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Al-Ghafli H, Barribeau SM. Double trouble: trypanosomatids with two hosts have lower infection prevalence than single host trypanosomatids. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11:202-218. [PMID: 37404250 PMCID: PMC10317189 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are a diverse family of protozoan parasites, some of which cause devastating human and livestock diseases. There are two distinct infection life cycles in trypanosomatids; some species complete their entire life cycle in a single host (monoxenous) while others infect two hosts (dixenous). Dixenous trypanosomatids are mostly vectored by insects, and the human trypanosomatid diseases are caused mainly by vectored parasites. While infection prevalence has been described for subsets of hosts and trypanosomatids, little is known about whether monoxenous and dixenous trypanosomatids differ in infection prevalence. Here, we use meta-analyses to synthesise all published evidence of trypanosomatid infection prevalence for the last two decades, encompassing 931 unique host-trypansomatid systems. In examining 584 studies that describe infection prevalence, we find, strikingly, that monoxenous species are two-fold more prevalent than dixenous species across all hosts. We also find that dixenous trypanosomatids have significantly lower infection prevalence in insects than their non-insect hosts. To our knowledge, these results reveal for the first time, a fundamental difference in infection prevalence according to host specificity where vectored species might have lower infection prevalence as a result of a potential 'jack of all trades, master of none' style trade-off between the vector and subsequent hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawra Al-Ghafli
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Seth M Barribeau
- Corresponding author. Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. E-mail:
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2
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Manlove K, Wilber M, White L, Bastille‐Rousseau G, Yang A, Gilbertson MLJ, Craft ME, Cross PC, Wittemyer G, Pepin KM. Defining an epidemiological landscape that connects movement ecology to pathogen transmission and pace‐of‐life. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1760-1782. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kezia Manlove
- Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| | - Mark Wilber
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Lauren White
- National Socio‐Environmental Synthesis Center University of Maryland Annapolis Maryland USA
| | | | - Anni Yang
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA
| | - Marie L. J. Gilbertson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA
- Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Meggan E. Craft
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA
| | - Paul C. Cross
- U.S. Geological Survey Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center Bozeman Montana USA
| | - George Wittemyer
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Kim M. Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center Fort Collins Colorado USA
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3
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Susi H, Sallinen S, Laine A. Coinfection with a virus constrains within-host infection load but increases transmission potential of a highly virulent fungal plant pathogen. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8673. [PMID: 35342557 PMCID: PMC8928890 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The trade-off between within-host infection rate and transmission to new hosts is predicted to constrain pathogen evolution, and to maintain polymorphism in pathogen populations. Pathogen life-history stages and their correlations that underpin infection development may change under coinfection with other parasites as they compete for the same limited host resources. Cross-kingdom interactions are common among pathogens in both natural and cultivated systems, yet their impacts on disease ecology and evolution are rarely studied. The host plant Plantago lanceolata is naturally infected by both Phomopsis subordinaria, a seed killing fungus, as well as Plantago lanceolata latent virus (PlLV) in the Åland Islands, SW Finland. We performed an inoculation assay to test whether coinfection with PlLV affects performance of two P. subordinaria strains, and the correlation between within-host infection rate and transmission potential. The strains differed in the measured life-history traits and their correlations. Moreover, we found that under virus coinfection, within-host infection rate of P. subordinaria was smaller but transmission potential was higher compared to strains under single infection. The negative correlation between within-host infection rate and transmission potential detected under single infection became positive under coinfection with PlLV. To understand whether within-host and between-host dynamics are correlated in wild populations, we surveyed 260 natural populations of P. lanceolata for P. subordinaria infection occurrence. When infections were found, we estimated between-hosts dynamics by determining pathogen population size as the proportion of infected individuals, and within-host dynamics by counting the proportion of infected flower stalks in 10 infected plants. In wild populations, the proportion of infected flower stalks was positively associated with pathogen population size. Jointly, our results suggest that the trade-off between within-host infection load and transmission may be strain specific, and that the pathogen life-history that underpin epidemics may change depending on the diversity of infection, generating variation in disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Susi
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Suvi Sallinen
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Anna‐Liisa Laine
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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4
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Dutt A, Anthony R, Andrivon D, Jumel S, Le Roy G, Baranger A, Leclerc M, Le May C. Competition and facilitation among fungal plant parasites affect their life‐history traits. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Dutt
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
- Inst. Agro, centre de Rennes Rennes France
| | - Rault Anthony
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
| | - Didier Andrivon
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
| | - Stéphane Jumel
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
- UMT PISOM INRA/Terres Inovia Le Rheu France
| | - Gwenola Le Roy
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
- UMT PISOM INRA/Terres Inovia Le Rheu France
| | - Alain Baranger
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
- UMT PISOM INRA/Terres Inovia Le Rheu France
| | - Melen Leclerc
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
| | - Christophe Le May
- INRAE UMR 1349 Inst. de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte Le Rheu France
- UMT PISOM INRA/Terres Inovia Le Rheu France
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5
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Okamoto KW, Amarasekare P, Post DM, Vasseur DA, Turner PE. The interplay between host community structure and pathogen life‐history constraints in driving the evolution of host‐range shifts. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi W. Okamoto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA
- Department of Biology University of St. Thomas St. Paul MN USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Priyanga Amarasekare
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - David M. Post
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA
| | - David A. Vasseur
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA
| | - Paul E. Turner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA
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6
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Numminen E, Vaumourin E, Parratt SR, Poulin L, Laine AL. Variation and correlations between sexual, asexual and natural enemy resistance life-history traits in a natural plant pathogen population. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:142. [PMID: 31299905 PMCID: PMC6624897 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the mechanisms by which diversity is maintained in pathogen populations is critical for epidemiological predictions. Life-history trade-offs have been proposed as a hypothesis for explaining long-term maintenance of variation in pathogen populations, yet the empirical evidence supporting trade-offs has remained mixed. This is in part due to the challenges of documenting successive pathogen life-history stages in many pathosystems. Moreover, little is understood of the role of natural enemies of pathogens on their life-history evolution. RESULTS We characterize life-history-trait variation and possible trade-offs in fungal pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis infecting the host plant Plantago lanceolata. We measured the timing of both asexual and sexual stages, as well as resistance to a hyperparasite of seven pathogen strains that vary in their prevalence in nature. We find significant variation among the strains in their life-history traits that constitute the infection cycle, but no evidence for trade-offs among pathogen development stages, apart from fast pathogen growth coninciding with fast hyperparasite growth. Also, the seemingly least fit pathogen strain was the most prevalent in the nature. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that in the nature environmental variation, and interactions with the antagonists of pathogens themselves may maintain variation in pathogen populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Numminen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, PO Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Elise Vaumourin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, PO Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Steven R Parratt
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, PO Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Lucie Poulin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, PO Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Université de Nantes, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Pathologie Végétales (LBPV), EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92 208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, PO Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Mariette N, Kröner A, Mabon R, Montarry J, Marquer B, Corbière R, Androdias A, Andrivon D. A Trade-Off Between Sporangia Size and Number Exists in the Potato Late Blight Pathogen Phytophthora infestans, and Is Not Altered by Biotic and Abiotic Factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1841. [PMID: 30619410 PMCID: PMC6305756 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The negative relationship between offspring size and number is a classic example of trade-off between life-history traits, reported many times in animal and plant species. Here, we wanted to ascertain whether such a trade-off occurred in the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, and whether it was impacted by biotic and abiotic factors. We thus conducted three infection experiments under controlled conditions and measured the number and the size of sporangia (asexual propagules) produced on potato by different P. infestans isolates. In all experiments, we observed a negative relationship between sporangia size and number, demonstrating the existence of a trade-off. Moreover, although the potato host cultivar, temperature and host of origin (tomato or potato) all affected sporangia number, sporangia size or both, none of these biotic and abiotic factors did change the trade-off. Therefore, the trade-off between sporangia size and number could maintain the polyphenism for these traits in P. infestans populations, and favors the coexistence of distinct reproductive strategies within this species. Our results emphasize the relevance to focus on the relationship between offspring size and number in other fungal plant pathogens, as well as to study the impact of offspring size on fitness-linked traits (virulence and disease lesion development) in these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Didier Andrivon
- INRA, UMR1349 Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
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8
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Penczykowski RM, Parratt SR, Barrès B, Sallinen SK, Laine AL. Manipulating host resistance structure reveals impact of pathogen dispersal and environmental heterogeneity on epidemics. Ecology 2018; 99:2853-2863. [PMID: 30289567 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how variation in hosts, parasites, and the environment shapes patterns of disease is key to predicting ecological and evolutionary outcomes of epidemics. Yet in spatially structured populations, variation in host resistance may be spatially confounded with variation in parasite dispersal and environmental factors that affect disease processes. To tease apart these disease drivers, we paired surveys of natural epidemics with experiments manipulating spatial variation in host susceptibility to infection. We mapped epidemics of the wind-dispersed powdery mildew pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis in five populations of its plant host, Plantago lanceolata. At 15 replicate sites within each population, we deployed groups of healthy potted 'sentinel' plants from five allopatric host lines. By tracking which sentinels became infected in the field and measuring pathogen connectivity and microclimate at those sites, we could test how variation in these factors affected disease when spatial variation in host resistance and soil conditions was minimized. We found that the prevalence and severity of sentinel infection varied over small spatial scales in the field populations, largely due to heterogeneity in pathogen prevalence on wild plants and unmeasured environmental factors. Microclimate was critical for disease spread only at the onset of epidemics, where humidity increased infection risk. Sentinels were more likely to become infected than initially healthy wild plants at a given field site. However, in a follow-up laboratory inoculation study we detected no significant differences between wild and sentinel plant lines in their qualitative susceptibility to pathogen isolates from the field populations, suggesting that primarily non-genetic differences between sentinel and wild hosts drove their differential infection rates in the field. Our study leverages a multi-faceted experimental approach to disentangle important biotic and abiotic drivers of disease patterns within wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Penczykowski
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Steven R Parratt
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Benoit Barrès
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi K Sallinen
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Laine AL, Mäkinen H. Life-history correlations change under coinfection leading to higher pathogen load. Evol Lett 2018; 2:126-133. [PMID: 30283670 PMCID: PMC6121793 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a parasite strain to establish and grow on its host may be drastically altered by simultaneous infection by other parasite strains. However, we still lack an understanding of how life-history allocations may change under coinfection, although life-history correlations are a critical mechanism restricting the evolutionary potential and epidemiological dynamics of pathogens. Here, we study how life-history stages and their correlations change in the obligate fungal pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis under single infection and coinfection scenarios. We find increased pathogen loads under coinfection, but this is not explained by an enhanced performance at any of the life-history stages that constitute infections. Instead, we show that under coinfection the correlation between timing of sporulation and final pathogen load becomes positive. The changes in pathogen life-history allocations leading to more severe infections under coinfection can have far-reaching epidemiological consequences, as well as implication for our understanding of the evolution of virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Laine
- Research Programme in Organismal & Evolutionary Biology University of Helsinki PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1) FI-00014 Finland
| | - Hannu Mäkinen
- Research Programme in Organismal & Evolutionary Biology University of Helsinki PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1) FI-00014 Finland
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10
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Suffert F, Goyeau H, Sache I, Carpentier F, Gélisse S, Morais D, Delestre G. Epidemiological trade-off between intra- and interannual scales in the evolution of aggressiveness in a local plant pathogen population. Evol Appl 2018; 11:768-780. [PMID: 29875818 PMCID: PMC5979725 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of plant resistance to fungal pathogen populations is expected to decrease over time, due to their evolution with an increase in the frequency of virulent or highly aggressive strains. This dynamics may differ depending on the scale investigated (annual or pluriannual), particularly for annual crop pathogens with both sexual and asexual reproduction cycles. We assessed this time-scale effect, by comparing aggressiveness changes in a local Zymoseptoria tritici population over an 8-month cropping season and a 6-year period of wheat monoculture. We collected two pairs of subpopulations to represent the annual and pluriannual scales: from leaf lesions at the beginning and end of a single annual epidemic and from crop debris at the beginning and end of a 6-year period. We assessed two aggressiveness traits-latent period and lesion size-on sympatric and allopatric host varieties. A trend toward decreased latent period concomitant with a significant loss of variability was established during the course of the annual epidemic, but not over the 6-year period. Furthermore, a significant cultivar effect (sympatric vs. allopatric) on the average aggressiveness of the isolates revealed host adaptation, arguing that the observed patterns could result from selection. We thus provide an experimental body of evidence of an epidemiological trade-off between the intra- and interannual scales in the evolution of aggressiveness in a local plant pathogen population. More aggressive isolates were collected from upper leaves, on which disease severity is usually lower than on the lower part of the plants left in the field as crop debris after harvest. We suggest that these isolates play little role in sexual reproduction, due to an Allee effect (difficulty finding mates at low pathogen densities), particularly as the upper parts of the plant are removed from the field, explaining the lack of transmission of increases in aggressiveness between epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Suffert
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayThiverval‐GrignonFrance
| | - Henriette Goyeau
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayThiverval‐GrignonFrance
| | - Ivan Sache
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayThiverval‐GrignonFrance
| | - Florence Carpentier
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayThiverval‐GrignonFrance
| | - Sandrine Gélisse
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayThiverval‐GrignonFrance
| | - David Morais
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayThiverval‐GrignonFrance
| | - Ghislain Delestre
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayThiverval‐GrignonFrance
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11
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Parratt SR, Barrès B, Penczykowski RM, Laine AL. Local adaptation at higher trophic levels: contrasting hyperparasite-pathogen infection dynamics in the field and laboratory. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1964-1979. [PMID: 27859910 PMCID: PMC5412677 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Predicting and controlling infectious disease epidemics is a major challenge facing the management of agriculture, human and wildlife health. Co-evolutionarily derived patterns of local adaptation among pathogen populations have the potential to generate variation in disease epidemiology; however, studies of local adaptation in disease systems have mostly focused on interactions between competing pathogens or pathogens and their hosts. In nature, parasites and pathogens are also subject to attack by hyperparasitic natural enemies that can severely impact upon their infection dynamics. However, few studies have investigated whether this interaction varies across combinations of pathogen-hyperparasite strains, and whether this influences hyperparasite incidence in natural pathogen populations. Here, we test whether the association between a hyperparasitic fungus, Ampelomyces, and a single powdery mildew host, Podosphaera plantaginis, varies among genotype combinations, and whether this drives hyperparasite incidence in nature. Laboratory inoculation studies reveal that genotype, genotype × genotype interactions and local adaptation affect hyperparasite infection. However, observations of a natural pathogen metapopulation reveal that spatial rather than genetic factors predict the risk of hyperparasite presence. Our results highlight how sensitive the outcome of biocontrol using hyperparasites is to selection of hyperparasite strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Parratt
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Benoit Barrès
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rachel M Penczykowski
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Kraemer SA, Boynton PJ. Evidence for microbial local adaptation in nature. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1860-1876. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne A. Kraemer
- Ashworth Laboratories; University of Edinburgh; King's Buildings EH9 3FL Edinburgh UK
| | - Primrose J. Boynton
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology; August-Thienemann-Str. 2 24306 Plön Germany
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13
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Suffert F, Delestre G, Carpentier F, Gazeau G, Walker AS, Gélisse S, Duplaix C. Fashionably late partners have more fruitful encounters: Impact of the timing of co-infection and pathogenicity on sexual reproduction in Zymoseptoria tritici. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 92:40-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Abstract
It was recently proposed that long-term population studies be exempted from the expectation that authors publicly archive the primary data underlying published articles. Such studies are valuable to many areas of ecological and evolutionary biological research, and multiple risks to their viability were anticipated as a result of public data archiving (PDA), ultimately all stemming from independent reuse of archived data. However, empirical assessment was missing, making it difficult to determine whether such fears are realistic. I addressed this by surveying data packages from long-term population studies archived in the Dryad Digital Repository. I found no evidence that PDA results in reuse of data by independent parties, suggesting the purported costs of PDA for long-term population studies have been overstated.
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15
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Delmas CEL, Fabre F, Jolivet J, Mazet ID, Richart Cervera S, Delière L, Delmotte F. Adaptation of a plant pathogen to partial host resistance: selection for greater aggressiveness in grapevine downy mildew. Evol Appl 2016; 9:709-25. [PMID: 27247621 PMCID: PMC4869412 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the evolution of pathogen quantitative traits in response to host selective pressures is essential for the development of durable management strategies for resistant crops. However, we still lack experimental data on the effects of partial host resistance on multiple phenotypic traits (aggressiveness) and evolutionary strategies in pathogens. We performed a cross‐inoculation experiment with four grapevine hosts and 103 isolates of grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) sampled from susceptible and partially resistant grapevine varieties. We analysed the neutral and adaptive genetic differentiation of five quantitative traits relating to pathogen transmission. Isolates from resistant hosts were more aggressive than isolates from susceptible hosts, as they had a shorter latency period and higher levels of spore production. This pattern of adaptation contrasted with the lack of neutral genetic differentiation, providing evidence for directional selection. No specificity for a particular host variety was detected. Adapted isolates had traits that were advantageous on all resistant varieties. There was no fitness cost associated with this genetic adaptation, but several trade‐offs between pathogen traits were observed. These results should improve the accuracy of prediction of fitness trajectories for this biotrophic pathogen, an essential element for the modelling of durable deployment strategies for resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé E L Delmas
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Frédéric Fabre
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Jérôme Jolivet
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Isabelle D Mazet
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Sylvie Richart Cervera
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Laurent Delière
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - François Delmotte
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
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16
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Tack AJM, Laine AL, Burdon JJ, Bissett A, Thrall PH. Below-ground abiotic and biotic heterogeneity shapes above-ground infection outcomes and spatial divergence in a host-parasite interaction. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:1159-1169. [PMID: 25872137 PMCID: PMC4523403 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the impact of below-ground and above-ground environmental heterogeneity on the ecology and evolution of a natural plant-pathogen interaction. We combined field measurements and a reciprocal inoculation experiment to investigate the potential for natural variation in abiotic and biotic factors to mediate infection outcomes in the association between the fungal pathogen Melampsora lini and its wild flax host, Linum marginale, where pathogen strains and plant lines originated from two ecologically distinct habitat types that occur in close proximity ('bog' and 'hill'). The two habitat types differed strikingly in soil moisture and soil microbiota. Infection outcomes for different host-pathogen combinations were strongly affected by the habitat of origin of the plant lines and pathogen strains, the soil environment and their interactions. Our results suggested that tradeoffs play a key role in explaining the evolutionary divergence in interaction traits among the two habitat types. Overall, we demonstrate that soil heterogeneity, by mediating infection outcomes and evolutionary divergence, can contribute to the maintenance of variation in resistance and pathogenicity within a natural host-pathogen metapopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayco J. M. Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeremy J. Burdon
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia
| | - Andrew Bissett
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia
| | - Peter H. Thrall
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia
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17
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Susi H, Vale PF, Laine AL. Host Genotype and Coinfection Modify the Relationship of within and between Host Transmission. Am Nat 2015; 186:252-63. [PMID: 26655153 DOI: 10.1086/682069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Variation in individual-level disease transmission is well documented, but the underlying causes of this variation are challenging to disentangle in natural epidemics. In general, within-host replication is critical in determining the extent to which infected hosts shed transmission propagules, but which factors cause variation in this relationship are poorly understood. Here, using a plant host, Plantago lanceolata, and the powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera plantaginis, we quantify how the distinct stages of within-host spread (autoinfection), spore release, and successful transmission to new hosts (alloinfection) are influenced by host genotype, pathogen genotype, and the coinfection status of the host. We find that within-host spread alone fails to predict transmission rates, as this relationship is modified by genetic variation in hosts and pathogens. Their contributions change throughout the course of the epidemic. Host genotype and coinfection had particularly pronounced effects on the dynamics of spore release from infected hosts. Confidently predicting disease spread from local levels of individual transmission, therefore, requires a more nuanced understanding of genotype-specific infection outcomes. This knowledge is key to better understanding the drivers of epidemiological dynamics and the resulting evolutionary trajectories of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Susi
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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