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Giordano R, Weber EP, Mitacek R, Flores A, Ledesma A, De AK, Herman TK, Soto-Adames FN, Nguyen MQ, Hill CB, Hartman GL. Patterns of asexual reproduction of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Matsumura), with and without the secondary symbionts Wolbachia and Arsenophonus, on susceptible and resistant soybean genotypes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1209595. [PMID: 37720159 PMCID: PMC10501154 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1209595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant breeding is used to develop crops with host resistance to aphids, however, virulent biotypes often develop that overcome host resistance genes. We tested whether the symbionts, Arsenophonus (A) and Wolbachia (W), affect virulence and fecundity in soybean aphid biotypes Bt1 and Bt3 cultured on whole plants and detached leaves of three resistant, Rag1, Rag2 and Rag1 + 2, and one susceptible, W82, soybean genotypes. Whole plants and individual aphid experiments of A. glycines with and without Arsenophonus and Wolbachia did not show differences in overall fecundity. Differences were observed in peak fecundity, first day of deposition, and day of maximum nymph deposition of individual aphids on detached leaves. Bt3 had higher fecundity than Bt1 on detached leaves of all plant genotypes regardless of bacterial profile. Symbionts did not affect peak fecundity of Bt1 but increased it in Bt3 (A+W+) and all Bt3 strains began to deposit nymphs earlier than the Bt1 (A+W-). Arsenophonus in Bt1 delayed the first day of nymph deposition in comparison to aposymbiotic Bt1 except when reared on Rag1 + 2. For the Bt1 and Bt3 strains, symbionts did not result in a significant difference in the day they deposited the maximum number of nymphs nor was there a difference in survival or variability in number of nymphs deposited. Variability of number of aphids deposited was higher in aphids feeding on resistant plant genotypes. The impact of Arsenophonus on soybean aphid patterns of fecundity was dependent on the aphid biotype and plant genotype. Wolbachia alone had no detectable impact but may have contributed to the increased fecundity of Bt3 (A+W+). An individual based model, using data from the detached leaves experiment and with intraspecific competition removed, found patterns similar to those observed in the greenhouse and growth chamber experiments including a significant interaction between soybean genotype and aphid strain. Combining individual data with the individual based model of population growth isolated the impact of fecundity and host resistance from intraspecific competition and host health. Changes to patterns of fecundity, influenced by the composition and concentration of symbionts, may contribute to competitive interactions among aphid genotypes and influence selection on virulent aphid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Giordano
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Puerto Rico Science Technology and Research Trust, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Everett P. Weber
- Office of Institutional Research, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Ryan Mitacek
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alejandra Flores
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alonso Ledesma
- College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Arun K. De
- Animal Sciences Division, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, India
| | | | - Felipe N. Soto-Adames
- Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Minh Q. Nguyen
- Neochromosome, Inc., Long Island City, NY, United States
| | - Curtis B. Hill
- Neochromosome, Inc., Long Island City, NY, United States
| | - Glen L. Hartman
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Sudo M, Osakabe M. freqpcr: Estimation of population allele frequency using qPCR ΔΔCq measures from bulk samples. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:1380-1393. [PMID: 34882971 PMCID: PMC9300209 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PCR techniques, both quantitative (qPCR) and nonquantitative, have been used to estimate the frequency of a specific allele in a population. However, the labour required to sample numerous individuals and subsequently handle each sample renders the quantification of rare mutations (e.g., pesticide resistance gene mutations at the early stages of resistance development) challenging. Meanwhile, pooling DNA from multiple individuals as a "bulk sample" combined with qPCR may reduce handling costs. The qPCR output for a bulk sample, however, contains uncertainty owing to variations in DNA yields from each individual, in addition to measurement errors. In this study, we have developed a statistical model to estimate the frequency of the specific allele and its confidence interval when the sample allele frequencies are obtained in the form of ΔΔCq in the qPCR analyses on multiple bulk samples collected from a population. We assumed a gamma distribution as the individual DNA yield and developed an R package for parameter estimation, which was verified using real DNA samples from acaricide-resistant spider mites, as well as a numerical simulation. Our model resulted in unbiased point estimates of the allele frequency compared with simple averaging of the ΔΔCq values. The confidence intervals suggest that dividing the bulk samples into more parts will improve precision if the total number of individuals is equal; however, if the cost of PCR analysis is higher than that of sampling, increasing the total number and pooling them into a few bulk samples may also yield comparable precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sudo
- Division of Fruit Tree and Tea Pest Control ResearchInstitute for Plant ProtectionNARO: Kanaya Tea Research StationShimadaJapan
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological InformationGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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Maino JL, Hoffmann AA, Binns M, Cheng X, van Rooyen A, Umina PA. Strip spraying delays pyrethroid resistance in the redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor: a novel refuge strategy. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4572-4582. [PMID: 34087043 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide resistance has seen control options for the redlegged earth mite (RLEM), Halotydeus destructor, dwindle for Australian grain farmers. The recent discovery of high recessiveness for pyrethroid resistance in RLEM provided an opportunity to examine the feasibility of a refuge strategy to slow the evolution of resistance. Unlike lepidopterous pests in Bt crops, where refuge strategies are routinely practiced, RLEM is a slow-moving pest, which will impact the design of susceptible refuges. RESULTS Firstly, we confirmed the pyrethroid resistant allele is recessive to the susceptible (wildtype) allele (in terms of resistance) across spatially separated Australian populations. Secondly, we demonstrated that a small, localized resistant mite population can revert to susceptibility at field relevant scales and conditions. Next, we used a simulation modelling approach to design a practical refuge strategy to maintain susceptibility to pyrethroids in populations with a low incidence of resistance. Certain configurations (e.g. a pesticide strip width of 50 m and refuge spacing of 10 m) maintained low levels of resistance across a 10-year time horizon, with lower mite abundance and minimal yield loss. A larger refuge proportion did not always delay resistance, and, under certain conditions, increased resistance frequency. CONCLUSION Strip spraying to maintain refuges can be readily incorporated into RLEM management programs where sprayer widths in commercial cropping contexts are typically between 20-40 m. A refuge approach to RLEM management that uses strip spraying may enhance long term control options in the absence of new chemical registrations but will now require field validation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Xuan Cheng
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Paul A Umina
- Cesar Australia, Parkville, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Karlsson Green K, Stenberg JA, Lankinen Å. Making sense of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in the light of evolution. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1791-1805. [PMID: 32908586 PMCID: PMC7463341 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic approach to combat pests (including herbivores, pathogens, and weeds) using a combination of preventive and curative actions, and only applying synthetic pesticides when there is an urgent need. Just as the recent recognition that an evolutionary perspective is useful in medicine to understand and predict interactions between hosts, diseases, and medical treatments, we argue that it is crucial to integrate an evolutionary framework in IPM to develop efficient and reliable crop protection strategies that do not lead to resistance development in herbivores, pathogens, and weeds. Such a framework would not only delay resistance evolution in pests, but also optimize each element of the management and increase the synergies between them. Here, we outline key areas within IPM that would especially benefit from a thorough evolutionary understanding. In addition, we discuss the difficulties and advantages of enhancing communication among research communities rooted in different biological disciplines and between researchers and society. Furthermore, we present suggestions that could advance implementation of evolutionary principles in IPM and thus contribute to the development of sustainable agriculture that is resilient to current and emerging pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Karlsson Green
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Johan A. Stenberg
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Åsa Lankinen
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
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Umina PA, McDonald G, Maino J, Edwards O, Hoffmann AA. Escalating insecticide resistance in Australian grain pests: contributing factors, industry trends and management opportunities. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1494-1506. [PMID: 30506966 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is an ever-increasing problem that threatens food production globally. Within Australia, the grain industry has a renewed focus on resistance due to diminishing chemical options available to farmers and the increasing prevalence and severity of resistance encountered in the field. Chemicals are too often used as the major tool for arthropod pest management, ignoring the potent evolutionary forces from chemical selection pressures that lead to resistance. A complex array of factors (biological, social, economic, political, climatic) have contributed to current trends in insecticide usage and resistance in the Australian grain industry. We review the status of insecticide resistance and provide a context for how resistance is currently managed. We discuss emerging technologies and research that could be applied to improve resistance management. This includes generating baseline sensitivity data for insecticides before they are launched, developing genetic diagnostics for the full complement of known resistances, expanding resistance monitoring programs, and utilizing new technologies. Additional benefits are likely to be achieved through a combination of industry awareness and engagement, risk modeling, adoption of integrated pest management tactics, greater collaboration between industry stakeholders, and policy changes around chemical use and record keeping. The Australian grain context provides lessons for other agricultural industries. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Umina
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- CESAR, 293 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Garrick McDonald
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James Maino
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- CESAR, 293 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Owain Edwards
- CSIRO Land & Water, Underwood Ave, Floreat, WA 6014 Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Shuster SM, Pyzyna B, Mayer LP, Dyer CA. The opportunity for sexual selection and the evolution of non-responsiveness to pesticides, sterility inducers and contraceptives. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00943. [PMID: 30761364 PMCID: PMC6275691 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We illustrate a method for delaying and possibly eliminating the evolution of non-responsiveness to the treatments now used to control pest populations. Using simulations and estimates of the variance in relative fitness, i.e., the opportunity for selection, in a rat-like mammal, we show that the selection responsible for the evolution of non-responsiveness to pesticides and sterility-inducers, is similar in its action to sexual selection, and for this reason can be orders of magnitude stronger than that which exists for untreated populations. In contrast, we show that when contraceptives are used to reduce the fertility of a pest species, with non-responders embedded within such populations, the opportunity for selection favoring non-responsiveness is reduced to that which is expected by chance alone. In pest species with separate sexes, we show that efforts to control pest populations or to mitigate selection favoring non-responsiveness, are likely to be ineffective when members of one sex are sterilized or killed. We also show that while mating preferences can impede the rate at which resistance evolves, they are more likely to accelerate this process, arguing against the use of sterile male approaches for controlling pests. Our results suggest that contraceptives are more effective at controlling pest populations and slowing the evolution of non-responsiveness than treatments that cause sterilization or death in target species. Furthermore, our results indicate that contraceptives that work differentially on each sex will be most effective in mitigating selection favoring non-responders. Our results have significant implications for the development and application of treatments to manage pests, now and into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Shuster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5640, USA
| | - Brandy Pyzyna
- Senestech, Inc., 3140 N Caden Court, Suite #1, Flagstaff, AZ 86004, USA
| | - Loretta P. Mayer
- Senestech, Inc., 3140 N Caden Court, Suite #1, Flagstaff, AZ 86004, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Dyer
- Senestech, Inc., 3140 N Caden Court, Suite #1, Flagstaff, AZ 86004, USA
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Sudo M, Takahashi D, Andow DA, Suzuki Y, Yamanaka T. Optimal management strategy of insecticide resistance under various insect life histories: Heterogeneous timing of selection and interpatch dispersal. Evol Appl 2017; 11:271-283. [PMID: 29387161 PMCID: PMC5775500 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although theoretical studies have shown that the mixture strategy, which uses multiple toxins simultaneously, can effectively delay the evolution of insecticide resistance, whether it is the optimal management strategy under different insect life histories and insecticide types remains unknown. To test the robustness of this management strategy over different life histories, we developed a series of simulation models that cover almost all the diploid insect types and have the same basic structure describing pest population dynamics and resistance evolution with discrete time steps. For each of two insecticidal toxins, independent one‐locus two‐allele autosomal inheritance of resistance was assumed. The simulations demonstrated the optimality of the mixture strategy either when insecticide efficacy was incomplete or when some part of the population disperses between patches before mating. The rotation strategy, which uses one insecticide on one pest generation and a different one on the next, did not differ from sequential usage in the time to resistance, except when dominance was low. It was the optimal strategy when insecticide efficacy was high and premating selection and dispersal occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sudo
- Statistical Modeling UnitInstitute for Agro-Environmental Sciences NARO, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan.,Tea Pest Management Unit Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science NARO, Kanaya, Shimada, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - David A Andow
- Department of Entomology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Yoshito Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo Kyoto Japan
| | - Takehiko Yamanaka
- Statistical Modeling UnitInstitute for Agro-Environmental Sciences NARO, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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