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Powers A, Peek SF, Reed S, Donnelly CG, Tinkler S, Gasper D, Woolard KD, Finno CJ. Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/degenerative myeloencephalopathy in Gypsy Vanner horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1792-1798. [PMID: 38613444 PMCID: PMC11099697 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is a neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects young, genetically predisposed horses that are deficient in vitamin E. Equine NAD/EDM has not previously been documented in Gypsy Vanner horses (GVs). OBJECTIVES To evaluate: (1) the clinical phenotype, blood vitamin E concentrations before and after supplementation and pedigree in a cohort of GV horses with a high prevalence of neurologic disease suspicious for eNAD/EDM and (2) to confirm eNAD/EDM in GVs through postmortem evaluation. ANIMALS Twenty-six GVs from 1 farm in California and 2 cases from the Midwestern U.S. METHODS Prospective observational study on Californian horses; all 26 GVs underwent neurologic examination. Pre-supplementation blood vitamin E concentration was assessed in 17- GVs. Twenty-three were supplemented orally with 10 IU/kg of liquid RRR-alpha-tocopherol once daily for 28 days. Vitamin E concentration was measured in 23 GVs after supplementation, of which 15 (65%) had pre-supplementation measurements. Two clinically affected GVs from California and the 2 Midwestern cases had necropsy confirmation of eNAD/EDM. RESULTS Pre-supplementation blood vitamin E concentration was ≤2.0 μg/mL in 16/17 (94%) of GVs from California. Post-supplementation concentration varied, with a median of 3.39 μg/mL (range, 1.23-13.87 μg/mL), but only 12/23 (52%) were normal (≥3.0 μg/mL). Normalization of vitamin E was significantly associated with increasing age (P = .02). Euthanized horses (n = 4) had eNAD/EDM confirmed at necropsy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE GVs could have a genetic predisposition to eNAD/EDM. Vitamin E supplementation should be considered and monitored in young GVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Powers
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706USA
| | - Simon F. Peek
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706USA
| | - Steve Reed
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, 2150 Georgetown RoadLexington, Kentucky 40511USA
| | - Callum G. Donnelly
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, California 95616USA
| | - Stacey Tinkler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicinePurdue University, 625 Harrison StreetWest Lafayette, Indiana 47907USA
| | - David Gasper
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706USA
| | - Kevin D. Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, California 95616USA
| | - Carrie J. Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, California 95616USA
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Finno CJ, Johnson AL. Equine Neuroaxonal Dystrophy and Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022; 38:213-224. [PMID: 35811203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroaxonal degenerative disease in the horse is termed equine neuroaxonal dystrophy (eNAD), when pathologic lesions are localized to the brainstem and equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM) and degenerative changes extend throughout the spinal cord. Both pathologic conditions result in identical clinical disease, most commonly characterized by the insidious onset of ataxia during early development. However, later onset of clinical signs and additional clinical features, such as behavior changes, is also observed. A definitive diagnosis of eNAD/EDM requires histologic evaluation of the caudal medulla and cervicothoracic spinal cord. Strong evidence has suggested that eNAD/EDM is an inherited disorder and there seems to be a role for vitamin E acting as an environmental modifier to determine the overall severity of the phenotype of horses affected with eNAD/EDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Finno
- Department of Veterinary Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Room 4206 Vet Med 3A One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Amy L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine- New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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Henry ML, Velez-Irizarry D, Pagan JD, Sordillo L, Gandy J, Valberg SJ. The Impact of N-Acetyl Cysteine and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Antioxidants and Proteome in Fit Thoroughbred Horses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111739. [PMID: 34829610 PMCID: PMC8615093 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses have one of the highest skeletal muscle oxidative capacities amongst mammals, which, combined with a high glycolytic capacity, could perturb redox status during maximal exercise. We determined the effect of 30 d of oral coenzyme Q10 and N-acetyl-cysteine supplementation (NACQ) on muscle glutathione (GSH), cysteine, ROS, and coenzyme Q10 concentrations, and the muscle proteome, in seven maximally exercising Thoroughbred horses using a placebo and randomized cross-over design. Gluteal muscle biopsies were obtained the day before and 1 h after maximal exercise. Concentrations of GSH, cysteine, coenzyme Q10, and ROS were measured, and citrate synthase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities analyzed. GSH increased significantly 1 h post-exercise in the NACQ group (p = 0.022), whereas other antioxidant concentrations/activities were unchanged. TMT proteomic analysis revealed 40 differentially expressed proteins with NACQ out of 387 identified, including upregulation of 13 mitochondrial proteins (TCA cycle and NADPH production), 4 Z-disc proteins, and down regulation of 9 glycolytic proteins. NACQ supplementation significantly impacted muscle redox capacity after intense exercise by enhancing muscle glutathione concentrations and increasing expression of proteins involved in the uptake of glutathione into mitochondria and the NAPDH-associated reduction of oxidized glutathione, without any evident detrimental effects on performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa L. Henry
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (D.V.-I.); (L.S.); (J.G.); (S.J.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Deborah Velez-Irizarry
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (D.V.-I.); (L.S.); (J.G.); (S.J.V.)
| | - Joe D. Pagan
- Kentucky Equine Research, Versailles, KY 40383, USA;
| | - Lorraine Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (D.V.-I.); (L.S.); (J.G.); (S.J.V.)
| | - Jeff Gandy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (D.V.-I.); (L.S.); (J.G.); (S.J.V.)
| | - Stephanie J. Valberg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (D.V.-I.); (L.S.); (J.G.); (S.J.V.)
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Hales EN, Habib H, Favro G, Katzman S, Sakai RR, Marquardt S, Bordbari MH, Ming-Whitfield B, Peterson J, Dahlgren AR, Rivas V, Ramirez CA, Peng S, Donnelly CG, Dizmang BS, Kallenberg A, Grahn R, Miller AD, Woolard K, Moeller B, Puschner B, Finno CJ. Increased α-tocopherol metabolism in horses with equine neuroaxonal dystrophy. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2473-2485. [PMID: 34331715 PMCID: PMC8478026 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder associated with a vitamin E deficiency within the first year of life. Vitamin E consists of 8 isoforms metabolized by the CYP4F2 enzyme. No antemortem diagnostic test currently exists for eNAD/EDM. Hypothesis/Objectives Based on the association of α‐tocopherol deficiency with the development of eNAD/EDM, we hypothesized that the rate of α‐tocopherol, but not γ‐tocopherol or tocotrienol metabolism, would be increased in eNAD/EDM‐affected horses. Animals Vitamin E metabolism: Proof of concept (POC) study; eNAD/EDM‐affected (n = 5) and control (n = 6) horses. Validation study: eNAD/EDM‐affected Quarter Horses (QHs; n = 6), cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy affected (n = 6) horses and control (n = 29) horses. CYP4F2 expression and copy number: eNAD/EDM‐affected (n = 12) and age‐ and sex‐matched control (n = 11‐12) horses. Methods The rates of α‐tocopherol/tocotrienol and γ‐tocopherol/tocotrienol metabolism were assessed in equine serum (POC and validation) and urine (POC only) using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Quantitative reverse‐transcriptase PCR (qRT‐PCR) and droplet digital (dd)‐PCR were used to assay expression and genomic copy number of a CYP4F2 equine ortholog. Results Metabolic rate of α‐tocopherol was increased in eNAD/EDM horses (POC,P < .0001; validation, P = .03), with no difference in the metabolic rate of γ‐tocopherol. Horses with eNAD/EDM had increased expression of the CYP4F2 equine orthologue (P = .02) but no differences in copy number. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Increased α‐tocopherol metabolism in eNAD/EDM‐affected QHs provides novel insight into alterations in vitamin E processing in eNAD/EDM and highlights the need for high‐dose supplementation to prevent the clinical phenotype in genetically susceptible horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Hales
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Hadi Habib
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gianna Favro
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Scott Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - R Russell Sakai
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sabin Marquardt
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Matthew H Bordbari
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brittni Ming-Whitfield
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Janel Peterson
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anna R Dahlgren
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Victor Rivas
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Carolina Alanis Ramirez
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sichong Peng
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Callum G Donnelly
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Bobbi-Sue Dizmang
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Angelica Kallenberg
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Robert Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Woolard
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Moeller
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Carrie J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Urschel KL, McKenzie EC. Nutritional Influences on Skeletal Muscle and Muscular Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:139-175. [PMID: 33820605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle comprises 40% to 55% of mature body weight in horses, and its mass is determined largely by rates of muscle protein synthesis. In order to support exercise, appropriate energy sources are essential: glucose can support both anaerobic and aerobic exercise, whereas fat can only be metabolized aerobically. Following exercise, ingestion of nonfiber carbohydrates and protein can aid muscle growth and recovery. Muscle glycogen replenishment is slow in horses, regardless of dietary interventions. Several heritable muscle disorders, including type 1 and 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy and recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, can be managed in part by restricting dietary nonstructural carbohydrate intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine L Urschel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, 612 W.P. Garrigus Building, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Erica C McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 227 Magruder Hall, 700 Southwest 30th Street, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Richards N, Nielsen BD, Finno CJ. Nutritional and Non-nutritional Aspects of Forage. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:43-61. [PMID: 33820609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many forage types are available, typically divided into cool or warm season grasses and legumes, which can be fed as fresh pasture or after preservation. Testing for nutrient content confirms what should be supplemented to make up shortfalls. Although testing is recommended, it is not always practical. Typical values for the forage type are available; however, they cannot be relied on for actual content. Non-nutritional aspects must also be taken into account. The provision of complementary feeds to ensure adequate vitamin and mineral intake is recommended. Additional supplementary high-quality protein may be required to meet essential amino acid requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerida Richards
- Equilize Horse Nutrition Pty Ltd, PO Box 11034, Tamworth, New South Wales 2340, Australia.
| | - Brian D Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 1287D Anthony Hall, 474 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824-1225, USA
| | - Carrie J Finno
- Population Health and Reproduction, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Donnelly CG, Burns E, Easton-Jones CA, Katzman S, Stuart R, Cook SE, Finno CJ. Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous alpha-tocopherol in healthy adult horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020; 33:215-219. [PMID: 34326575 DOI: 10.1111/eve.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E is essential for neuromuscular function. The primary treatment, oral supplementation with natural ('RRR') α-tocopherol, is not effective in all horses. The objectives of this pilot study were to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a subcutaneously administered RRR-α-tocopherol preparation. Horses were randomly assigned in a cross-over design to initially receive RRR-α-tocopherol (5000 IU/450 kg of 600 IU/mL) subcutaneously (n = 3) or orally (n = 3) or were untreated sentinels (n = 2). Tissue reactions following injection in Phase I of the study necessitated adjustment of the preparation with reduction of the RRR-α-tocopherol concentration to 500 IU/mL in Phase 2. Following an 8-week washout period, horses received the reciprocal treatment route with the new preparation (5000 IU/450 kg of 500 IU/mL). Serum, CSF and muscle α-tocopherol concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography over a 14-day period during each phase. Serum and CSF α-tocopherol concentrations increased significantly postinjection only when the 500 IU/mL product was administered (P<0.0001). There was no significant difference in the muscle concentration of α-tocopherol following either treatment. All eight horses had marked tissue reaction to subcutaneous injection, regardless of product concentration. Whilst we have demonstrated that this route may be a useful alternative to oral supplementation, the marked tissue reaction makes use of such products limited at this time to only the most refractory of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Donnelly
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital
| | - E Burns
- Morris Animal Foundation, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - S Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California: Davis, Davis
| | - R Stuart
- Stuart Products Inc, Bedford, Texas
| | - S E Cook
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California: Davis, Davis, USA
| | - C J Finno
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction
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Abstract
Veterinary pet supplements and nutraceuticals are widely used by dog, cat and horse owners across the United States, generating millions of dollars in revenue for manufacturers. Despite the widespread use of these veterinary products, oversight and regulation remain limited as compared to human dietary supplement regulations. This review describes the current regulation, quality control, safety and efficacy of pet supplements and nutraceuticals targeted towards the dog, cat and horse.
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Analysis of neurofilament concentration in healthy adult horses and utility in the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis and equine motor neuron disease. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:1-6. [PMID: 31103855 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurofilaments (NFs) are structural proteins of neurons that are released in significant quantities in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood as a result of neuronal degeneration or axonal damage. Therefore, NFs have potential as biomarkers for neurologic disorders. Neural degeneration increases with age and has the potential to confound the utility of NFs as biomarkers in the diagnosis of neurologic disorders. We investigated this relationship in horses with and without neurological diagnosis. While controlling for horse type (draft, pleasure, and racing), we evaluated the relationship between serum heavy-chain phosphorylated neurofilaments (pNF-H) and age, sex, and serum vitamin E concentrations. Serum pNF-H concentrations increased by 0.002 ng/ml for each year increase in age. There were significant differences in the serum pNF-H concentration among the type of activity performed by the horse. The highest serum pNF-H concentration was found in horses performing heavy work activity (racehorse) and with lower serum pNF-H concentration found among light (pleasure riding) and moderate (draft) activity. There was no significant association between the pNF-H concentration and sex or vitamin E concentration. Serum pNF-H concentration was elevated among horses afflicted with EMND and EPM when compared with control horses without evidence of neurologic disorders. Accordingly, serum pNF-H concentration can serve as a useful biomarker to complement the existing diagnostic work-up of horses suspected of having EPM or EMND.
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