PMID: 12759439 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic studies and short pulses of injected 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine have been used to analyze the development and renewal of peripheral CD8(+) memory T cells in the lungs during primary and secondary respiratory virus infections. We show that developing peripheral CD8(+) memory T cells proliferate during acute viral infection with kinetics that are indistinguishable from those of lymphoid CD8(+) memory T cells. Secondary exposure to the same virus induces a new round of T cell proliferation and extensive renewal of the peripheral and lymphoid CD8(+) memory T cell pools in both B cell-deficient mice and mice with immune Abs. In mice with virus-specific Abs, CD8(+) T cell proliferation takes place with minimal inflammation or effector cell recruitment to the lungs. The delayed arrival of CD8(+) memory T cells to the lungs of these animals suggests that developing memory cells do not require the same inflammatory signals as effector cells to reach the lung airways. These studies provide important new insight into mechanisms that control the maintenance and renewal of peripheral memory T cell populations during natural infections.
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47
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Hogan RJ, Cauley LS, Ely KH, Cookenham T, Roberts AD, Brennan JW, Monard S, Woodland DL. Long-term maintenance of virus-specific effector memory CD8+ T cells in the lung airways depends on proliferation. J Immunol 2002; 169:4976-81. [PMID: 12391211 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.4976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that virus-specific effector memory T cells can be recovered from the lung airways long after clearance of a respiratory virus infection. These cells are thought to play an important role in the recall response to secondary viral infection. It is currently unclear whether these cells actually persist at this site or are maintained by continual proliferation and recruitment. In this study, we have analyzed the mechanisms underlying the persistence of memory CD8(+) T cells in the lung airway lumina following recovery from a respiratory virus infection. The data identify two distinct populations of memory cells. First, a large population Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells is deposited in the airways during the acute response to the virus. These cells persist in a functional state for several weeks with minimal further division. Second, a smaller population of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells is maintained in the lung airways by homeostatic proliferation and migration to lung airways after viral clearance. This rate of proliferation is identical to that observed in the spleen, suggesting that these cells may be recent immigrants from the lymphoid organs. These data have significant implications for vaccines designed to promote cellular immunity at mucosal sites such as the lung.
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48
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Lund FE, Partida-Sánchez S, Lee BO, Kusser KL, Hartson L, Hogan RJ, Woodland DL, Randall TD. Lymphotoxin-alpha-deficient mice make delayed, but effective, T and B cell responses to influenza. J Immunol 2002; 169:5236-43. [PMID: 12391242 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.5236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphotoxin-alpha(-/-) (LTalpha(-/-)) mice are thought to be unable to generate effective T and B cell responses. This is attributed to the lack of lymph nodes and the disrupted splenic architecture of these mice. However, despite these defects we found that LTalpha(-/-) mice could survive infection with a virulent influenza A virus. LTalpha(-/-) mice and normal wild-type mice infected with influenza A generated similar numbers of influenza-specific CD8 T cells that were able to produce IFN-gamma and kill target cells presenting influenza peptides. Furthermore influenza-infected LTalpha(-/-) mice produced high titers of influenza-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA. However, both CD8 and B cell immune responses were delayed in LTalpha(-/-) mice by 2-3 days. The delayed cellular and humoral immune response was sufficient to mediate viral clearance in LTalpha(-/-) mice that were infected with relatively low doses of influenza virus. However, when LTalpha(-/-) mice were infected with larger doses of influenza, they succumbed to infection before the immune response was initiated. These results demonstrate that neither LTalpha nor constitutively organized lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes and spleen, are absolutely required for the generation of effective immunity against the respiratory virus influenza A. However, the presence of LTalpha and/or lymph nodes does accelerate the initiation of immune responses, which leads to protection from larger doses of virus.
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Scherr PA, Hogan RJ, Oliver JP. Correlation of lithium-7 chemical shifts of organolithium derivatives with structural effects. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00826a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Respiratory virus infections, such as those caused by influenza and parainfluenza viruses, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current vaccines against these pathogens rely on the induction of humoral immune responses that target viral coat proteins. Although this type of immunity provides solid protection against homologous virus strains, it is ineffective against heterologous virus strains that express serologically distinct coat proteins. In contrast, cellular immune responses can target internal antigens that are shared between heterologous viral strains. This form of immunity, sometimes referred to as heterosubtypic immunity, can mediate a substantial degree of protection. Thus, vaccines that emphasize cellular immune responses would be a valuable complement to available humoral vaccines. However, we only have a rudimentary understanding of which T cell subsets mediate protective immunity, how T cell memory is established and maintained, how that memory is recalled in a secondary infection, and why cellular immunity wanes rapidly with time. Here we review the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the recall response to influenza and parainfluenza viruses. In particular we focus on the recent observation that substantial numbers of memory T cells are established in the lung tissues and discuss the potential role of these cells in mediating a recall response. A thorough understanding of the cellular immune response to infection in the lungs is essential for future vaccine development.
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