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Esdaile E, Knickelbein KE, Donnelly CG, Ferneding M, Motta MJ, Story BD, Avila F, Finno CJ, Gilger BC, Sandmeyer L, Thomasy S, Bellone RR. Additional evidence supports GRM6 p.Thr178Met as a cause of congenital stationary night blindness in three horse breeds. Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:248-255. [PMID: 37815029 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is an ocular disorder characterized by nyctalopia. An autosomal recessive missense mutation in glutamate metabotropic receptor 6 (GRM6 c.533C>T, p.(Thr178Met)), called CSNB2, was previously identified in one Tennessee Walking Horse and predicted to reduce binding affinity of the neurotransmitter glutamate, impacting the retinal rod ON-bipolar cell signaling pathway. Thus, the first aim was to identify the allele frequency (AF) of CSNB2 in breeds with reported cases of CSNB and breeds closely related to the Tennessee Walking Horse. The second aim was to perform ocular examinations in multiple breeds to confirm the link between genotype and CSNB phenotype. In evaluating 3518 horses from 14 breeds, the CSNB2 allele was identified in nine previously unreported breeds. The estimated AF was highest in pacing Standardbreds (0.17) and lowest in American Quarter Horses (0.0010). Complete ophthalmic examinations and electroretinograms (ERG) were performed on 19 horses from three breeds, including one CSNB2 homozygote from each breed. All three CSNB2/CSNB2 horses had an electronegative ERG waveform under scotopic light conditions consistent with CSNB. The remaining 16 horses (seven CSNB2/N and nine N/N) had normal scotopic ERG results. All horses had normal photopic ERGs. This study provides additional evidence that GRM6 c.533C>T homozygosity is likely causal to CSNB in Tennessee Walking Horses, Standardbreds, and Missouri Fox Trotting Horses. Genetic testing is recommended for breeds with the CSNB2 allele to limit the production of affected horses. This study represents the largest across-breed identification of CSNB in the horse and suggests that this disorder is likely underdiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Esdaile
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kelly E Knickelbein
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Callum G Donnelly
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michelle Ferneding
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Monica J Motta
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brett D Story
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Felipe Avila
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Carrie J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brian C Gilger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lynne Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sara Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Rebecca R Bellone
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Januel L, Chatron N, Rivier-Ringenbach C, Cabet S, Labalme A, Sahin Y, Darvish H, Kruer M, Bakhtiari S, Sanlaville D, de Sainte Agathe JM, Lesca G. GRM7-related disorder: five additional patients from three independent families and review of the literature. Eur J Med Genet 2024; 67:104893. [PMID: 38070825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) refer to a group of severe epileptic syndromes characterized by seizures as well as a developmental delay which can be a consequence of the underlying etiology and/or the epileptic encephalopathy. The genes responsible for DEEs are numerous and their number is increasing since the availability of Next-Generation Sequencing. Pathogenic variants in GRM7, encoding the metabotropic glutamate receptor 7, were recently shown as a cause of a severe DEE with autosomal recessive inheritance. To date, only ten patients have been reported in the literature, generally with severe phenotypes including early-onset epilepsy, microcephaly, brain anomalies, and spasticity. We report here 5 patients from 3 independent families with biallelic variants in the GRM7 gene. We review the literature and provide further elements for the understanding of the genotype-phenotype correlation of this rare syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Januel
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupe Hospitalier Est, Service de Génétique, Bron, France.
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupe Hospitalier Est, Service de Génétique, Bron, France; Institut NeuroMyoGene PNMG, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Sara Cabet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupe Hospitalier Est, Service de Radiologie, Bron, France
| | - Audrey Labalme
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupe Hospitalier Est, Service de Génétique, Bron, France
| | | | - Hossein Darvish
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Kruer
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Somayeh Bakhtiari
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupe Hospitalier Est, Service de Génétique, Bron, France; Institut NeuroMyoGene PNMG, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Gaetan Lesca
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupe Hospitalier Est, Service de Génétique, Bron, France; Institut NeuroMyoGene PNMG, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Marr CM. A pyramid needs a foundation: Exploding some myths about what EVJ's editors are looking for from authors? Equine Vet J 2023; 55:931-937. [PMID: 37827177 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
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Tozaki T, Ohnuma A, Nakamura K, Hano K, Takasu M, Takahashi Y, Tamura N, Sato F, Shimizu K, Kikuchi M, Ishige T, Kakoi H, Hirota KI, Hamilton NA, Nagata SI. Detection of Indiscriminate Genetic Manipulation in Thoroughbred Racehorses by Targeted Resequencing for Gene-Doping Control. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091589. [PMID: 36140757 PMCID: PMC9498419 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of genetically modified horses is prohibited in horse racing as it falls under the banner of gene doping. In this study, we developed a test to detect gene editing based on amplicon sequencing using next-generation sequencing (NGS). We designed 1012 amplicons to target 52 genes (481 exons) and 147 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs). NGS analyses showed that 97.7% of the targeted exons were sequenced to sufficient coverage (depth > 50) for calling variants. The targets of artificial editing were defined as homozygous alternative (HomoALT) and compound heterozygous alternative (ALT1/ALT2) insertion/deletion (INDEL) mutations in this study. Four models of gene editing (three homoALT with 1-bp insertions, one REF/ALT with 77-bp deletion) were constructed by editing the myostatin gene in horse fibroblasts using CRISPR/Cas9. The edited cells and 101 samples from thoroughbred horses were screened using the developed test, which was capable of identifying the three homoALT cells containing 1-bp insertions. Furthermore, 147 SNVs were investigated for their utility in confirming biological parentage. Of these, 120 SNVs were amenable to consistent and accurate genotyping. Surrogate (nonbiological) dams were excluded by 9.8 SNVs on average, indicating that the 120 SNV could be used to detect foals that have been produced by somatic cloning or embryo transfer, two practices that are prohibited in thoroughbred racing and breeding. These results indicate that gene-editing tests that include variant calling and SNV genotyping are useful to identify genetically modified racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Tozaki
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2, Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya 320-0851, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Aoi Ohnuma
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2, Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya 320-0851, Japan
| | - Kotono Nakamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masaki Takasu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke 329-0412, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tamura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke 329-0412, Japan
| | - Fumio Sato
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke 329-0412, Japan
| | - Kyo Shimizu
- Registration Department, Japan Association for International Racing and Stud Book, 4-5-4, Shimbashi, Minato, Tokyo 105-0004, Japan
| | - Mio Kikuchi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2, Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya 320-0851, Japan
| | - Taichiro Ishige
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2, Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya 320-0851, Japan
| | - Hironaga Kakoi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2, Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya 320-0851, Japan
| | - Kei-ichi Hirota
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2, Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya 320-0851, Japan
| | - Natasha A. Hamilton
- Equine Genetics Research Centre, Racing Australia, 2 Randwick Way, Scone, NSW 2337, Australia
| | - Shun-ichi Nagata
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2, Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya 320-0851, Japan
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Finno CJ. Science-in-brief: Genomic and transcriptomic approaches to the investigation of equine diseases. Equine Vet J 2022; 54:444-448. [PMID: 35133024 PMCID: PMC9095347 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Peng S, Petersen JL, Bellone RR, Kalbfleisch T, Kingsley NB, Barber AM, Cappelletti E, Giulotto E, Finno CJ. Decoding the Equine Genome: Lessons from ENCODE. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111707. [PMID: 34828313 PMCID: PMC8625040 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The horse reference genome assemblies, EquCab2.0 and EquCab3.0, have enabled great advancements in the equine genomics field, from tools to novel discoveries. However, significant gaps of knowledge regarding genome function remain, hindering the study of complex traits in horses. In an effort to address these gaps and with inspiration from the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project, the equine Functional Annotation of Animal Genome (FAANG) initiative was proposed to bridge the gap between genome and gene expression, providing further insights into functional regulation within the horse genome. Three years after launching the initiative, the equine FAANG group has generated data from more than 400 experiments using over 50 tissues, targeting a variety of regulatory features of the equine genome. In this review, we examine how valuable lessons learned from the ENCODE project informed our decisions in the equine FAANG project. We report the current state of the equine FAANG project and discuss how FAANG can serve as a template for future expansion of functional annotation in the equine genome and be used as a reference for studies of complex traits in horse. A well-annotated reference functional atlas will also help advance equine genetics in the pan-genome and precision medicine era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichong Peng
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.P.); (R.R.B.); (N.B.K.)
| | - Jessica L. Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA; (J.L.P.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Rebecca R. Bellone
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.P.); (R.R.B.); (N.B.K.)
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ted Kalbfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40503, USA;
| | - N. B. Kingsley
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.P.); (R.R.B.); (N.B.K.)
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexa M. Barber
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA; (J.L.P.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Eleonora Cappelletti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Elena Giulotto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Carrie J. Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.P.); (R.R.B.); (N.B.K.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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McMullen RJ. Comments on 'Whole-genome sequencing identifies missense mutation in GRM6 as the likely cause of congenital stationary night blindness in a Tennessee Walking Horse'. Equine Vet J 2021; 53:1296. [PMID: 34611935 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J McMullen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
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8
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Gilger B, Bellone RR. Response to comments on 'Whole-genome sequencing identifies missense mutation in GRM6 as the likely cause of congenital stationary night blindness in a Tennessee Walking Horse'. Equine Vet J 2021; 53:1297. [PMID: 34611934 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gilger
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca R Bellone
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Orhan E, Neuillé M, de Sousa Dias M, Pugliese T, Michiels C, Condroyer C, Antonio A, Sahel JA, Audo I, Zeitz C. A New Mouse Model for Complete Congenital Stationary Night Blindness Due to Gpr179 Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094424. [PMID: 33922602 PMCID: PMC8122890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in GPR179 lead to autosomal recessive complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB). This condition represents a signal transmission defect from the photoreceptors to the ON-bipolar cells. To confirm the phenotype, better understand the pathogenic mechanism in vivo, and provide a model for therapeutic approaches, a Gpr179 knock-out mouse model was genetically and functionally characterized. We confirmed that the insertion of a neo/lac Z cassette in intron 1 of Gpr179 disrupts the same gene. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography reveals no obvious retinal structure abnormalities. Gpr179 knock-out mice exhibit a so-called no-b-wave (nob) phenotype with severely reduced b-wave amplitudes in the electroretinogram. Optomotor tests reveal decreased optomotor responses under scotopic conditions. Consistent with the genetic disruption of Gpr179, GPR179 is absent at the dendritic tips of ON-bipolar cells. While proteins of the same signal transmission cascade (GRM6, LRIT3, and TRPM1) are correctly localized, other proteins (RGS7, RGS11, and GNB5) known to regulate GRM6 are absent at the dendritic tips of ON-bipolar cells. These results add a new model of cCSNB, which is important to better understand the role of GPR179, its implication in patients with cCSNB, and its use for the development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Orhan
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Marion Neuillé
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Miguel de Sousa Dias
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Thomas Pugliese
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Christelle Michiels
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Christel Condroyer
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Aline Antonio
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, F-75012 Paris, France
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, F-75019 Paris, France
- Academie des Sciences, Institut de France, F-75006 Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, F-75012 Paris, France
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-53-46-25-40
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