1
|
de Carvalho JRG, Del Puppo D, Littiere TDO, de Sales NAA, Silva ACY, Ribeiro G, de Almeida FN, Alves BG, Gatto IRH, Ramos GV, Ferraz GDC. Functional infrared thermography imaging can be used to assess the effectiveness of Maxicam Gel ® in pre-emptively treating transient synovitis and lameness in horses. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1399815. [PMID: 38919154 PMCID: PMC11197459 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1399815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diagnosing and treating lameness in horses is essential to improving their welfare. In equine orthopedic practice, infrared thermography (IRT) can indirectly detect soreness. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can treat painful and inflammatory processes in horses. Using IRT, the efficacy of meloxicam (Maxicam Gel®) was evaluated in pre-treating transient synovitis in horses induced by a middle carpal joint injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from E. coli 055:B5 at a dose of 10 endotoxin units. Methods In a cross-over design, six healthy horses were randomly assigned to receive either 0.6 mg/kg of oral Maxicam Gel® (MAXVO) or a mock administration (control group, C) following a two-week washout period. IRT of the middle carpal joint, visual lameness assessment and joint circumference were recorded over time. Clinical and hematological evaluations were performed. Synovial fluid aspirates were analyzed for total nucleated cell count, total protein, and prostaglandin E2. A mixed effects analysis of variance was performed for repeated measures over time, followed by Tukey's test. A multinomial logistic regression was conducted to determine whether there is a relationship between a thermography temperature change and the lameness score. Results There were no changes in joint circumference. The MAXVO group showed a lower rectal temperature 4 h after synovitis induction. The C group presented an increase in neutrophils and a decrease in total hemoglobin and hematocrit 8 h after induction. No changes were observed in the synovial fluid between groups. The horses that received meloxicam did not show clinically significant lameness at any time, while the C group showed an increase in lameness 2, 4, and 8 h after synovitis induction. Discussion IRT indicated that the skin surface temperature of the middle carpal joint was lower in horses who received meloxicam, suggesting a reduction in the inflammatory process induced by LPS. It was observed that the maximum temperature peaks in the dorsopalmar and lateropalmar positions can be utilized to predict the severity of lameness, particularly when the temperature rises above 34°C. Horses pre-treated with meloxicam showed either reduced or no indication of mild to moderate pain and presented a lowehr thermographic temperature, which indicates the effectiveness of Maxicam Gel® as an anti-inflammatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Ribeiro Garcia de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Equine Exercise Physiology and Pharmacology (LAFEQ), Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Del Puppo
- Research and Development Department, Ourofino Animal Health Company, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thayssa de Oliveira Littiere
- Laboratory of Equine Exercise Physiology and Pharmacology (LAFEQ), Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathali Adrielli Agassi de Sales
- Laboratory of Equine Exercise Physiology and Pharmacology (LAFEQ), Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Yamamoto Silva
- Laboratory of Equine Exercise Physiology and Pharmacology (LAFEQ), Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gesiane Ribeiro
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University - Lisbon University Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Bruna Gomes Alves
- Research and Development Department, Ourofino Animal Health Company, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Vieira Ramos
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz
- Laboratory of Equine Exercise Physiology and Pharmacology (LAFEQ), Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paradoxical Duel Role of Collagen in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Cause of Inflammation and Treatment. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9070321. [PMID: 35877372 PMCID: PMC9311863 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9070321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In biology, collagen-biomaterial regulates several signaling mechanisms of bone and immune cells involved in tissue repair and any imbalance in collagen turnover may affect the homeostasis of cells, becoming a major cause of several complications. In this case, the administration of oral collagen may play a potential role in returning cells to their normal function. For several decades, the beneficial effects of collagen have been explored widely, and thus many commercial products are available in cosmetics, food, and biomedical fields. For instance, collagen-based-products have been widely used to treat the complications of cartilage-related-disorders. Many researchers are reporting the anti-arthritogenic properties of collagen-based materials. In contrast, collagen, especially type-II collagen (CII), has been widely used to induce arthritis by immunization in an animal-model with or without adjuvants, and the potentially immunogenic-properties of collagen have been continuously reported for a long time. Additionally, the immune tolerance of collagen is mainly regulated by the T-lymphocytes and B-cells. This controversial hypothesis is getting more and more evidence nowadays from both sides to support its mechanism. Therefore, this review links the gap between the arthritogenic and anti-arthritogenic effects of collagen and explored the actual mechanism to understand the fundamental concept of collagen in arthritis. Accordingly, this review opens-up several unrevealed scientific knots of collagen and arthritis and helps the researchers understand the potential use of collagen in therapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yamada ALM, do Prado Vendruscolo C, Marsiglia MF, Sotelo EDP, Agreste FR, Seidel SRT, Fülber J, Baccarin RYA, da Silva LCLC. Effects of oral treatment with chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine in an experimental model of metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis in horses. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:215. [PMID: 35681208 PMCID: PMC9178899 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Combined chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine (GlcN) has been widely used in oral formulations to prevent and treat osteoarthritis. CS is effective for controlling pain in osteoarthritic patients, whereas GlcN can stimulate glycosaminoglycan synthesis, thus reducing extracellular matrix degradation. Although several studies have been published on this topic, the effectiveness of treatment with oral CS and GlcN remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to analyze the progression of experimentally induced osteoarthritis in horses and verify the effectiveness of an oral compound based on CS and GlcN to treat and/or modulate this disease. The study analyzed the metacarpophalangeal joint of the left thoracic limb of 16 horses divided into two groups, with eight horses treated with CS and GlcN in the treated group (GT) and eight untreated horses in the control group (GC). Chondral lesions were induced through arthroscopy, which was defined as time-point zero (T0). Physical, ultrasonographic, and radiographic examinations and synovial fluid biomarkers measurements were performed on days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120. At the end of the experiment (T4), arthroscopy was performed again to macroscopically evaluate the joints and collect material for microscopic analysis. Results Significant differences were observed between groups in some evaluated parameters, such as visual lameness assessment, synovial concentrations of prostaglandin E2, and ultrasound examination. However, the GT still presented slightly improved results for joint flexion angle, analysis of lameness using sensors, and histopathological analysis of chondral repair tissue, however, without the statistical significance (p>0.05). Conclusions The treatment was considered effective in the clinical modulation of experimental osteoarthritis, with improvement of some parameters in the GT. However, this type of treatment may not be entirely effective to change the catabolic process in articular cartilage and the progressive induced chondral damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lucia Miluzzi Yamada
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87. Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Cynthia do Prado Vendruscolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87. Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Marília Ferrari Marsiglia
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87. Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Eric Danilo Pauls Sotelo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87. Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rodrigues Agreste
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87. Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Sarah Raphaela Torquato Seidel
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87. Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Joice Fülber
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87. Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Raquel Yvonne Arantes Baccarin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87. Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Luis Claudio Lopes Correia da Silva
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87. Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-270, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan Z, Liu S, Song W, Liu Y, Bi G, Xie R, Ren L. Galactose Enhances Chondrogenic Differentiation of ATDC5 and Cartilage Matrix Formation by Chondrocytes. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:850778. [PMID: 35615738 PMCID: PMC9124793 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.850778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactose, an important carbohydrate nutrient, is involved in several types of cellular metabolism, participating in physiological activities such as glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis, glycosylation, and intercellular recognition. The regulatory effects of galactose on osteoarthritis have attracted increased attention. In this study, in vitro cell models of ATDC5 and chondrocytes were prepared and cultured with different concentrations of galactose to evaluate its capacity on chondrogenesis and cartilage matrix formation. The cell proliferation assay demonstrated that galactose was nontoxic to both ATDC5 cells and chondrocytes. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining indicated that the gene expressions of cartilage matrix type II collagen and aggrecan were significantly upregulated with increasing galactose concentration and the expression and accumulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein. Overall, these results indicated that a galactose concentration below 8 mM exhibited the best effect on promoting chondrogenesis, which entitles galactose as having considerable potential for cartilage repair and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrun Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sa Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Sa Liu, ; Renjian Xie, ; Li Ren,
| | - Wenjing Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gangyuan Bi
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renjian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering Materials and Biofabrication, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Sa Liu, ; Renjian Xie, ; Li Ren,
| | - Li Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Sa Liu, ; Renjian Xie, ; Li Ren,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clarke EJ, Gillen A, Turlo A, Peffers MJ. An Evaluation of Current Preventative Measures Used in Equine Practice to Maintain Distal Forelimb Functionality: A Mini Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:758970. [PMID: 34796229 PMCID: PMC8593328 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.758970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses are used in a variety of equestrian disciplines predisposing them to musculoskeletal injury or disease including osteoarthritis and tendinopathy. As a result, a number of preventative measures are used within equine medicine and husbandry, ranging from therapeutic shoeing to the use of nutraceuticals. Despite their popularity and routine use evidence base and clinical outcomes are variable, bringing into question the efficacy of these prophylactic measures. In recent years a small number of studies have been performed examining the effect of specific strategies in order to quantify the preventative and protective claims such modalities have on joint and forelimb health. Few have robustly demonstrated a capacity to protect the limb by reducing inflammation, or promoting regenerative pathways. This review focusses on performance horses specifically, and the resounding theme that emerges in current research is the need for longitudinal studies to inform scientific conclusions surrounding single and multi-modal use. Furthermore, there is a requirement to prioritise evidence-based medicine to inform optimal clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Clarke
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Gillen
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Turlo
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy J Peffers
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mobasheri A, Mahmoudian A, Kalvaityte U, Uzieliene I, Larder CE, Iskandar MM, Kubow S, Hamdan PC, de Almeida CS, Favazzo LJ, van Loon LJ, Emans PJ, Plapler PG, Zuscik MJ. A White Paper on Collagen Hydrolyzates and Ultrahydrolyzates: Potential Supplements to Support Joint Health in Osteoarthritis? Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:78. [PMID: 34716494 PMCID: PMC8556166 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-01042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common forms of arthritis in the general population, accounting for more pain and functional disability than any other musculoskeletal disease. There are currently no approved disease modifying drugs for OA. In the absence of effective pharmacotherapy, many patients with OA turn to nutritional supplements and nutraceuticals, including collagen derivatives. Collagen hydrolyzates and ultrahydrolyzates are terms used to describe collagens that have been broken down into small peptides and amino acids in the presence of collagenases and high pressure. RECENT FINDINGS This article reviews the relevant literature and serves as a White Paper on collagen hydrolyzates and ultrahydrolyzates as emerging supplements often advertised to support joint health in OA. Collagen hydrolyzates have demonstrated some evidence of efficacy in a handful of small scale clinical trials, but their ability to treat and reverse advanced joint disease remains highly speculative, as is the case for other nutritional supplements. The aim of this White Paper is to stimulate research and development of collagen-based supplements for patients with OA and other musculoskeletal diseases at academic and industrial levels. This White Paper does not make any treatment recommendations for OA patients in the clinical context, but simply aims to highlight opportunities for scientific innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration, which are crucial for the development of novel products and nutritional interventions based on the best available and published evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mobasheri
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Departments of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Armaghan Mahmoudian
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopaedics, and Skeletal Biology, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ursule Kalvaityte
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ilona Uzieliene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Christina E. Larder
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Michèle M. Iskandar
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Stan Kubow
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Paulo Cesar Hamdan
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Department of Traumatolgy and Orthopedics of Medical Faculty of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | | | - Lacey J. Favazzo
- Colorado Program for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Luc J.C. van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Emans
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pérola G. Plapler
- Divisão de Medicina Física, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Michael J. Zuscik
- Colorado Program for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vervuert I, Stratton-Phelps M. The Safety and Efficacy in Horses of Certain Nutraceuticals that Claim to Have Health Benefits. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:207-222. [PMID: 33618951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine nutraceuticals are promoted as useful therapies to help optimize health and athletic performance, often without the benefit of independent research to support product efficacy and safety. This review focuses on 4 main categories of equine supplements that are frequently used as nutraceuticals: (i) supplements to support metabolic health, (ii) gastric support products, (iii) common ingredients that are included in supplements designed to support hoof health, and (iv) supplements to support joint health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Vervuert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 9, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Meri Stratton-Phelps
- All Creatures Veterinary Nutrition Consulting, 3407 Millbrook Court, Fairfield, CA 94534, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Van de Water E, Oosterlinck M, Korthagen NM, Duchateau L, Dumoulin M, van Weeren PR, Olijve J, van Doorn DA, Pille F. The lipopolysaccharide model for the experimental induction of transient lameness and synovitis in Standardbred horses. Vet J 2021; 270:105626. [PMID: 33641810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An established lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model previously described in Warmbloods, was inconsistent in Standardbred horses, where lameness was not detected despite the presence of synovitis. The present study aimed to determine the dose of LPS from E. coli O55:B5 required to induce mild to moderate lameness following middle carpal joint injection in Standardbred horses and to quantitate the induced lameness over time, with and without anti-inflammatory pre-treatment. In a baseline trial, eight healthy, clinically sound Standardbred horses were used in a rule-based dose-escalation design trial, starting at a dose of 10 endotoxin units (EU). Lameness at trot was evaluated visually and quantitatively (using an inertial-sensor system and pressure plate analysis). Synovial fluid aspirates were analysed for total nucleated cell counts, total protein and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Following 2 months wash-out, the effective LPS-dose determined in the baseline trial was used to evaluate the effect of anti-inflammatory treatment. A mixed model for repeated measures with horse as random effect was used for analysis. After injection of 10 EU LPS, the desired degree of lameness was observed in the baseline trial, with maximal lameness at post-injection hour (PIH) 4, followed by a rapid decline and return to baseline by PIH 48. No lameness was observed following pre-treatment with meloxicam. In synovial fluid, PGE2 was significantly higher at PIH 8 and PIH 24 in the baseline trial compared with following meloxicam pre-treatment. In conclusion, injection of the middle carpal joint with 10 EU LPS consistently induces a transient lameness and synovitis in Standardbred horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Van de Water
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - M Oosterlinck
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - N M Korthagen
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Dumoulin
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P R van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Olijve
- Rousselot, Meulestedekaai 81, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D A van Doorn
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; Equivado, Equine Nutrition Consultancy, Marnixlaan 80, 3552 HG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F Pille
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Menarim BC, Gillis KH, Oliver A, Ngo Y, Werre SR, Barrett SH, Rodgerson DH, Dahlgren LA. Macrophage Activation in the Synovium of Healthy and Osteoarthritic Equine Joints. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:568756. [PMID: 33324696 PMCID: PMC7726135 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.568756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovitis is a major component of osteoarthritis and is driven primarily by macrophages. Synovial macrophages are crucial for joint homeostasis (M2-like phenotype), but induce inflammation (M1-like) when regulatory functions become overwhelmed. Macrophage phenotypes in synovium from osteoarthritic and healthy joints are poorly characterized; however, comparative knowledge of their phenotypes during health and disease is paramount for developing targeted treatments. This study compared patterns of macrophage activation in healthy and osteoarthritic equine synovium and correlated histology with cytokine/chemokine profiles in synovial fluid. Synovial histology and immunohistochemistry for M1-like (CD86), M2-like (CD206, IL-10), and pan macrophage (CD14) markers were performed on biopsies from 29 healthy and 26 osteoarthritic equine joints. Synovial fluid cytokines (MCP-1, IL-10, PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1ra) and growth factors (GM-CSF, SDF-1α+β, IGF-1, and FGF-2) were quantified. Macrophage phenotypes were not as clearly defined in vivo as they are in vitro. All macrophage markers were expressed with minimal differences between OA and normal joints. Expression for all markers increased proportionate to synovial inflammation, especially CD86. Synovial fluid MCP-1 was higher in osteoarthritic joints while SDF-1 and IL-10 were lower, and PGE2 concentrations did not differ between groups. Increased CD14/CD86/CD206/IL-10 expression was associated with synovial hyperplasia, consistent with macrophage recruitment and activation in response to injury. Lower synovial fluid IL-10 could suggest that homeostatic mechanisms from synovial macrophages became overwhelmed preventing inflammation resolution, resulting in chronic inflammation and OA. Further investigations into mechanisms of arthritis resolution are warranted. Developing pro-resolving therapies may provide superior results in the treatment of OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C. Menarim
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Kiersten H. Gillis
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Andrea Oliver
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ying Ngo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Stephen R. Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sarah H. Barrett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Linda A. Dahlgren
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Much ML, Leatherwood JL, Martinez RE, Silvers BL, Basta CF, Gray LF, Bradbery AN. Evaluation of an oral joint supplement on gait kinematics and biomarkers of cartilage metabolism and inflammation in mature riding horses. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa150. [PMID: 32968713 PMCID: PMC7497898 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty stock-type horses (589 ± 126 kg BW; 13 ± 8 yr) were used in a completely randomized design for 28-d to evaluate the impact of a joint supplement on gait kinematics, inflammation, and cartilage metabolism. Horses were stratified by age, sex, body weight (BW), and initial lameness scores and were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments consisting of either a 100-g placebo top-dressed daily to 0.6% BW (as-fed) commercial concentrate (CON; n = 10; SafeChoice Original, Cargill, Inc.), or an oral joint supplement (SmartPak Equine LLC) containing glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, methylsulfonylmethane, turmeric, resveratrol, collagen, silica, and boron (TRT; n = 10). Horses were group-housed with ad libitum access to coastal bermudagrass hay (Cynodon dactylon) and allowed to graze pasture 2 h/d. Horses were exercised progressively 4 d/wk at 45 min each. On days 13 and 27, blood was harvested followed by a 19.3-km exercise stressor on concrete. Horses traveled at the walk, with no more than 15 min at the trot. Every 14 d, BW and BCS were recorded, and blood was collected for plasma prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), serum collagenase cleavage neopeptide (C2C), carboxypropeptide of type II collagen (CPII), and chondroitin sulfate 846 epitope (CS846) analysis. Kinematic gait analysis was performed every 14 d (Kinovea v.0.8.15) to determine stride length (SL) and range of motion (ROM) of the knee and hock at the walk and trot. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. All horses increased BW and BCS over time (P ≤ 0.01). Hock ROM increased in TRT horses (P ≤ 0.02) at the walk and tended to increase at the trot compared to CON (P = 0.09). At the walk, SL and knee ROM increased over time, independent of dietary treatment (P ≤ 0.01); no time effect was observed at the trot (P > 0.15). Regardless of treatment, C2C and CPII increased over time (P ≤ 0.05) and no effect was observed for CS846 or PGE2 (P > 0.12). In response to the exercise stressor, CPII and PGE2 decreased (P ≤ 0.05) from day 13 to 14, and CS846 and PGE2 tended to decrease (P ≤ 0.10) from day 27 to 28, independent of dietary treatment. In conclusion, hock ROM at the walk and trot was most sensitive to dietary treatment. Supplementation did not alter biomarker concentration of collagen metabolites or systemic inflammation in the 28-d period, but a future study utilizing arthrocentesis may be warranted to specifically evaluate intra-articular response to dietary treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattea L Much
- Texas A&M University, Department of Animal Science, College Station, TX
| | | | - Rafael E Martinez
- Texas A&M University, Department of Animal Science, College Station, TX
| | | | | | | | - Amanda N Bradbery
- Texas A&M University, Department of Animal Science, College Station, TX
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Menarim BC, Gillis KH, Oliver A, Mason C, Werre SR, Luo X, Byron CR, Kalbfleisch TS, MacLeod JN, Dahlgren LA. Inflamed synovial fluid induces a homeostatic response in bone marrow mononuclear cells in vitro: Implications for joint therapy. FASEB J 2020; 34:4430-4444. [PMID: 32030831 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902698r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synovial inflammation is a central feature of osteoarthritis (OA), elicited when local regulatory macrophages (M2-like) become overwhelmed, activating an inflammatory response (M1-like). Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNC) are a source of naïve macrophages capable of reducing joint inflammation and producing molecules essential for cartilage metabolism. This study investigated the response of BMNC to normal (SF) and inflamed synovial fluid (ISF). Equine BMNC cultured in autologous SF or ISF (n = 8 horses) developed into macrophage-rich cultures with phenotypes similar to cells native to normal SF and became more confluent in ISF (~100%) than SF (~25%). BMNC cultured in SF or ISF were neither M1- nor M2-like, but exhibited aspects of both phenotypes and a regulatory immune response, characterized by increasing counts of IL-10+ macrophages, decreasing IL-1β concentrations and progressively increasing IL-10 and IGF-1 concentrations. Changes were more marked in ISF and suggest that homeostatic mechanisms were preserved over time and were potentially favored by progressive cell proliferation. Collectively, our data suggest that intra-articular BMNC could increase synovial macrophage counts, potentiating the macrophage- and IL-10-associated mechanisms of joint homeostasis lost during the progression of OA, preserving the production of cytokines involved in tissue repair (PGE2 , IL-10) generally impaired by frequently used corticosteroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Menarim
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kiersten H Gillis
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Andrea Oliver
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Caitlin Mason
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Christopher R Byron
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Theodore S Kalbfleisch
- Maxwell Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - James N MacLeod
- Maxwell Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Linda A Dahlgren
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Menarim BC, Gillis KH, Oliver A, Mason C, Ngo Y, Werre SR, Barrett SH, Luo X, Byron CR, Dahlgren LA. Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells modulate joint homeostasis in an equine in vivo model of synovitis. FASEB J 2019; 33:14337-14353. [PMID: 31665925 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901684rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by macrophage-driven synovitis. Macrophages promote synovial health but become inflammatory when their regulatory functions are overwhelmed. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNCs) are a rich source of macrophage progenitors used for treating chronic inflammation and produce essential molecules for cartilage metabolism. This study investigated the response to autologous BMNC injection in normal and inflamed joints. Synovitis was induced in both radiocarpal joints of 6 horses. After 8 h, 1 inflamed radiocarpal and 1 normal tarsocrural joint received BMNC injection. Contralateral joints were injected with saline. Synovial fluid was collected at 24, 96, and 144 h for cytology, cytokine quantification, and flow cytometry. At 144 h, horses were euthanatized, joints were evaluated, and synovium was harvested for histology and immunohistochemistry. Four days after BMNC treatment, inflamed joints had 24% higher macrophage counts with 10% more IL-10+ cells than saline-treated controls. BMNC-treated joints showed gross and analytical improvements in synovial fluid and synovial membrane, with increasing regulatory macrophages and synovial fluid IL-10 concentrations compared with saline-treated controls. BMNC-treated joints were comparable to healthy joints histologically, which remained abnormal in saline-treated controls. Autologous BMNCs are readily available, regulate synovitis through macrophage-associated effects, and can benefit thousands of patients with OA.-Menarim, B. C., Gillis, K. H., Oliver, A., Mason, C., Ngo, Y., Werre, S. R., Barrett, S. H., Luo, X., Byron, C. R., Dahlgren, L. A. Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells modulate joint homeostasis in an equine in vivo model of synovitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Menarim
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Kiersten H Gillis
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrea Oliver
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Caitlin Mason
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Ying Ngo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; and
| | - Sarah H Barrett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Christopher R Byron
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Linda A Dahlgren
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Faramarzi B, Nguyen A, Dong F. Changes in hoof kinetics and kinematics at walk in response to hoof trimming: pressure plate assessment. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:557-562. [PMID: 29486539 PMCID: PMC6070594 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.4.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate hoof preparation and symmetry are linked to the well-being of the horse. Previous studies have shown the efficacy of pressure plates (PPs) in delivering objective biomechanical analysis. We aimed to assess the effect of hoof trimming on hoof biomechanics using a PP. Nine clinically sound Arabian horses were walked across a PP while foot strike was recorded by a digital camera. Kinetic and kinematic parameters were recorded before and after trimming. Changes were considered significant when p < 0.05. Vertical force (p = 0.026) and contact pressure (p = 0.006) increased after trimming. Stance-phase duration (p = 0.006), swing-phase duration (p = 0.023), and gait-cycle duration (p = 0.007) decreased significantly post-trimming. The observed changes in kinetic and kinematic parameters were related to hoof trimming. The reported results underline the importance of farriery practice and its effect on hoof biomechanics, which should be considered by both farriers and veterinarians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Faramarzi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - An Nguyen
- College of Engineering and Computer Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
| | - Fanglong Dong
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Clegg P. Clinical insights: Recent developments in equine articular disease (2016-2018). Equine Vet J 2018; 50:705-707. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Clegg
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Neston Cheshire UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang Y, Kong D. MicroRNA-136 promotes lipopolysaccharide-induced ATDC5 cell injury and inflammatory cytokine expression by targeting myeloid cell leukemia 1. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:9316-9326. [PMID: 30074264 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most frequent chronic bone and joint diseases in older populations all over the world. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine chondrogenic ATDC5 cell model has been widely used for testing new osteoarthritis therapeutic targets. This study aimed to explore the effects of microRNA-136 (miR-136) on LPS-induced ATDC5 cell injury and inflammatory cytokine expression, as well as underlying potential mechanism. We found that LPS remarkably inhibited ATDC5 cell viability, induced ATDC5 cell apoptosis, and upregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α; P < .01 or < .001). Moreover, LPS obviously upregulated the expression of miR-136 in ATDC5 cells (P < .05). Overexpression of miR-136 markedly exacerbated the LPS-induced ATDC5 cell viability inhibition, cell apoptosis enhancement, and inflammatory cytokine expression (P < .05), and suppression of miR-136 had opposite effects (P < .05). Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) was a direct target gene of miR-136, which participated in the effect of miR-136 on LPS-induced ATDC5 cell inflammatory injury. Overexpression of Mcl-1 alleviated the LPS-induced inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathways, while suppression of Mcl-1 had opposite effects. To conclude, this study verified that miR-136 promoted LPS-induced ATDC5 cell injury and inflammatory cytokine expression by targeting Mcl-1, and Mcl-1 was involved in the regulatory effects of LPS on Wnt/β-catenin and JAK/STAT signaling pathways in ATDC5 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Daliang Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pearson W, Wood K, Stanley S, MacNicol J. Exploring relationships between body condition score, body fat, activity level and inflammatory biomarkers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1062-1068. [PMID: 29707811 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with inflammatory disorders in humans, including degenerative joint disease. While obesity is endemic in horses, its relationship to equine degenerative joint disease has not been explored. The current study sought to describe relationships between: body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), lameness grade (AAEP), total body fat mass (kg; FM) and fat per cent (FP) [multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (mfBIA)], age, gender, activity level (AL), synovial fluid (SF) and plasma (PL) PGE2 and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in horses. During this field investigation, the BCS (of nine) of 54 horses at multiple farms in southern Ontario, Canada, was determined. Horses were categorized as thin (BCS=3/9; n = 6), moderate (BCS=4 or 5/9; n = 18), overweight (BCS=6 or 7/9; n = 19) or obese (BCS=8 or 9/9; n = 11). Total fat mass (kg) and body fat% was measured using mfBIA, lameness was assessed (AAEP lameness scale) and synovial fluid was collected via aseptic arthrocentesis from the left intercarpal joint for assessment of inflammatory biomarkers (PGE2 , GAG). Means were compared with a one-way ANOVA; correlation coefficients were calculated using a Spearman Rank Order Correlation to reveal correlations between variables. BCS was positively correlated with BW, FM, FP, AL and PL-PGE2 . BW was also significantly positively correlated with PL-PGE2 . It is concluded that BCS is significantly correlated with PL-PGE2 , due in part to the combined effect of AL and body condition. Net inflammatory effects of body fat on risk for joint disease require further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Pearson
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - K Wood
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S Stanley
- The Nutraceutical Alliance, Campbellville, ON, Canada
| | - J MacNicol
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|