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Camus MS, Priest HL, Koehler JW, Driskell EA, Rakich PM, Ilha MR, Krimer PM. Cytologic Criteria for Mast Cell Tumor Grading in Dogs With Evaluation of Clinical Outcome. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:1117-1123. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985816638721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 2-tiered histologic grading scheme for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) is based on morphologic characteristics of neoplastic cells, including karyomegaly, multinucleation, nuclear pleomorphism, and mitotic figures. Aspirates from MCTs may provide the same information more quickly, inexpensively, and less invasively. This study used these criteria to develop a cytologic grading scheme for canine MCTs to predict outcome. Three anatomic pathologists graded histologic samples from 152 canine MCTs. Three clinical pathologists evaluated aspirates from these masses using similar criteria. A cytologic grading scheme was created based on correlation with histologic grade and evaluated with a kappa statistic. Survival was evaluated with Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios for tumor grades and individual grading components. Simple logistic regression tested for relationships between risk factors and mortality. The cytologic grading scheme that best correlated with histology (kappa = 0.725 ± 0.085) classified a tumor as high grade if it was poorly granulated or had at least 2 of 4 findings: mitotic figures, binucleated or multinucleated cells, nuclear pleomorphism, or >50% anisokaryosis. The cytologic grading scheme had 88% sensitivity and 94% specificity relative to histologic grading. Dogs with histologic and cytologic high grade MCTs were 39 times and 25 times more likely to die within the 2-year follow-up period, respectively, than dogs with low grade MCTs. High tumor grade was associated with increased probability of additional tumors or tumor regrowth. This study concluded that cytologic grade is a useful predictor for treatment planning and prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Camus
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - H. L. Priest
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - J. W. Koehler
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - E. A. Driskell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - P. M. Rakich
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - M. R. Ilha
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - P. M. Krimer
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Kumar S, Driskell EA, Cooley AJ, Jia K, Blackmon S, Wan XF, Uhl EW, Saliki JT, Sanchez S, Krimer PM, Hogan RJ. Fatal Canid Herpesvirus 1 Respiratory Infections in 4 Clinically Healthy Adult Dogs. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:681-7. [PMID: 25358536 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814556190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Four healthy adult dogs (Golden Retrievers aged 6 years and 9 years, Dalmatian aged 13 years, and Mastiff aged 5 years) developed clinical signs of acute respiratory disease and died within 2 to 7 days of onset of clinical signs. The lungs of the 3 dogs submitted for necropsy were diffusely and severely reddened due to hyperemia and hemorrhage. Microscopic lesions in all dogs were suggestive of acute viral or toxic respiratory damage and varied from acute severe fibrinonecrotic or hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia to fibrinous or necrotizing bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Necropsied dogs also had hemorrhagic rhinitis and tracheitis with necrosis. Virus isolation, transmission electron microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction were used to confirm the presence of canid herpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1) in the lung samples of these dogs. Lung tissues were negative for influenza A virus, canine distemper virus, canine parainfluenza virus, canine respiratory coronavirus, and canine adenovirus 2. Canid herpesvirus 1 has been isolated from cases of acute infectious respiratory disease in dogs but has only rarely been associated with fatal primary viral pneumonia in adult dogs. The cases in the current report document lesions observed in association with CaHV-1 in 4 cases of fatal canine herpesvirus pneumonia in adult dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - E A Driskell
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - A J Cooley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - K Jia
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary University, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - S Blackmon
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary University, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - X-F Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary University, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - E W Uhl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J T Saliki
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S Sanchez
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - P M Krimer
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - R J Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease, which is mainly characterized by lameness in dogs. More than 95% of naturally infected dogs are asymptomatic or subclinical; however, in experimental studies, histologic synovial lesions are consistently observed in asymptomatic dogs inoculated with B. burdgorferi. This study investigates the ability of a synovial histopathologic scoring system, clinicopathologic data, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing to differentiate between B. burgdorferi–infected and uninfected dogs. Eighteen 18-week-old beagles were subject to challenge with B. burgdorferi–infected wild-caught ticks ( Ixodes scapularis), and 4 uninfected dogs served as controls. Infection was confirmed by serology (ELISA) and PCR amplification of B. burgdorferi–specific DNA of skin biopsies taken at the tick attachment site. A synovial scoring system from human medicine was adapted and implemented on postmortem synovial samples to discriminate infected and noninfected animals. Application of this system to elbows and stifles with a cumulative joint score cutoff > 4 showed a sensitivity of 88.2% and a specificity of 100%, with a positive likelihood ratio of infinity and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.12. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, urine protein:creatinine, urine PCR, synovial and lymph node cytology, and synovial PCR were evaluated but were not reliable indicators of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Susta
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - E. W. Uhl
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | | | - P. M. Krimer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Camus MS, Krimer PM, LeRoy BE, Almy FS. Evaluation of the Positive Predictive Value of Serum Protein Electrophoresis Beta–Gamma Bridging for Hepatic Disease in Three Domestic Animal Species. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:1064-70. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810375946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Beta–gamma bridging (β-γ bridging) on serum protein electrophoresis is touted as being virtually pathognomonic for hepatic disease. However, the criteria for β-γ bridging are not defined, and few publications support a relationship between β-γ bridging and liver disease. The goal of this retrospective study was to evaluate the prevalence of hepatic pathology in animals with β-γ bridging. All serum protein electrophoretograms from clinical patients generated at the University of Georgia between 1994 and 2008 were evaluated for the presence of β-γ bridging, defined as (1) an albumin:globulin ratio below the reference interval; (2) indistinct separation between all β and γ globulin fractions or between the β2 and γ fractions, with a negative shoulder slope of < 5%; and (3) predominance of γ proteins versus β proteins. Of the 237 electrophoretograms examined, 25 (11 dogs, 11 cats, 3 horses) met the inclusion criteria for β-γ bridging. Patients were classified into disease categories on the basis of biochemical, cytologic, and/or histologic findings. Positive predictive values of β-γ bridging for hepatic and infectious diseases were determined with a one-sided exact binomial test. Of 25 animals, 8 had evidence for hepatic disease, whereas 9 had infectious diseases. As such, the positive predictive value of β-γ bridging for hepatic disease was 32.0%, with a 95% confidence interval of 15.0% to 53.5% ( P < .001), whereas for infectious disease, the positive predictive value was 36.0%, with a similar confidence interval. Beta–gamma bridging is not pathognomonic for liver diseases and is as frequently found with infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - P. M. Krimer
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - B. E. LeRoy
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - F. S. Almy
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Abstract
This report describes the signalment, clinical findings, gross appearance, histological and immunohistochemical characteristics, and behavior of 39 cases of canine synovial myxoma. Large-breed middle-aged dogs—especially, Doberman Pinschers and Labrador Retrievers—were most commonly affected. The stifle and digit were the most common sites. Grossly, the tumors were composed of gelatinous nodules that often filled the joint cavity and exuded viscous fluid on cut section. In 12 cases (31%), radiographic bony lysis or grossly invasive growth was noted clinically. Histologically, the nodules were sparsely cellular and composed of stellate to spindle cells suspended in an abundant myxomatous matrix. By immunohistochemistry, the cells were positive for vimentin, heat shock protein 25, and cadherin 11 and negative for cytokeratin and S100 protein; some cells (20–40%) were positive for CD18. Affected dogs had long survival times (average, 2.5 years), even with incomplete excision of the tumor. Three cases had local recurrence, but none metastasized or directly resulted in death. Canine synovial myxoma is a histologically distinctive tumor with a good prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. E. Craig
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - P. M. Krimer
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - A. J. Cooley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Starkville, Mississippi
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Krimer PM, Harvey SB, Blas-Machado U, Lauderdale JD, Moore PA. Reversible Fibroadenomatous Mammary Hyperplasia in Male and Female New Zealand White Rabbits Associated with Cyclosporine A Administration. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:1144-8. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0314-k-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
All male and female New Zealand white rabbits in a limbal cell graft study developed marked generalized mammary gland hypertrophy. Postprocedural medications included ophthalmic 0.1% dexamethasone, ophthalmic 0.5% cyclosporine, and subcutaneous cyclosporine A. Cytologic examination revealed epithelial clusters with minimal malignant criteria. On histologic evaluation, there was diffuse glandular hyperplasia with mild cellular atypia and ductal ectasia separated by abundant hypercellular fibrous stroma, consistent with fibroadenomatous mammary gland hyperplasia. The hyperplasia resolved within 2 weeks of cessation of cyclosporine, and at necropsy identifiable mammary masses were not found. Very little has been reported about the use of cyclosporine in laboratory rabbits and its association with development of mammary gland hyperplasia. This is the first report in which administration of cyclosporine to male and female rabbits at a dose as low as 5 mg/kg/day induced benign fibroadenomatous mammary gland hyperplasia. This change regressed after cessation of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Krimer
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA
| | - S. B. Harvey
- Department of Population Health and University Research Animal Resources, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA
| | - U. Blas-Machado
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA
| | - J. D. Lauderdale
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - P. A. Moore
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA
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