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Page E, Queste LM, Rosser N, Salazar PA, Nadeau NJ, Mallet J, Srygley RB, McMillan WO, Dasmahapatra KK. Pervasive mimicry in flight behavior among aposematic butterflies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2300886121. [PMID: 38408213 PMCID: PMC10945825 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300886121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Flight was a key innovation in the adaptive radiation of insects. However, it is a complex trait influenced by a large number of interacting biotic and abiotic factors, making it difficult to unravel the evolutionary drivers. We investigate flight patterns in neotropical heliconiine butterflies, well known for mimicry of their aposematic wing color patterns. We quantify the flight patterns (wing beat frequency and wing angles) of 351 individuals representing 29 heliconiine and 9 ithomiine species belonging to ten color pattern mimicry groupings. For wing beat frequency and up wing angles, we show that heliconiine species group by color pattern mimicry affiliation. Convergence of down wing angles to mimicry groupings is less pronounced, indicating that distinct components of flight are under different selection pressures and constraints. The flight characteristics of the Tiger mimicry group are particularly divergent due to convergence with distantly related ithomiine species. Predator-driven selection for mimicry also explained variation in flight among subspecies, indicating that this convergence can occur over relatively short evolutionary timescales. Our results suggest that the flight convergence is driven by aposematic signaling rather than shared habitat between comimics. We demonstrate that behavioral mimicry can occur between lineages that have separated over evolutionary timescales ranging from <0.5 to 70 My.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Page
- Department of Biology, University of York, HeslingtonYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Lucie M. Queste
- Department of Biology, University of York, HeslingtonYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried82152, Germany
| | - Neil Rosser
- Department of Biology, University of York, HeslingtonYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Patricio A. Salazar
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Tree of Life Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CambridgeCB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Nadeau
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - James Mallet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Robert B. Srygley
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Panamá0843-03092, Republic of Panama
- Pest Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Sidney, MT59270
| | - W. Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Panamá0843-03092, Republic of Panama
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Yildirim Y, Kristensson D, Outomuro D, Mikolajewski D, Rödin Mörch P, Sniegula S, Johansson F. Phylogeography and phenotypic wing shape variation in a damselfly across populations in Europe. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:19. [PMID: 38308224 PMCID: PMC10838002 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Describing geographical variation in morphology of organisms in combination with data on genetic differentiation and biogeography can provide important information on how natural selection shapes such variation. Here we study genetic structure using ddRAD seq and wing shape variation using geometric morphometrics in 14 populations of the damselfly Lestes sponsa along its latitudinal range in Europe. RESULTS The genetic analysis showed a significant, yet relatively weak population structure with high genetic heterozygosity and low inbreeding coefficients, indicating that neutral processes contributed very little to the observed wing shape differences. The genetic analysis also showed that some regions of the genome (about 10%) are putatively shaped by selection. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the Spanish and French populations were the ancestral ones with northern Swedish and Finnish populations being the most derived ones. We found that wing shape differed significantly among populations and showed a significant quadratic (but weak) relationship with latitude. This latitudinal relationship was largely attributed to allometric effects of wing size, but non-allometric variation also explained a portion of this relationship. However, wing shape showed no phylogenetic signal suggesting that lineage-specific variation did not contribute to the variation along the latitudinal gradient. In contrast, wing size, which is correlated with body size in L. sponsa, had a strong negative correlation with latitude. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a relatively weak population structure among the sampled populations across Europe, but a clear differentiation between south and north populations. The observed geographic phenotypic variation in wing shape may have been affected by different local selection pressures or environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yildirim
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D Kristensson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D Outomuro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D Mikolajewski
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Rödin Mörch
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Sniegula
- Department of Ecosystem Conservation, Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - F Johansson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Yang N, Ren D, Béthoux O. Little bits of dragonfly history repeating exemplified by a new Pennsylvanian family. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230904. [PMID: 37800150 PMCID: PMC10548097 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
During its 320 Myr evolution, dragon- and damselfly (Odonata) wing morphology underwent intense modifications. The resulting diversity prompted comparative analyses focusing on phylogeny. However, homoplasy proved to plague wing-related characters. Concurrently, limited benefits were obtained from considering fossil taxa, similarly impacted. Herein, we investigate two aspects particularly affected by convergence, namely the acquisition of vein-like structuring elements derived from regular cross-venation, termed conamina; and the evolution of butter knife wing shape. Conamen implementation is found to be consistently linked with vein curvature sharpening, itself generating potential breaking points. Conamina therefore likely evolved to address wing integrity issues during ever-more-demanding flight performance. Moreover, an existing conamen is likely to trigger the acquisition of further, associated conamina. As for butter knife shape, previously documented in the extinct Archizygoptera and among damselflies, we report a new, 315 Ma occurrence with the rare species Haidilaozhen cuiae gen. et sp. nov. (family Haidilaozhenidae fam. nov.), from the Xiaheyan locality (China). The repeated acquisition of butter knife-shaped wing can be related to slow speed flight and, in turn, predator avoidance. In both cases of iterated regularities, the unique 'network-and-membrane' wing design proper to insects is found to compose a strong, constraining factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- CR2P (Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie—Paris), MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 57 rue Cuvier, CP48, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Olivier Béthoux
- CR2P (Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie—Paris), MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 57 rue Cuvier, CP48, 75005 Paris, France
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Johansson F, Berger D, Outomuro D, Sniegula S, Tunon M, Watts PC, Rohner PT. Mixed support for an alignment between phenotypic plasticity and genetic differentiation in damselfly wing shape. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:368-380. [PMID: 36571263 PMCID: PMC10107333 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity can provide information on whether plasticity generally facilitates or hinders adaptation to environmental change. Here, we studied wing shape variation in a damselfly (Lestes sponsa) across a latitudinal gradient in Europe that differed in time constraints mediated by photoperiod and temperature. We reared damselflies from northern and southern populations in the laboratory using a reciprocal transplant experiment that simulated time-constrained (i.e. northern) and unconstrained (southern) photoperiods and temperatures. After emergence, adult wing shape was analysed using geometric morphometrics. Wings from individuals in the northern and southern populations differed significantly in shape when animals were reared in their respective native environment. Comparing wing shape across environments, we found evidence for phenotypic plasticity in wing shape, and this response differed across populations (i.e. G × E interactions). This interaction was driven by a stronger plastic response by individuals from the northern population and differences in the direction of plastic wing shape changes among populations. The alignment between genetic and plastic responses depended on the specific combination of population and rearing environment. For example, there was an alignment between plasticity and genetic differentiation under time-constrained, but not under non-time-constrained conditions for forewings. We thus find mixed support for the hypothesis that environmental plasticity and genetic population differentiation are aligned. Furthermore, although our laboratory treatments mimicked the natural climatic conditions at northern and southern latitudes, the effects of population differences on wing shape were two to four times stronger than plastic effects. We discuss our results in terms of time constraints and the possibility that natural and sexual selection is acting differently on fore- and hindwings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Johansson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Berger
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Outomuro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Szymon Sniegula
- Department of Ecosystem Conservation, Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Meagan Tunon
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Phillip C Watts
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Boumaza M, Merabti B, Adjami Y, Ouakid ML, Carvajal TM. Geometric Morphometric Wing Analysis of Avian Malaria Vector, Culiseta longiareolata, from Two Locations in Algeria. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13111031. [PMID: 36354855 PMCID: PMC9693553 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The application of geometric morphometry on mosquito wings (Culicidae) is considered a powerful tool for evaluating correlations between the phenotype (e.g., shape) and environmental or genetic variables. However, this has not been used to study the wings of the avian malaria vector, Culiseta longiareolata. Therefore, the goal of this study is to investigate the intra-specific wing variations between male and female Cs. longiareolata populations in different types of larval habitats and climatic conditions in Algeria. A total of 256 Cs. longiareolata mosquito samples were collected from January 2020 to July 2021 in three cities (Annaba, El-Tarf, and Guelma) of northeastern Algeria that have two distinct climatic condition levels (sub-humid and sub-arid) and different types of larval habitats (artificial and natural). Nineteen (19) wing landmarks (LMs) were digitized and analyzed based on geometric morphometry. Our results revealed differences in the wing shape of female and male mosquito populations, indicating sexual dimorphism. Moreover, canonical variance analysis (CVA) showed that factors, such as climatic conditions and type of larval habitats, also affect the wing shape of female and male Cs. longiareolata mosquito populations. Furthermore, the wing shape of male populations was more distinct compared with female populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Boumaza
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, B.P. 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria
- Ecology Laboratory of Marine and Coastal Environments (EMMAL), Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba 23000, Algeria
| | - Brahim Merabti
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biotechnology and Valorization of Bioresources (LGBVB), University of Biskra, Biskra 07000, Algeria
| | - Yasmine Adjami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, B.P. 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria
- Ecology Laboratory of Marine and Coastal Environments (EMMAL), Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba 23000, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Laid Ouakid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, B.P. 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria
- Ecology Laboratory of Marine and Coastal Environments (EMMAL), Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba 23000, Algeria
| | - Thaddeus M. Carvajal
- Department of Biology, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 1004, Philippines
- Ehime University-De La Salle University International Collaborative Research Laboratory, Laguna Campus, De La Salle University, Laguna 4024, Philippines
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6
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Kelly CD. Can Patterns of Static Allometry be Inferred from Regimes of Sexual Selection in the Japanese Beetle? Evol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-022-09577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Wing shape differences along a migration route of the long-distance migrant Globe Skimmer Dragonfly Pantala flavescens. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467421000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAnimals which migrate by flying should be subject to selection for optimal wing characteristics that maximize energy efficiency during migration. We investigated wing shape and wing area variation in the Globe Skimmer Dragonfly Pantala flavescens, which has the longest known migration of any insect. Wing shape and wing area differences between individuals in southern Peninsular India, and migrating individuals at a stop-over site on the Maldives, were compared. Results suggest that individuals which successfully reached the Maldives, on their way from India to Africa, had a broader wing base and an overall more slender wing shape than individuals in southern India. Contrary to our expectations, wing area did not differ significantly in most of our comparisons between southern India and the Maldives, suggesting that wing shape is more important than wing area for successful migration in P. flavescens. The results provide indirect evidence of natural selection on wing shape in a migrating dragonfly.
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8
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Morphological variability of Argynnis paphia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) across different environmental conditions in eastern Slovakia. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Outomuro D, Golab MJ, Johansson F, Sniegula S. Body and wing size, but not wing shape, vary along a large-scale latitudinal gradient in a damselfly. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18642. [PMID: 34545136 PMCID: PMC8452623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale latitudinal studies that include both north and south edge populations and address sex differences are needed to understand how selection has shaped trait variation. We quantified the variation of flight-related morphological traits (body size, wing size, ratio between wing size and body size, and wing shape) along the whole latitudinal distribution of the damselfly Lestes sponsa, spanning over 2700 km. We tested predictions of geographic variation in the flight-related traits as a signature of: (1) stronger natural selection to improve dispersal in males and females at edge populations; (2) stronger sexual selection to improve reproduction (fecundity in females and sexual behaviors in males) at edge populations. We found that body size and wing size showed a U-shaped latitudinal pattern, while wing ratio showed the inverse shape. However, wing shape varied very little along the latitudinal gradient. We also detected sex-differences in the latitudinal patterns of variation. We discuss how latitudinal differences in natural and sexual selection regimes can lead to the observed quadratic patterns of variation in body and wing morphology via direct or indirect selection. We also discuss the lack of latitudinal variation in wing shape, possibly due to aerodynamic constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Outomuro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Rieveschl Hall, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA. .,Section for Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Maria J Golab
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Frank Johansson
- Section for Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Szymon Sniegula
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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10
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Khelifa R, Mahdjoub H, M’Gonigle LK, Kremen C. Integrating high-speed videos in capture-mark-recapture studies of insects. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:6033-6040. [PMID: 34141200 PMCID: PMC8207387 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Capture-mark-recapture (CMR) studies have been used extensively in ecology and evolution. While it is feasible to apply CMR in some animals, it is considerably more challenging in small fast-moving species such as insects. In these groups, low recapture rates can bias estimates of demographic parameters, thereby handicapping effective analysis and management of wild populations. Here, we use high-speed videos (HSV) to capture two large dragonfly species, Anax junius and Rhionaeschna multicolor, that rarely land and, thus, are particularly challenging for CMR studies. We test whether HSV, compared to conventional "eye" observations, increases the "resighting" rates and, consequently, improves estimates of both survival rates and the effects of demographic covariates on survival. We show that the use of HSV increases the number of resights by 64% in A. junius and 48% in R. multicolor. HSV improved our estimates of resighting and survival probability which were either under- or overestimated with the conventional observations. Including HSV improved credible intervals for resighting rate and survival probability by 190% and 130% in A. junius and R. multicolor, respectively. Hence, it has the potential to open the door to a wide range of research possibilities on species that are traditionally difficult to monitor with distance sampling, including within insects and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rassim Khelifa
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research CentreUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Hayat Mahdjoub
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research CentreUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | | | - Claire Kremen
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research CentreUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Institute for Resources, Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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11
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Johansson F, Watts PC, Sniegula S, Berger D. Natural selection mediated by seasonal time constraints increases the alignment between evolvability and developmental plasticity. Evolution 2021; 75:464-475. [PMID: 33368212 PMCID: PMC7986058 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity can either hinder or promote adaptation to novel environments. Recent studies that have quantified alignments between plasticity, genetic variation, and divergence propose that such alignments may reflect constraints that bias future evolutionary trajectories. Here, we emphasize that such alignments may themselves be a result of natural selection and do not necessarily indicate constraints on adaptation. We estimated developmental plasticity and broad sense genetic covariance matrices (G) among damselfly populations situated along a latitudinal gradient in Europe. Damselflies were reared at photoperiod treatments that simulated the seasonal time constraints experienced at northern (strong constraints) and southern (relaxed constraints) latitudes. This allowed us to partition the effects of (1) latitude, (2) photoperiod, and (3) environmental novelty on G and its putative alignment with adaptive plasticity and divergence. Environmental novelty and latitude did not affect G, but photoperiod did. Photoperiod increased evolvability in the direction of observed adaptive divergence and developmental plasticity when G was assessed under strong seasonal time constraints at northern (relative to southern) photoperiod. Because selection and adaptation under time constraints is well understood in Lestes damselflies, our results suggest that natural selection can shape the alignment between divergence, plasticity, and evolvability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Johansson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 752 36, Sweden
| | - Phillip C Watts
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Szymon Sniegula
- Department of Ecosystem Conservation, Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, 31-120, Poland
| | - David Berger
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 752 36, Sweden
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12
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Assessing the influence of allometry on sexual and non-sexual traits: An example in Cicindelidia trifasciata (Coleoptera: Cicindelinae) using geometric morphometrics. ZOOL ANZ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Abstract
The mobility hypothesis argues that species in which males compete for mates in scrambles often exhibit female-biased size dimorphism because smaller male body size should increase male mobility and success in searching for mates. Sexual dimorphism can be further exaggerated if fecundity or sexual selection concurrently selects for larger female size. Scramble competition can select for trait characteristics that optimize locomotion; for example, long and slender wings should be favored if aerial speed is important to mating success. I tested these predictions in the scrambling Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica), a female-biased size dimorphic insect pest that is invasive to North America. Multivariate selection analyses support the prediction that smaller body size and larger wings in males benefit their mating success. My analyses also revealed significant selection for larger wings in females but, contrary to prediction, direct sexual selection favors smaller body size in females. These results support the mobility hypothesis and partially explain the evolution of female-biased size dimorphism in this species. Sexual selection favored rounder bodies in females and more tapered bodies in males, whereas, in both sexes, the effect of wing shape appears less important to fitness than wing size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint D Kelly
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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14
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Gilbert AL, Brooks OL, Lattanzio MS. Multiple behavioral contexts of a melanized tail display in a desert lizard. Ethology 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences Ohio University Athens Ohio
- Ohio Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies Athens Ohio
| | - Olivia L. Brooks
- Department of Biology John Carroll University University Heights Ohio
| | - Matthew S. Lattanzio
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology Christopher Newport University Newport News Virginia
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15
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Le Roy C, Debat V, Llaurens V. Adaptive evolution of butterfly wing shape: from morphology to behaviour. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1261-1281. [PMID: 30793489 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Butterflies display extreme variation in wing shape associated with tremendous ecological diversity. Disentangling the role of neutral versus adaptive processes in wing shape diversification remains a challenge for evolutionary biologists. Ascertaining how natural selection influences wing shape evolution requires both functional studies linking morphology to flight performance, and ecological investigations linking performance in the wild with fitness. However, direct links between morphological variation and fitness have rarely been established. The functional morphology of butterfly flight has been investigated but selective forces acting on flight behaviour and associated wing shape have received less attention. Here, we attempt to estimate the ecological relevance of morpho-functional links established through biomechanical studies in order to understand the evolution of butterfly wing morphology. We survey the evidence for natural and sexual selection driving wing shape evolution in butterflies, and discuss how our functional knowledge may allow identification of the selective forces involved, at both the macro- and micro-evolutionary scales. Our review shows that although correlations between wing shape variation and ecological factors have been established at the macro-evolutionary level, the underlying selective pressures often remain unclear. We identify the need to investigate flight behaviour in relevant ecological contexts to detect variation in fitness-related traits. Identifying the selective regime then should guide experimental studies towards the relevant estimates of flight performance. Habitat, predators and sex-specific behaviours are likely to be major selective forces acting on wing shape evolution in butterflies. Some striking cases of morphological divergence driven by contrasting ecology involve both wing and body morphology, indicating that their interactions should be included in future studies investigating co-evolution between morphology and flight behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Le Roy
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier CP50, 75005, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier CP50, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier CP50, 75005, Paris, France
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16
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Boulton RA, Zuk M, Shuker DM. An Inconvenient Truth: The Unconsidered Benefits of Convenience Polyandry. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:904-915. [PMID: 30376988 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyandry, or multiple mating by females with different males, is commonplace. One explanation is that females engage in convenience polyandry, mating multiple times to reduce the costs of sexual harassment. Although the logic underlying convenience polyandry is clear, and harassment often seems to influence mating outcomes, it has not been subjected to as thorough theoretical or empirical attention as other explanations for polyandry. We re-examine here convenience polyandry in the light of new studies demonstrating previously unconsidered benefits of polyandry. We suggest that true convenience polyandry is likely to be a fleeting phenomenon, even though it can profoundly shape mating-system evolution via potential feedback loops between resistance to males and the costs and benefits of mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Boulton
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK; Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK.
| | - Marlene Zuk
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - David M Shuker
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
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17
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Tüzün N, Op de Beeck L, Stoks R. Sexual selection reinforces a higher flight endurance in urban damselflies. Evol Appl 2017; 10:694-703. [PMID: 28717389 PMCID: PMC5511363 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is among the most important and globally rapidly increasing anthropogenic processes and is known to drive rapid evolution. Habitats in urbanized areas typically consist of small, fragmented and isolated patches, which are expected to select for a better locomotor performance, along with its underlying morphological traits. This, in turn, is expected to cause differentiation in selection regimes, as populations with different frequency distributions for a given trait will span different parts of the species' fitness function. Yet, very few studies considered differentiation in phenotypic traits associated with patterns in habitat fragmentation and isolation along urbanization gradients, and none considered differentiation in sexual selection regimes. We investigated differentiation in flight performance and flight-related traits and sexual selection on these traits across replicated urban and rural populations of the scrambling damselfly Coenagrion puella. To disentangle direct and indirect paths going from phenotypic traits over performance to mating success, we applied a path analysis approach. We report for the first time direct evidence for the expected better locomotor performance in urban compared to rural populations. This matches a scenario of spatial sorting, whereby only the individuals with the best locomotor abilities colonize the isolated urban populations. The covariation patterns and causal relationships among the phenotypic traits, performance and mating success strongly depended on the urbanization level. Notably, we detected sexual selection for a higher flight endurance only in urban populations, indicating that the higher flight performance of urban males was reinforced by sexual selection. Taken together, our results provide a unique proof of the interplay between sexual selection and adaptation to human-altered environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedim Tüzün
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and ConservationUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Lin Op de Beeck
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and ConservationUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and ConservationUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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18
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Arambourou H, Sanmartín-Villar I, Stoks R. Wing shape-mediated carry-over effects of a heat wave during the larval stage on post-metamorphic locomotor ability. Oecologia 2017; 184:279-291. [PMID: 28238050 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two key insights to better assess the ecological impact of global warming have been poorly investigated to date: global warming effects on the integrated life cycle and effects of heat waves. We tested the effect of a simulated mild (25 °C) and severe (30 °C) heat wave experienced during the larval stage on the flight ability of the damselfly Ischnura elegans. To get a mechanistic understanding of how heat stress may translate into reduced post-metamorphic flight ability, we evaluated the hypothesized mediatory role of adult size-related traits, and also tested alternative pathways operating through changes in wing shape and two flight-related traits (both relative fat and flight muscle contents). Exposure to a heat wave, and particularly the severe one, shortened the larval stage, reduced adult size-related traits and modified the wing shape but did not significantly affect emergence success, relative fat content and relative flight muscle mass. Notably, the heat wave negatively affected all components of flight ability. Unexpectedly, the heat wave did not reduce flight ability through reducing size. Instead, we identified a novel size-independent mechanism bridging metamorphosis to link larval environment and adult flight ability in males: through affecting wing shape. The present study advances mechanistic insights in the still poorly understood coupling of life stages across metamorphosis. Additionally, our results underscore the need for integrative studies across life stages to understand the impact of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Arambourou
- Irstea, Research Unit MAEP (Freshwater Systems, Ecology and Pollution), 5 Rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626, Villeurbanne Cedex, France. .,Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Debériotstraat 32, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Iago Sanmartín-Villar
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Debériotstraat 32, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.,ECOEVO Lab, Universidade de Vigo, Escola de Enxeñaría Forestal, Campus A Xunqueira, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Debériotstraat 32, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
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19
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Gyulavári HA, Tüzün N, Arambourou H, Therry L, Dévai G, Stoks R. Within-season variation in sexual selection on flight performance and flight-related traits in a damselfly. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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