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Barreto E, Boehm MMA, Ogutcen E, Abrahamczyk S, Kessler M, Bascompte J, Dellinger AS, Bello C, Dehling DM, Duchenne F, Kaehler M, Lagomarsino LP, Lohmann LG, Maglianesi MA, Morlon H, Muchhala N, Ornelas JF, Perret M, Salinas NR, Smith SD, Vamosi JC, Varassin IG, Graham CH. Macroevolution of the plant-hummingbird pollination system. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38705863 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Plant-hummingbird interactions are considered a classic example of coevolution, a process in which mutually dependent species influence each other's evolution. Plants depend on hummingbirds for pollination, whereas hummingbirds rely on nectar for food. As a step towards understanding coevolution, this review focuses on the macroevolutionary consequences of plant-hummingbird interactions, a relatively underexplored area in the current literature. We synthesize prior studies, illustrating the origins and dynamics of hummingbird pollination across different angiosperm clades previously pollinated by insects (mostly bees), bats, and passerine birds. In some cases, the crown age of hummingbirds pre-dates the plants they pollinate. In other cases, plant groups transitioned to hummingbird pollination early in the establishment of this bird group in the Americas, with the build-up of both diversities coinciding temporally, and hence suggesting co-diversification. Determining what triggers shifts to and away from hummingbird pollination remains a major open challenge. The impact of hummingbirds on plant diversification is complex, with many tropical plant lineages experiencing increased diversification after acquiring flowers that attract hummingbirds, and others experiencing no change or even a decrease in diversification rates. This mixed evidence suggests that other extrinsic or intrinsic factors, such as local climate and isolation, are important covariables driving the diversification of plants adapted to hummingbird pollination. To guide future studies, we discuss the mechanisms and contexts under which hummingbirds, as a clade and as individual species (e.g. traits, foraging behaviour, degree of specialization), could influence plant evolution. We conclude by commenting on how macroevolutionary signals of the mutualism could relate to coevolution, highlighting the unbalanced focus on the plant side of the interaction, and advocating for the use of species-level interaction data in macroevolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Barreto
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Mannfred M A Boehm
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ezgi Ogutcen
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Stefan Abrahamczyk
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plant, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, Bonn, 53115, Germany
- State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Botany Department, Rosenstein 1, Stuttgart, 70191, Germany
| | - Michael Kessler
- Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Bascompte
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurestrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Agnes S Dellinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Carolina Bello
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - D Matthias Dehling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 25 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - François Duchenne
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Kaehler
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos 100, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Laura P Lagomarsino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Shirley C. Tucker Herbarium, Louisiana State University, Life Science Annex Building A257, Baton Rouge, 70803, LA, USA
| | - Lúcia G Lohmann
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
- Department of Integrative Biology, University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, 94720-2465, CA, USA
| | - María A Maglianesi
- Escuela de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, San José, 474-2050, Costa Rica
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, UMR 8197, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Nathan Muchhala
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri - St. Louis, St. Louis, 63121, MO, USA
| | - Juan Francisco Ornelas
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, 91073, Mexico
| | - Mathieu Perret
- Department of Plant Sciences, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève, University of Geneva, Chem. de l'Impératrice 1, 1292 Pregny-Chambésy, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nelson R Salinas
- Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory, New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, New York City, 10458, NY, USA
| | - Stacey D Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado-Boulder, 1900 Pleasant St, Boulder, 80302, CO, USA
| | - Jana C Vamosi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, T2N1N4, AB, Canada
| | - Isabela G Varassin
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos 100, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Catherine H Graham
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
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Duncan GD, Ellis AG, Forest F, Verboom GA. Strong habitat and seasonal phenology effects on the evolution of self-compatibility, clonality and pollinator shifts in Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38702970 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Plants employ a diversity of reproductive safeguarding strategies to circumvent the challenge of pollen limitation. Focusing on southern African Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae), we test the hypothesis that the evolution of reproductive safeguarding traits (self-compatibility, autonomous selfing, bird pollination and clonal propagation) is favoured in species occupying conditions of low insect abundance imposed by critically infertile fynbos heathland vegetation and by flowering outside the austral spring insect abundance peak. We trace the evolution of these traits and selective regimes on a dated, multi-locus phylogeny of Lachenalia and assess their evolutionary associations using ordinary and phylogenetic regression. Ancestral state reconstructions identify an association with non-fynbos vegetation and spring flowering as ancestral in Lachenalia, the transition to fynbos vegetation and non-spring flowering taking place multiple times. They also show that self-compatibility, autofertility, bird pollination and production of multiple clonal offsets have evolved repeatedly. Regression models suggest that bird pollination and self-compatibility are selected for in fynbos and in non-spring flowering lineages, with autofertility being positively associated with non-spring flowering. These patterns support the interpretation of these traits as reproductive safeguarding adaptations under reduced insect pollinator abundance. We find no evidence to support the interpretation of clonal propagation as a reproductive safeguarding strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham D Duncan
- Bolus Herbarium and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7701, Rhodes Gift, South Africa
- Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, 99 Rhodes Ave, Newlands, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Allan G Ellis
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Félix Forest
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, Surrey, UK
| | - G Anthony Verboom
- Bolus Herbarium and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7701, Rhodes Gift, South Africa
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Botanical Garden (Botaniska), 41319, Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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São-Mateus WMB, Fernandes MF, Queiroz LPD, Meireles JE, Jardim JG, Delgado-Salinas A, Dorado Ó, Lima HCD, Rodríguez RR, González Gutiérrez PA, Lewis GP, Wojciechowski MF, Cardoso D. Molecular phylogeny and divergence time of Harpalyce (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae), a lineage with amphitropical diversification in seasonally dry forests and savannas. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 194:108031. [PMID: 38360081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the systematics of the papilionoid legume tribe Brongniartieae has greatly benefitted from recent advances in molecular phylogenetics. The tribe was initially described to include species marked by a strongly bilabiate calyx and an embryo with a straight radicle, but recent research has placed taxa from the distantly related core Sophoreae and Millettieae within it. Despite these advances, the most species-rich genera within the Brongniartieae are still not well studied, and their morphological and biogeographical evolution remains poorly understood. Comprising 35 species, Harpalyce is one of these poorly studied genera. In this study, we present a comprehensive, multi-locus molecular phylogeny of the Brongniartieae, with an increased sampling of Harpalyce, to investigate morphological and biogeographical evolution within the group. Our results confirm the monophyly of Harpalyce and indicate that peltate glandular trichomes and a strongly bilabiate calyx with a carinal lip and three fused lobes are synapomorphies for the genus, which is internally divided into three distinct ecologically and geographically divergent lineages, corresponding to the previously recognized sections. Our biogeographical reconstructions demonstrate that Brongniartieae originated in South America during the Eocene, with subsequent pulses of diversification in South America, Mesoamerica, and Australia. Harpalyce also originated in South America during the Miocene at around 20 Ma, with almost synchronous later diversification in South America and Mexico/Mesoamerica beginning 10 Ma, but mostly during the Pliocene. Migration of Harpalyce from South to North America was accompanied by a biome and ecological shift from savanna to seasonally dry forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace M B São-Mateus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, 59072-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Moabe Ferreira Fernandes
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s.n., Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW93AE, UK
| | - Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (HUEFS), Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Meireles
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, 5735 Hitchner Hall, 04469 Orono, ME, USA
| | - Jomar Gomes Jardim
- Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Campus Jorge Amado, 45613-204 Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil; Herbário Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau - CEPEC, Km 29, Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, 45603-811 Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alfonso Delgado-Salinas
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-233, 04510 Coyoacán, Cd. México, Mexico
| | - Óscar Dorado
- Centro de Educación Ambiental e Investigación Sierra de Huautla, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Mexico
| | - Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915 22460-030 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosa Rankin Rodríguez
- Jardín Botánico Nacional, Universidad de la Habana, Carretera "El Rocío", km 3.5, Calabazar C.P. 19230, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Pedro Alejandro González Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigaciones y Servicios Ambientales de Holguín (CISAT), CITMA, Calle 18 sn, entre 1ª y Maceo, Reparto "El Llano", Holguín 80 100, Cuba
| | | | | | - Domingos Cardoso
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s.n., Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915 22460-030 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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MacNeill BN, Ortiz-Brunel JP, Rodríguez A, Ruiz-Sánchez E, Navarro-Moreno J, Hofford NP, McKain MR. Floral Diversity and Pollination Syndromes in Agave subgenus Manfreda. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1376-1390. [PMID: 37673672 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Agave is an ecological keystone of American deserts and both culturally and economically important in Mexico. Agave is a large genus of about 250 species. The radiation of Agave is marked by an initial adaptation to desert environments and then a secondary diversification of species associated with pollinator groups, such as hummingbirds and nocturnal moths. Phylogenetic analyses place Agave subgenus Manfreda, or the "herbaceous agaves," in a monophyletic clade that likely evolved in part as an adaptation to novel pollination vectors. Here, we present a morphological and observational study assessing the evolution of floral form in response to pollinator specialization within this understudied group. We found significant visitation by hummingbirds and nocturnal moths to several species within the Agave subgenus Manfreda. These observations also align with our morphological analyses of floral organs and support the evolution of distinct pollination syndromes. We found that not all floral morphology is consistent within a pollination syndrome, suggesting hidden diversity in the evolution of floral phenotypes in Agave. We also characterize the morphological variation between herbarium and live specimens, demonstrating that special consideration needs to be made when combining these types of data. This work identifies the potential for studying the functional evolution of diverse floral forms within Agave and demonstrates the need to further explore ecological and evolutionary relationships to understand pollinator influence on diversification in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan N MacNeill
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | | | - Aarón Rodríguez
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal. 45200 , Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Sánchez
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal. 45200 , Mexico
| | - Jesús Navarro-Moreno
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal. 45200 , Mexico
| | - Nathaniel P Hofford
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Michael R McKain
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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Izquierdo JV, Costas SM, Castillo S, Baranzelli MC, Sazatornil F, Benitez-Vieyra S. Local adaptation to hummingbirds and bees in Salvia stachydifolia: insights into pollinator shifts in a Southern Andean sage. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:1119-1130. [PMID: 37616580 PMCID: PMC10809053 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Differences among populations in pollinator assemblages can lead to local adaptation mosaics in which plants evolve different floral morphologies and attractive traits. Mountain habitats may promote local adaptation because of differences in environmental conditions with altitude, causing changes in pollinators, and because mountaintops can act as isolated habitats. We studied if the differences in floral shape, size and nectar traits in Salvia stachydifolia can be attributed to variations in the relative contribution of hummingbirds and insects. METHODS We studied eight populations of S. stachydifolia in natural and under common garden conditions, to assess whether population differences have a genetic component. We recorded pollinators, their behaviour and visitation rates, and characterized pollinator assemblages. In addition, we measured nectar volume and concentration, and collected flowers to describe floral shape and size variation using geometric morphometric methods. We then applied an unsupervised learning algorithm to identify ecotypes based on morphometric traits. Finally, we explored whether populations with different pollinator assemblages had different climatic and/or elevation preferences. KEY RESULTS We found that variation in the identity of the main pollinators was associated with differences among populations in all traits, as expected under a local adaptation scenario. These differences persisted in the common garden, suggesting that they were not due to phenotypic plasticity. We found S. stachydifolia populations were pollinated either by bees, by hummingbirds or had mixed pollination. We identified two ecotypes that correspond to the identity of the main pollinator guilds, irrespective of climate or altitude. CONCLUSIONS Variation in S. stachydifolia floral traits did not follow any evident association with bioclimatic factors, suggesting that populations may have diverged as the product of historical isolation on mountaintops. We suggest that differences among populations point to incipient speciation and an ongoing pollinator shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana V Izquierdo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba – CONICET), CC 495 (X5000ZAA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago M Costas
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba – CONICET), CC 495 (X5000ZAA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago Castillo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba – CONICET), CC 495 (X5000ZAA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Matíias C Baranzelli
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba – CONICET), CC 495 (X5000ZAA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Federico Sazatornil
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba – CONICET), CC 495 (X5000ZAA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago Benitez-Vieyra
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba – CONICET), CC 495 (X5000ZAA), Córdoba, Argentina
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Mochizuki K, Okamoto T, Chen KH, Wang CN, Evans M, Kramer AT, Kawakita A. Adaptation to pollination by fungus gnats underlies the evolution of pollination syndrome in the genus Euonymus. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:319-333. [PMID: 37610846 PMCID: PMC10583214 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dipteran insects are known pollinators of many angiosperms, but knowledge on how flies affect floral evolution is relatively scarce. Some plants pollinated by fungus gnats share a unique set of floral characters (dark red display, flat shape and short stamens), which differs from any known pollination syndromes. We tested whether this set of floral characters is a pollination syndrome associated with pollination by fungus gnats, using the genus Euonymus as a model. METHODS The pollinator and floral colour, morphology and scent profile were investigated for ten Euonymus species and Tripterygium regelii as an outgroup. The flower colour was evaluated using bee and fly colour vision models. The evolutionary association between fungus gnat pollination and each plant character was tested using a phylogenetically independent contrast. The ancestral state reconstruction was performed on flower colour, which is associated with fungus gnat pollination, to infer the evolution of pollination in the genus Euonymus. KEY RESULTS The red-flowered Euonymus species were pollinated predominantly by fungus gnats, whereas the white-flowered species were pollinated by bees, beetles and brachyceran flies. The colour vision analysis suggested that red and white flowers are perceived as different colours by both bees and flies. The floral scents of the fungus gnat-pollinated species were characterized by acetoin, which made up >90 % of the total scent in three species. Phylogenetically independent contrast showed that the evolution of fungus gnat pollination is associated with acquisition of red flowers, short stamens and acetoin emission. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the observed combination of floral characters is a pollination syndrome associated with the parallel evolution of pollination by fungus gnats. Although the role of the red floral display and acetoin in pollinator attraction remains to be elucidated, our finding underscores the importance of fungus gnats as potential contributors to floral diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Mochizuki
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-7-1 Hakusan, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Okamoto
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kai-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chun-Neng Wang
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Matthew Evans
- Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA
| | - Andrea T Kramer
- Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA
| | - Atsushi Kawakita
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-7-1 Hakusan, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Martínez-Gómez J, Park S, Hartogs SR, Soza VL, Park SJ, Di Stilio VS. Flower morphology as a predictor of pollination mode in a biotic to abiotic pollination continuum. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:61-76. [PMID: 37235981 PMCID: PMC10550269 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wind pollination has evolved repeatedly in flowering plants, yet the identification of a wind pollination syndrome as a set of integrated floral traits can be elusive. Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae) comprises temperate perennial herbs that have transitioned repeatedly from insect to wind pollination while also exhibiting mixed pollination, providing an ideal system to test for evolutionary correlation between floral morphology and pollination mode in a biotic to abiotic continuum. Moreover, the lack of floral organ fusion across this genus allows testing for specialization to pollination vectors in the absence of this feature. METHODS We expanded phylogenetic sampling in the genus from a previous study using six chloroplast loci, which allowed us to test whether species cluster into distinct pollination syndromes based on floral morphology. We then used multivariate analyses on floral traits followed by ancestral state reconstruction of the emerging flower morphotypes and determined whether these traits are evolutionarily correlated under a Bayesian framework with Brownian motion. KEY RESULTS Floral traits fell into five distinct clusters, which were reduced to three after considering phylogenetic relatedness and were largely consistent with flower morphotypes and associated pollination vectors. Multivariate evolutionary analyses found a positive correlation between the lengths of floral reproductive structures (styles, stigmas, filaments and anthers). Shorter reproductive structures tracked insect-pollinated species and clades in the phylogeny, whereas longer structures tracked wind-pollinated ones, consistent with selective pressures exerted by biotic vs. abiotic pollination vectors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although detectable suites of integrated floral traits across Thalictrum were correlated with wind or insect pollination at the extremes of the morphospace distribution, a presumed intermediate, mixed pollination mode morphospace was also detected. Thus, our data broadly support the existence of detectable flower morphotypes from convergent evolution underlying the evolution of pollination mode in Thalictrum, presumably via different paths from an ancestral mixed pollination state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Martínez-Gómez
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, PO Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Seongjun Park
- Institute of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, South Korea
| | - Samantha R Hartogs
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, PO Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Valerie L Soza
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, PO Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Seon Joo Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, South Korea
| | - Verónica S Di Stilio
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, PO Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Kiel CA, Manzitto-Tripp E, Fisher AE, Porter JM, McDade LA. Remarkable variation in androecial morphology is closely associated with corolla traits in Western Hemisphere Justiciinae (Acanthaceae: Justicieae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:43-60. [PMID: 37279362 PMCID: PMC10550274 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Few studies of angiosperms have focused on androecial evolution in conjunction with evolutionary shifts in corolla morphology and pollinator relationships. The Western Hemisphere clade of Justiciinae (Acanthaceae) presents the rare opportunity to examine remarkable diversity in staminal morphology. We took a phylogenetically informed approach to examine staminal diversity in this hypervariable group and asked whether differences in anther thecae separation is associated with phylogenetically informed patterns of variation in corolla morphology. We further discuss evidence for associations between anther diversity and pollinators in this lineage. METHODS For the Dianthera/Sarotheca/Plagiacanthus (DSP) clade of Western Hemisphere Justiciinae, we characterized floral diversity based on a series of corolla measurements and using a model-based clustering approach. We then tested for correlations between anther thecae separation and corolla traits, and for shifts in trait evolution, including evidence for convergence. KEY RESULTS There is evolutionary vagility in corolla and anther traits across the DSP clade with little signal of phylogenetic constraint. Floral morphology clusters into four distinct groups that are, in turn, strongly associated with anther thecae separation, a novel result in Acanthaceae and, to our knowledge, across flowering plants. These cluster groups are marked by floral traits that strongly point to associations with pollinating animals. Specifically, species that are known or likely to be hummingbird pollinated have stamens with parallel thecae, whereas those that are likely bee or fly pollinated have stamens with offset, divergent thecae. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that anther thecae separation is likely under selection in concert with other corolla characters. Significant morphological shifts detected by our analyses corresponded to putative shifts from insect to hummingbird pollination. Results from this study support the hypothesis that floral structures function in an integrated manner and are likely subject to selection as a suite. Further, these changes can be hypothesized to represent adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Kiel
- California Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Erin Manzitto-Tripp
- University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Amanda E Fisher
- California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90807, USA
| | - J Mark Porter
- California Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Lucinda A McDade
- California Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
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9
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Kobayashi S. Evolution of a non-flying mammal-dependent pollination system in Asian Mucuna (Fabaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:833-841. [PMID: 37408380 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Pollinator shifts are often related to speciation in angiosperms, and the relationship between them has been discussed in several plant taxa. Although limited information on plants pollinated by non-flying mammals in Central and South America and Africa is available, related research has not been conducted in Asia. Herein, I summarize the available knowledge of pollination in Asian Mucuna (Fabaceae), a genus mainly distributed in the tropics, and discuss the evolution of plants pollinated by non-flying mammals in Asia. Nineteen pollinator species have been recorded and pollination systems have been categorized into four types. An examination of the relationship between Mucuna species and their pollinators from the lineage perspective revealed that all species in Mucuna, subgenus Macrocarpa, which are distributed in Asia, are pollinated exclusively by non-flying mammals. Additionally, plants pollinated by non-flying mammals were found to have diverged from bat-pollinated and non-flying mammal-pollinated plants, while plants pollinated by non-flying mammals have evolved multiple times. This is a unique example of evolutionary transition. I hypothesize that the diversification of squirrel species in tropical Asia may have led to the speciation and diversification of Mucuna in Asia. Furthermore, the behavioural and ecological characteristics of bats and birds in Asia differ from the characteristics of those in other regions, implying that Asian Mucuna species do not rely on bat or bird pollinators. The adaptation of floral characteristics to pollinators is not well understood in Asia. Mammal-pollinated plants in Asia may have evolved differently from those in other regions and have unique pollination systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kobayashi
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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10
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Kriebel R, Rose JP, Bastide P, Jolles D, Reginato M, Sytsma KJ. The evolution of Ericaceae flowers and their pollination syndromes at a global scale. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16220. [PMID: 37551426 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Floral evolution in large clades is difficult to study not only because of the number of species involved, but also because they often are geographically widespread and include a diversity of outcrossing pollination systems. The cosmopolitan blueberry family (Ericaceae) is one such example, most notably pollinated by bees and multiple clades of nectarivorous birds. METHODS We combined data on floral traits, pollination ecology, and geography with a comprehensive phylogeny to examine the structuring of floral diversity across pollination systems and continents. We focused on ornithophilous systems to test the hypothesis that some Old World Ericaceae were pollinated by now-extinct hummingbirds. RESULTS Despite some support for floral differentiation at a continental scale, we found a large amount of variability within and among landmasses, due to both phylogenetic conservatism and parallel evolution. We found support for floral differentiation in anther and corolla traits across pollination systems, including among different ornithophilous systems. Corolla traits show inconclusive evidence that some Old World Ericaceae were pollinated by hummingbirds, while anther traits show stronger evidence. Some major shifts in floral traits are associated with changes in pollination system, but shifts within bee systems are likely also important. CONCLUSIONS Studying the floral evolution of large, morphologically diverse, and widespread clades is feasible. We demonstrate that continent-specific radiations have led to widespread parallel evolution of floral morphology. We show that traits outside of the perianth may hold important clues to the ecological history of lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, 94118, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Rose
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Paul Bastide
- IMAG, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Diana Jolles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth State University, 17 High Street, Plymouth, New Hampshire, 03264-1594, USA
| | - Marcelo Reginato
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kenneth J Sytsma
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
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11
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Anderson B, Pannell J, Billiard S, Burgarella C, de Boer H, Dufay M, Helmstetter AJ, Méndez M, Otto SP, Roze D, Sauquet H, Schoen D, Schönenberger J, Vallejo-Marin M, Zenil-Ferguson R, Käfer J, Glémin S. Opposing effects of plant traits on diversification. iScience 2023; 26:106362. [PMID: 37034980 PMCID: PMC10074578 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Species diversity can vary dramatically across lineages due to differences in speciation and extinction rates. Here, we explore the effects of several plant traits on diversification, finding that most traits have opposing effects on diversification. For example, outcrossing may increase the efficacy of selection and adaptation but also decrease mate availability, two processes with contrasting effects on lineage persistence. Such opposing trait effects can manifest as differences in diversification rates that depend on ecological context, spatiotemporal scale, and associations with other traits. The complexity of pathways linking traits to diversification suggests that the mechanistic underpinnings behind their correlations may be difficult to interpret with any certainty, and context dependence means that the effects of specific traits on diversification are likely to differ across multiple lineages and timescales. This calls for taxonomically and context-controlled approaches to studies that correlate traits and diversification.
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12
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Liévano‐Latorre LF, Varassin IG, Zanata TB. Evolutionary history and precipitation seasonality shape niche overlap in Neotropical bat–plant pollination networks. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Fernanda Liévano‐Latorre
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
- Laboratório de Interações e Biologia Reprodutiva, Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
- Laboratório de Biogeografia da Conservação, Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia Brazil
| | - Isabela G. Varassin
- Laboratório de Interações e Biologia Reprodutiva, Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
| | - Thais B. Zanata
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
- Laboratório de Interações e Síntese em Biodiversidade, Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Cuiabá Brazil
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13
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Kay KM, Grossenbacher DL. Evolutionary convergence on hummingbird pollination in Neotropical Costus provides insight into the causes of pollinator shifts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1572-1583. [PMID: 36068995 PMCID: PMC9826479 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of hummingbird pollination is common across angiosperms throughout the Americas, presenting an opportunity to examine convergence in both traits and environments to better understand how complex phenotypes arise. Here we examine independent shifts from bee to hummingbird pollination in the Neotropical spiral gingers (Costus) and address common explanations for the prevalence of transitions from bee to hummingbird pollination. We use floral traits of species with observed pollinators to predict pollinators of unobserved species and reconstruct ancestral pollination states on a well-resolved phylogeny. We examine whether independent transitions evolve towards the same phenotypic optimum and whether shifts to hummingbird pollination correlate with elevation or climate. Traits predicting hummingbird pollination include small flower size, brightly colored floral bracts and the absence of nectar guides. We find many shifts to hummingbird pollination and no reversals, a single shared phenotypic optimum across hummingbird flowers, and no association between pollination and elevation or climate. Evolutionary shifts to hummingbird pollination in Costus are highly convergent and directional, involve a surprising set of traits when compared with other plants with analogous transitions and refute the generality of several common explanations for the prevalence of transitions from bee to hummingbird pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Kay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California, Santa CruzSanta CruzCA95060USA
| | - Dena L. Grossenbacher
- Department of BiologyCalifornia Polytechnic State UniversitySan Luis ObispoCA93401USA
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14
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Pauw A. Pollination syndrome accurately predicts pollination by tangle-veined flies (Nemestrinidae: Prosoeca s.s.) across multiple plant families. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:1010-1021. [PMID: 35975653 PMCID: PMC9804979 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The idea that a syndrome of floral traits predicts pollination by a particular functional group of pollinators remains simultaneously controversial and widely used because it allows plants to be rapidly assigned to pollinators. To test the idea requires demonstrating that there is an association between floral traits and pollinator type. I conducted such a test in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, by studying the pollination of eight plant species from six families that flower in spring and have scentless, actinomorphic, upwards-facing flowers, with orbicular petals all held in the same plane. The petals are brilliant-white with red-purple nectar guides. The tubes are short and hold small volumes of concentrated nectar, except in the rewardless Disa fasciata (Orchidaceae). Pollinators were photographed and captured, pollen loads were analysed and pollination networks were constructed. Consistent with the pollination syndrome hypothesis, the species with the defined syndrome shared a small group of pollinators. The most frequent pollinators belonged to a clade of four tangle-veined fly species with relatively short proboscises (Nemestrinidae: Prosoeca s.s.), while functionally similar Bombyliidae and Tabanidae played minor roles. Among the four Prosoeca species, only Prosoeca westermanni has been described, a result that highlights our ignorance about pollinators. The demonstration of an association between the syndrome of traits and pollination by this group of flies explains the repeated evolution of the syndrome across multiple plant families, and allows prediction of pollinators in additional species. More generally, the result validates the idea that the traits of organisms determine their ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Pauw
- Department of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch UniversityMatielandSouth Africa
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15
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Berardi AE, Betancourt Morejón AC, Hopkins R. Convergence without divergence in North American red-flowering Silene. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:945806. [PMID: 36147235 PMCID: PMC9485837 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.945806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Combinations of correlated floral traits have arisen repeatedly across angiosperms through convergent evolution in response to pollinator selection to optimize reproduction. While some plant groups exhibit very distinct combinations of traits adapted to specific pollinators (so-called pollination syndromes), others do not. Determining how floral traits diverge across clades and whether floral traits show predictable correlations in diverse groups of flowering plants is key to determining the extent to which pollinator-mediated selection drives diversification. The North American Silene section Physolychnis is an ideal group to investigate patterns of floral evolution because it is characterized by the evolution of novel red floral color, extensive floral morphological variation, polyploidy, and exposure to a novel group of pollinators (hummingbirds). We test for correlated patterns of trait evolution that would be consistent with convergent responses to selection in the key floral traits of color and morphology. We also consider both the role of phylogenic distance and geographic overlap in explaining patterns of floral trait variation. Inconsistent with phenotypically divergent pollination syndromes, we find very little clustering of North American Silene into distinct floral morphospace. We also find little evidence that phylogenetic history or geographic overlap explains patterns of floral diversity in this group. White- and pink-flowering species show extensive phenotypic diversity but are entirely overlapping in morphological variation. However, red-flowering species have much less phenotypic disparity and cluster tightly in floral morphospace. We find that red-flowering species have evolved floral traits that align with a traditional hummingbird syndrome, but that these trait values overlap with several white and pink species as well. Our findings support the hypothesis that convergent evolution does not always proceed through comparative phenotypic divergence, but possibly through sorting of standing ancestral variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E. Berardi
- Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- The Arnold Arboretum, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ana C. Betancourt Morejón
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico - Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Robin Hopkins
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- The Arnold Arboretum, Boston, MA, United States
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16
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Ashokan A, Leong-Škorničková J, Suksathan P, Newman M, Kress WJ, Gowda V. Floral evolution and pollinator diversification in Hedychium: Revisiting Darwin's predictions using an integrative taxonomic approach. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1410-1427. [PMID: 35862825 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Hedychium J. Koenig (Zingiberaceae) is endemic to the Indo-Malayan Realm and is known for its colorful and fragrant flowers. Historically, two different pollination syndromes characterize Hedychium: diurnal or bird pollination, and nocturnal or moth pollination. In this study, we aim to understand the evolution of nocturnal and diurnal flowers, and to test its putative association with lineage diversification in Hedychium. METHODS A molecular tree of Hedychium was used as a scaffold upon which we estimated ancestral character states, phylogenetic signals, and correlations for certain categorical and continuous floral traits. Furthermore, we used phylomorphospace and trait-dependent diversification rate estimation analyses to understand phenotypic evolution and associated lineage diversification in Hedychium. RESULTS Although floral color and size lacked any association with specific pollinators, white or pale flowers were most common in the early branching clades when compared to bright-colored flowers, which were more widely represented in the most-derived clade IV. Five categorical and two continuous characters were identified to have informative evolutionary patterns, which also emphasized that ecology may have played a critical role in the diversification of Hedychium. CONCLUSIONS From our phylogenetic analyses and ecological observations, we conclude that specializations in pollinator interactions are rare in the hyperdiverse clade IV, thus challenging the role of both moth-specialization and bird-specialization as central factors in the diversification of Hedychium. However, our results also suggest that clade III (predominantly island clade) may show specializations, and future studies should investigate ecological and pollinator interactions, along with inclusion of new traits such as floral fragrance and anthesis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajith Ashokan
- Tropical Ecology and Evolution (TrEE) Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Jana Leong-Škorničková
- Research & Conservation branch, Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, 259569, Singapore
| | - Piyakaset Suksathan
- Herbarium (QBG), Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, P. O. Box 7, Mae Rim, Chiang Mai, 50180, Thailand
| | - Mark Newman
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - W John Kress
- Department of Botany, MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, United States
| | - Vinita Gowda
- Tropical Ecology and Evolution (TrEE) Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
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17
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Boehm MMA, Guevara‐Apaza D, Jankowski JE, Cronk QCB. Floral phenology of an Andean bellflower and pollination by buff-tailed sicklebill hummingbird. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8988. [PMID: 35784085 PMCID: PMC9168340 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Andean bellflowers comprise an explosive radiation correlated with shifts to specialized pollination. One diverse clade has evolved with extremely curved floral tubes and is predicted to be pollinated exclusively by one of two parapatric species of sicklebill hummingbirds (Eutoxeres). In this study, we focused on the floral biology of Centropogon granulosus, a bellflower thought to be specialized for pollination by Eutoxeres condamini, in a montane cloud forest site in southeastern Peru. Using camera traps and a pollination exclusion experiment, we documented E. condamini as the sole pollinator of C. granulosus. Visitation by E. condamini was necessary for fruit development. Flowering rates were unequivocally linear and conformed to the "steady-state" phenological type. Over the course of >1800 h of monitoring, we recorded 12 E. condamini visits totaling 42 s, indicating traplining behavior. As predicted by its curved flowers, C. granulosus is exclusively pollinated by buff-tailed sicklebill within our study area. We present evidence for the congruence of phenology and visitation as a driver of specialization in this highly diverse clade of Andean bellflowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannfred M. A. Boehm
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Biodiversity Research CentreUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - David Guevara‐Apaza
- Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad San Antonio Abad del CuscoCuscoPeru
| | - Jill E. Jankowski
- Biodiversity Research CentreUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Quentin C. B. Cronk
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Biodiversity Research CentreUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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18
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Lagomarsino LP, Frankel L, Uribe-Convers S, Antonelli A, Muchhala N. Increased resolution in the face of conflict: phylogenomics of the Neotropical bellflowers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), a rapid plant radiation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:723-736. [PMID: 35363863 PMCID: PMC9113290 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The centropogonid clade (Lobelioideae: Campanulaceae) is an Andean-centred rapid radiation characterized by repeated convergent evolution of morphological traits, including fruit type and pollination syndromes. While previous studies have resolved relationships of lineages with fleshy fruits into subclades, relationships among capsular species remain unresolved. This lack of resolution has impeded reclassification of non-monophyletic genera, whose current taxonomy relies heavily on traits that have undergone convergent evolution. METHODS Targeted sequence capture using a probe-set recently developed for the centropogonid clade was used to obtain phylogenomic data from DNA extracted from both silica-dried and herbarium leaf tissue. These data were used to infer relationships among species using concatenated and partitioned species tree methods, and to quantify gene tree discordance. KEY RESULTS While silica-dried leaf tissue resulted in longer assembled sequence data, the inclusion of herbarium samples improved taxonomic representation. Relationships among baccate lineages are similar to those inferred in previous studies, although they differ for lineages within and among capsular clades. We improve the phylogenetic resolution of Siphocampylus, which forms ten groups of closely related species which we informally name. Two subclades of Siphocampylus and two individual species are rogue taxa whose placement differs widely across analyses. Gene tree discordance (including cytonuclear discordance) is rampant. CONCLUSIONS This first phylogenomic study of the centropogonid clade considerably improves our understanding of relationships in this rapid radiation. Differences across analyses and the possibility of additional lineage discoveries still hamper a solid and stable reclassification. Rapid morphological innovation corresponds with a high degree of phylogenomic complexity, including cytonuclear discordance, nuclear gene tree conflict and well-supported differences between analyses based on different nuclear loci. Together, these results point to a potential role of hemiplasy underlying repeated convergent evolution. This hallmark of rapid radiations is probably present in many other species-rich Andean plant radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Lagomarsino
- Shirley C. Tucker Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lauren Frankel
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Simon Uribe-Convers
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Invitae Corporation, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AE, UK
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
- Department of Plant Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nathan Muchhala
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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19
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López-Estrada EK, Sanmartín I, Uribe JE, Abalde S, Jiménez-Ruiz Y, García-París M. Mitogenomics and hidden-trait models reveal the role of phoresy and host shifts in the diversification of parasitoid blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2453-2474. [PMID: 35146829 PMCID: PMC9305437 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Changes in life history traits are often considered speciation triggers and can have dramatic effects on the evolutionary history of a lineage. Here, we examine the consequences of changes in two life history traits, host‐type and phoresy, in the hypermetamorphic blister beetles, Meloidae. Subfamilies Nemognathinae and Meloinae exhibit a complex life cycle involving multiple metamorphoses and parasitoidism. Most genera and tribes are bee‐parasitoids, and include phoretic or nonphoretic species, while two tribes feed on grasshopper eggs. These different life strategies are coupled with striking differences in species richness among clades. We generated a mitogenomic phylogeny for Nemognathinae and Meloinae, confirming the monophyly of these two clades, and used the dated phylogeny to explore the association between diversification rates and changes in host specificity and phoresy, using state‐dependent speciation and extinction (SSE) models that include the effect of hidden traits. To account for the low taxon sampling, we implemented a phylogenetic‐taxonomic approach based on birth‐death simulations, and used a Bayesian framework to integrate parameter and phylogenetic uncertainty. Results show that the ancestral hypermetamorphic Meloidae was a nonphoretic bee‐parasitoid, and that transitions towards a phoretic bee‐parasitoid and grasshopper parasitoidism occurred multiple times. Nonphoretic bee‐parasitoid lineages exhibit significantly higher relative extinction and lower diversification rates than phoretic bee‐and grasshopper‐parasitoids, but no significant differences were found between the latter two strategies. This suggests that Orthopteran host shifts and phoresy contributed jointly to the evolutionary success of the parasitoid meloidae. We also demonstrate that SSE models can be used to identify hidden traits coevolving with the focal trait in driving a lineage's diversification dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K López-Estrada
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, España.,Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC). Plaza de Murillo, 2, 28014. Madrid, España
| | - I Sanmartín
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC). Plaza de Murillo, 2, 28014. Madrid, España
| | - J E Uribe
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, España
| | - S Abalde
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, España.,Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC). Accéss, Cala Sant Francesc, 14, 17300, Blanes, España
| | - Y Jiménez-Ruiz
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, España
| | - M García-París
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, España
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20
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Structure and roles in pollination networks between phyllostomid bats and flowers: a systematic review for the Americas. Mamm Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Boehm MMA, Jankowski JE, Cronk QCB. Plant-Pollinator Specialization: Origin and Measurement of Curvature. Am Nat 2021; 199:206-222. [DOI: 10.1086/717677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mannfred M. A. Boehm
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3156-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jill E. Jankowski
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Quentin C. B. Cronk
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3156-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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22
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Karimi N, Saghafi S, Keefover‐Ring K, Venter SM, Ané C, Baum DA. Evidence for hawkmoth pollination in the chiropterophilous African baobab (
Adansonia digitata
). Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisa Karimi
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Samuel Saghafi
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Ken Keefover‐Ring
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Department of Geography University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Sarah M. Venter
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Cécile Ané
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Department of Statistics University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - David A. Baum
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery Madison Wisconsin USA
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23
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Bilbao G, Bruneau A, Joly S. Judge it by its shape: a pollinator-blind approach reveals convergence in petal shape and infers pollination modes in the genus Erythrina. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1716-1730. [PMID: 34590308 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Pollinators are thought to exert selective pressures on plants, mediating the evolution of convergent floral shape often recognized as pollination syndromes. However, little is known about the accuracy of using petal shape for inferring convergence in pollination mode without a priori pollination information. Here we studied the genus Erythrina L. as a test case to assess whether ornithophyllous pollination modes (hummingbirds, passerines, sunbirds, or mixed pollination) can be inferred based on the evolutionary analysis of petal shape. METHODS We characterized the two-dimensional dissected shape of standard, keel, and wing petals from 106 Erythrina species using geometric morphometrics and reconstructed a phylogenetic tree of 83 Erythrina species based on plastid trnL-F and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. We then used two phylogenetic comparative methods based on Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models, SURFACE and l1OU, to infer distinct morphological groups using petal shape and identify instances of convergent evolution. The effectiveness of these methods was evaluated by comparing the groups inferred to known pollinators. RESULTS We found significant petal shape differences between hummingbird- and passerine-pollinated Erythrina species. Our analyses also revealed that petal combinations generally provided better inferences of pollinator types than individual petals and that the method and optimization criterion can affect the results. CONCLUSIONS We show that model-based approaches using petal shape can detect convergent evolution of floral shape and relatively accurately infer pollination modes in Erythrina. The inference power of the keel petals argues for a deeper investigation of their role in the pollination biology of Erythrina and other bird-pollinated legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Bilbao
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale and Département de Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal (QC), H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Anne Bruneau
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale and Département de Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal (QC), H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Simon Joly
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale and Département de Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal (QC), H1X 2B2, Canada
- Montreal Botanical Garden, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal (QC), H1X 2B2, Canada
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24
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Dellinger AS, Pérez-Barrales R, Michelangeli FA, Penneys DS, Fernández-Fernández DM, Schönenberger J. Low bee visitation rates explain pollinator shifts to vertebrates in tropical mountains. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:864-877. [PMID: 33864287 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary shifts from bee to vertebrate pollination are common in tropical mountains. Reduction in bee pollination efficiency under adverse montane weather conditions was proposed to drive these shifts. Although pollinator shifts are central to the evolution and diversification of angiosperms, we lack experimental evidence of the ecological processes underlying such shifts. Here, we combine phylogenetic and distributional data for 138 species of the Neotropical plant tribe Merianieae (Melastomataceae) with pollinator observations of 11 and field pollination experiments of six species to test whether the mountain environment may indeed drive such shifts. We demonstrate that shifts from bee to vertebrate pollination coincided with occurrence at high elevations. We show that vertebrates were highly efficient pollinators even under the harsh environmental conditions of tropical mountains, whereas bee pollination efficiency was lowered significantly through reductions in flower visitation rates. Furthermore, we show that pollinator shifts in Merianieae coincided with the final phases of the Andean uplift and were contingent on adaptive floral trait changes to alternative rewards and mechanisms facilitating pollen dispersal. Our results provide evidence that abiotic environmental conditions (i.e. mountain climate) may indeed reduce the efficiency of a plant clade's ancestral pollinator group and correlate with shifts to more efficient new pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S Dellinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Rocio Pérez-Barrales
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry 1st Street, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Fabián A Michelangeli
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY, 10458-5125, USA
| | - Darin S Penneys
- Biology & Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC, 28403-5915, USA
| | | | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, 1030, Austria
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25
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Domingos-Melo A, de Brito VLG, Sérsic A, Cocucci AA, Lunau K, Machado IC. Shining bright in the dusk: How do bat-pollinated flowers reflect light? Ecology 2021; 102:e03416. [PMID: 34042173 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Domingos-Melo
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Alicia Sérsic
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea A Cocucci
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Klaus Lunau
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
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26
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Rose JP, Sytsma KJ. Complex interactions underlie the correlated evolution of floral traits and their association with pollinators in a clade with diverse pollination systems. Evolution 2021; 75:1431-1449. [PMID: 33818785 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural selection by pollinators is an important factor in the morphological diversity and adaptive radiation of flowering plants. Selection by similar pollinators in unrelated plants leads to convergence in floral morphology, or "floral syndromes." Previous investigations into floral syndromes have mostly studied relatively small and/or simple systems, emphasizing vertebrate pollination. Despite the importance of multiple floral traits in plant-pollinator interactions, these studies have examined few quantitative traits, so their co-variation and phenotypic integration have been underexplored. To gain better insights into pollinator-trait dynamics, we investigate the model system of the phlox family (Polemoniaceae), a clade of ∼400 species pollinated by a diversity of vectors. Using a comprehensive phylogeny and large dataset of traits and observations of pollinators, we reconstruct ancestral pollination system, accounting for the temporal history of pollinators. We conduct phylogenetically controlled analyses of trait co-variation and association with pollinators, integrating many analyses over phylogenetic uncertainty. Pollinator shifts are more heterogeneous than previously hypothesized. The evolution of floral traits is partially constrained by phylogenetic history and trait co-variation, but traits are convergent and differences are associated with different pollinators. Trait shifts are usually gradual, rather than rapid, suggesting complex genetic and ecological interactions of flowers at macroevolutionary scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Rose
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706.,Current Address: Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, 68849
| | - Kenneth J Sytsma
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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27
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Wessinger CA. From pollen dispersal to plant diversification: genetic consequences of pollination mode. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3125-3132. [PMID: 33159813 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pollinators influence patterns of plant speciation, and one intuitive hypothesis is that pollinators affect rates of plant diversification through their effects on pollen dispersal. By specifying mating events and pollen flow across the landscape, distinct types of pollinators may cause different opportunities for allopatric speciation. This pollen dispersal-dependent speciation hypothesis predicts that pollination mode has effects on the spatial context of mating events that scale up to impact population structure and rates of species formation. Here I consider recent comparative studies, including genetic analyses of plant mating events, population structure and comparative phylogenetic analyses, to examine evidence for this model. These studies suggest that highly mobile pollinators conduct greater gene flow within and among populations, compared to less mobile pollinators. These differences influence patterns of population structure across the landscape. However, the effects of pollination mode on speciation rates is less predictable. In some contexts, the predicted effects of pollen dispersal are outweighed by other factors that govern speciation rates. A multiscale approach to examine effects of pollination mode on plant mating system, population structure and rates of diversification is key to determining the role of pollen dispersal on plant speciation for model clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Wessinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 27708, USA
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28
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Newman E, Govender K, Niekerk S, Johnson SD. The functional ecology of bat pollination in the African sausage tree
Kigelia africana
(Bignoniaceae). Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Newman
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Keeveshnee Govender
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Sandy Niekerk
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Steven D. Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg South Africa
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29
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Pouchon C, Lavergne S, Fernández Á, Alberti A, Aubert S, Mavárez J. Phylogenetic signatures of ecological divergence and leapfrog adaptive radiation in Espeletia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:113-128. [PMID: 33426651 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Events of accelerated species diversification represent one of Earth's most celebrated evolutionary outcomes. Northern Andean high-elevation ecosystems, or páramos, host some plant lineages that have experienced the fastest diversification rates, likely triggered by ecological opportunities created by mountain uplifts, local climate shifts, and key trait innovations. However, the mechanisms behind rapid speciation into the new adaptive zone provided by these opportunities have long remained unclear. METHODS We address this issue by studying the Venezuelan clade of Espeletia, a species-rich group of páramo-endemics showing a dazzling ecological and morphological diversity. We performed several comparative analyses to study both lineage and trait diversification, using an updated molecular phylogeny of this plant group. RESULTS We showed that sets of either vegetative or reproductive traits have conjointly diversified in Espeletia along different vegetation belts, leading to adaptive syndromes. Diversification in vegetative traits occurred earlier than in reproductive ones. The rate of species and morphological diversification showed a tendency to slow down over time, probably due to diversity dependence. We also found that closely related species exhibit significantly more overlap in their geographic distributions than distantly related taxa, suggesting that most events of ecological divergence occurred at close geographic proximity within páramos. CONCLUSIONS These results provide compelling support for a scenario of small-scale ecological divergence along multiple ecological niche dimensions, possibly driven by competitive interactions between species, and acting sequentially over time in a leapfrog pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Pouchon
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Lavergne
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Ángel Fernández
- Herbario IVIC. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 20632, Caracas, 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Adriana Alberti
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Serge Aubert
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, SAJF, Station Alpine Joseph Fourier, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jesús Mavárez
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
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30
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Johnson SD, Kiepiel I, Robertson AW. Functional consequences of flower curvature, orientation and perch position for nectar feeding by sunbirds. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mutualisms between nectarivorous birds and the plants they pollinate are functionally diverse. Nectarivorous birds which hover while feeding (the majority of hummingbirds) tend to have straight bills, while those that perch while feeding (some hummingbirds and almost all passerine nectarivores) tend to have decurved bills. Sunbirds typically use their curved bills to feed in an arc from a perching position and we thus predicted that they would prefer, and feed most efficiently on, flowers that are curved towards a perching position. To test this, we examined the responses of sunbirds to model flowers differing in curvature (straight or curved), orientation (facing upwards or downwards), and availability of a top perch (present or absent). Birds did not show preferences among model flower types in terms of number of landings to feed or number of probes. In general they preferred to use perches above model flowers, particularly those that curved upwards, but they tended to perch below model flowers that curve downwards and in such cases also took the least time to insert their bills. These results are consistent with the idea that perching birds with curved beaks will feed most efficiently from flowers that are curved towards the perching position. We discuss the implications of these results for the evolution of floral architecture, including provision of perches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Ian Kiepiel
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Alastair W Robertson
- Wildlife & Ecology, School of Agriculture & Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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31
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Hembry DH, Weber MG. Ecological Interactions and Macroevolution: A New Field with Old Roots. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Linking interspecific interactions (e.g., mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism) to macroevolution (evolutionary change on deep timescales) is a key goal in biology. The role of species interactions in shaping macroevolutionary trajectories has been studied for centuries and remains a cutting-edge topic of current research. However, despite its deep historical roots, classic and current approaches to this topic are highly diverse. Here, we combine historical and contemporary perspectives on the study of ecological interactions in macroevolution, synthesizing ideas across eras to build a zoomed-out picture of the big questions at the nexus of ecology and macroevolution. We discuss the trajectory of this important and challenging field, dividing research into work done before the 1970s, research between 1970 and 2005, and work done since 2005. We argue that in response to long-standing questions in paleobiology, evidence accumulated to date has demonstrated that biotic interactions (including mutualism) can influence lineage diversification and trait evolution over macroevolutionary timescales, and we outline major open questions for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Hembry
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Marjorie G. Weber
- Department of Plant Biology; Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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32
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Dellinger AS. Pollination syndromes in the 21 st century: where do we stand and where may we go? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1193-1213. [PMID: 33460152 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollination syndromes, recurring suites of floral traits appearing in connection with specific functional pollinator groups, have served for decades to organise floral diversity under a functional-ecological perspective. Some potential caveats, such as over-simplification of complex plant-animal interactions or lack of empirical observations, have been identified and discussed in recent years. Which of these caveats do indeed cause problems, which have been solved and where do future possibilities lie? I address these questions in a review of the pollination-syndrome literature of 2010 to 2019. I show that the majority of studies was based on detailed empirical pollinator observations and could reliably predict pollinators based on a few floral traits such as colour, shape or reward. Some traits (i.e. colour) were less reliable in predicting pollinators than others (i.e. reward, corolla width), however. I stress that future studies should consider floral traits beyond those traditionally recorded to expand our understanding of mechanisms of floral evolution. I discuss statistical methods suitable for objectively analysing the interplay of system-specific evolutionary constraints, pollinator-mediated selection and adaptive trade-offs at microecological and macroecological scales. I exemplify my arguments on an empirical dataset of floral traits of a neotropical plant radiation in the family Melastomataceae.
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33
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Neves B, Kessous IM, Moura RL, Couto DR, Zanella CM, Antonelli A, Bacon CD, Salgueiro F, Costa AF. Pollinators drive floral evolution in an Atlantic Forest genus. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa046. [PMID: 33033591 PMCID: PMC7532729 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pollinators are important drivers of angiosperm diversification at both micro- and macroevolutionary scales. Both hummingbirds and bats pollinate the species-rich and morphologically diverse genus Vriesea across its distribution in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Here, we (i) determine if floral traits predict functional groups of pollinators as documented, confirming the pollination syndromes in Vriesea and (ii) test if genetic structure in Vriesea is driven by geography (latitudinal and altitudinal heterogeneity) or ecology (pollination syndromes). We analysed 11 floral traits of 58 Vriesea species and performed a literature survey of Vriesea pollination biology. The genealogy of haplotypes was inferred and phylogenetic analyses were performed using chloroplast (rps16-trnk and matK) and nuclear (PHYC) molecular markers. Floral traits accurately predict functional groups of pollinators in Vriesea. Genetic groupings match the different pollination syndromes. Species with intermediate position were found between the groups, which share haplotypes and differ morphologically from the typical hummingbird- and bat-pollinated flowers of Vriesea. The phylogeny revealed moderately to well-supported clades which may be interpreted as species complexes. Our results suggest a role of pollinators driving ecological isolation in Vriesea clades. Incipient speciation and incomplete lineage sorting may explain the overall low genetic divergence within and among morphologically defined species, precluding the identification of clear species boundaries. The intermediate species with mixed floral types likely represent a window into shifts between pollinator syndromes. This study reports the morphological-genetic continuum that may be typical of ongoing pollinator-driven speciation in biodiversity hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Neves
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, SE Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Igor M Kessous
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo L Moura
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dayvid R Couto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, SE Gothenburg, Sweden
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Surrey, UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christine D Bacon
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, SE Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fabiano Salgueiro
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea F Costa
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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34
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Wang X, Wen M, Qian X, Pei N, Zhang D. Plants are visited by more pollinator species than pollination syndromes predicted in an oceanic island community. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13918. [PMID: 32811900 PMCID: PMC7434763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pollination syndrome concept has provided powerful utility in understanding the evolution and adaptation of floral traits. However, the utility of this conception has been questioned on the grounds that flowers usually attract a broader spectrum of visitors than one might expect. Furthermore, the relationship between plant specialization and floral traits is poorly understood. Here, we examined the applicability of using the pollination syndrome to predict the pollinators of plants on Yongxing Island. We used the species-level specialization of pollination networks to compare the difference of plant ecological specialization among floral traits. The result of full model was not significant, indicating that floral traits did not affect the pollinator functional groups. The five floral traits explained only 22.5% of the pollinator's visitation preference. Our results showed that plants were visited by more pollinator species than pollination syndromes predicted. Plants with restrictive flowers showed higher specialization than those with unrestrictive flowers, while other floral traits exhibited no significant effect on plant specialization. Generalized pollination system on oceanic island might influence the predictive accuracy of pollination syndromes and the relationship between floral traits and plant ecological specialization. Our findings highlighted the utility and limitations of pollination syndromes concept in oceanic island communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Meihong Wen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Nancai Pei
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dianxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China.
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35
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Phillips RD, Peakall R, van der Niet T, Johnson SD. Niche Perspectives on Plant-Pollinator Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:779-793. [PMID: 32386827 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ecological niches are crucial for species coexistence and diversification, but the niche concept has been underutilized in studying the roles of pollinators in plant evolution and reproduction. Pollination niches can be objectively characterized using pollinator traits, abundance, and distributions, as well as network topology. We review evidence that floral traits represent adaptations to pollination niches, where tradeoffs in trait deployment reinforce niche specialization. In turn, specialized pollination niches potentially increase speciation rates, foster species coexistence, and constrain species range limits. By linking studies of adaptation with those on speciation and coexistence, the pollination niche provides an organizing principle for research on plant reproduction, and conceptually unites these studies with fields of biology where the niche perspective is already firmly established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Phillips
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Evolution, La Trobe University, VIC 3086, Australia; Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation, and Attractions, WA 6005, Australia; Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
| | - Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Timotheüs van der Niet
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Steven D Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Kriebel R, Drew B, González-Gallegos JG, Celep F, Heeg L, Mahdjoub MM, Sytsma KJ. Pollinator shifts, contingent evolution, and evolutionary constraint drive floral disparity in Salvia (Lamiaceae): Evidence from morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods. Evolution 2020; 74:1335-1355. [PMID: 32484910 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Switches in pollinators have been argued to be key drivers of floral evolution in angiosperms. However, few studies have tested the relationship between floral shape evolution and switches in pollination in large clades. In concert with a dated phylogeny, we present a morphometric analysis of corolla, anther connective, and style shape across 44% of nearly 1000 species of Salvia (Lamiaceae) and test four hypotheses of floral evolution. We demonstrate that floral morphospace of New World (NW) Salvia is largely distinct from that of Old World (OW) Salvia and that these differences are pollinator driven; shifts in floral morphology sometimes mirror shifts in pollinators; anther connectives (key constituents of the Salvia staminal lever) and styles co-evolved from curved to linear shapes following shifts from bee to bird pollination; and morphological differences between NW and OW bee flowers are partly the legacy of constraints imposed by an earlier shift to bird pollination in the NW. The distinctive staminal lever in Salvia is a morphologically diverse structure that has evolved in concert with both the corolla and style, under different pollinator pressures, and in contingent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Bryan Drew
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, 68849
| | | | - Ferhat Celep
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kırıkkale University, Yahşiyan, 71450, Turkey
| | - Luciann Heeg
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Mohamed M Mahdjoub
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Bouira, Bouira, 10000, Algeria
| | - Kenneth J Sytsma
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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Pollinator divergence and pollination isolation between hybrids with different floral color and morphology in two sympatric Penstemon species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8126. [PMID: 32415216 PMCID: PMC7229217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential visitation of pollinators due to divergent floral traits can lead to reproductive isolation via assortative pollen flow, which may ultimately be a driving force in plant speciation, particularly in areas of overlap. We evaluate the effects of pollinator behavioral responses to variation of intraspecific floral color and nectar rewards, on reproductive isolation between two hybrid flower color morphs (fuchsia and blue) and their parental species Penstemon roseus and P. gentianoides with a mixed-pollination system. We show that pollinators (bumblebees and hummingbirds) exhibit different behavioral responses to fuchsia and blue morphs, which could result from differential attraction or deterrence. In addition to differences in color (spectral reflectance), we found that plants with fuchsia flowers produced more and larger flowers, produced more nectar and were more visited by pollinators than those with blue flowers. These differences influenced the foraging behavior and effectiveness as pollinators of both bumblebees and hummingbirds, which contributed to reproductive isolation between the two hybrid flower color morphs and parental species. This study demonstrates how differentiation of pollination traits promotes the formation of hybrid zones leading to pollinator shifts and reproductive isolation. While phenotypic traits of fuchsia and red flowers might encourage more efficient hummingbird pollination in a mixed-pollination system, the costs of bumblebee pollination on plant reproduction could be the drivers for the repeated shifts from bumblebee- to hummingbird-mediated pollination.
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Bagley JC, Uribe-Convers S, Carlsen MM, Muchhala N. Utility of targeted sequence capture for phylogenomics in rapid, recent angiosperm radiations: Neotropical Burmeistera bellflowers as a case study. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 152:106769. [PMID: 32081762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted sequence capture is a promising approach for large-scale phylogenomics. However, rapid evolutionary radiations pose significant challenges for phylogenetic inference (e.g. incomplete lineages sorting (ILS), phylogenetic noise), and the ability of targeted nuclear loci to resolve species trees despite such issues remains poorly studied. We test the utility of targeted sequence capture for inferring phylogenetic relationships in rapid, recent angiosperm radiations, focusing on Burmeistera bellflowers (Campanulaceae), which diversified into ~130 species over less than 3 million years. We compared phylogenies estimated from supercontig (exons plus flanking sequences), exon-only, and flanking-only datasets with 506-546 loci (~4.7 million bases) for 46 Burmeistera species/lineages and 10 outgroup taxa. Nuclear loci resolved backbone nodes and many congruent internal relationships with high support in concatenation and coalescent-based species tree analyses, and inferences were largely robust to effects of missing taxa and base composition biases. Nevertheless, species trees were incongruent between datasets, and gene trees exhibited remarkably high levels of conflict (~4-60% congruence, ~40-99% conflict) not simply driven by poor gene tree resolution. Higher gene tree heterogeneity at shorter branches suggests an important role of ILS, as expected for rapid radiations. Phylogenetic informativeness analyses also suggest this incongruence has resulted from low resolving power at short internal branches, consistent with ILS, and homoplasy at deeper nodes, with exons exhibiting much greater risk of incorrect topologies due to homoplasy than other datasets. Our findings suggest that targeted sequence capture is feasible for resolving rapid, recent angiosperm radiations, and that results based on supercontig alignments containing nuclear exons and flanking sequences have higher phylogenetic utility and accuracy than either alone. We use our results to make practical recommendations for future target capture-based studies of Burmeistera and other rapid angiosperm radiations, including that such studies should analyze supercontigs to maximize the phylogenetic information content of loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Bagley
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Simon Uribe-Convers
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Mónica M Carlsen
- Research Department, Science and Conservation Division, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nathan Muchhala
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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Pauw A. A Bird's-Eye View of Pollination: Biotic Interactions as Drivers of Adaptation and Community Change. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nectarivorous birds and bird-pollinated plants are linked by a network of interactions. Here I ask how these interactions influence evolution and community composition. I find near complete evidence for the effect of birds on plant evolution. Experiments show the process in action—birds select among floral phenotypes in a population—and comparative studies find the resulting pattern—bird-pollinated species have long-tubed, red flowers with large nectar volumes. Speciation is accomplished in one “magical” step when adaptation for bird pollination brings about divergent morphology and reproductive isolation. In contrast, evidence that plants drive bird evolution is fragmentary. Studies of selection on population-level variation are lacking, but the resulting pattern is clear—nectarivorous birds have evolved a remarkable number of times and often have long bills and brush-tipped or tubular tongues. At the level of the ecological guild, birds select among plant species via an effect on seed set and thus determine plant community composition. Plants simultaneously influence the relative fitness of bird species and thus determine the composition of the bird guild. Interaction partners may give one guild member a constant fitness advantage, resulting in competitive exclusion and community change, or may act as limiting resources that depress the fitness of frequent species, thus stabilizing community composition and allowing the coexistence of diversity within bird and plant guilds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Pauw
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Xue B, Guo X, Landis JB, Sun M, Tang CC, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Saunders RMK. Accelerated diversification correlated with functional traits shapes extant diversity of the early divergent angiosperm family Annonaceae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 142:106659. [PMID: 31639525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of phylogenetic systematics is to understand both the patterns of diversification and the processes by which these patterns are formed. Few studies have focused on the ancient, species-rich Magnoliales clade and its diversification pattern. Within Magnoliales, the pantropically distributed Annonaceae are by far the most genus-rich and species-rich family-level clade, with c. 110 genera and c. 2,400 species. We investigated the diversification patterns across Annonaceae and identified traits that show varied associations with diversification rates using a time-calibrated phylogeny of 835 species (34.6% sampling) and 11,211 aligned bases from eight regions of the plastid genome (rbcL, matK, ndhF, psbA-trnH, trnL-F, atpB-rbcL, trnS-G, and ycf1). Twelve rate shifts were identified using BAMM: in Annona, Artabotrys, Asimina, Drepananthus, Duguetia, Goniothalamus, Guatteria, Uvaria, Xylopia, the tribes Miliuseae and Malmeeae, and the Desmos-Dasymaschalon-Friesodielsia-Monanthotaxis clade. TurboMEDUSA and method-of-moments estimator analyses showed largely congruent results. A positive relationship between species richness and diversification rate is revealed using PGLS. Our results show that the high species richness in Annonaceae is likely the result of recent increased diversification rather than the steady accumulation of species via the 'museum model'. We further explore the possible role of selected traits (habit, pollinator trapping, floral sex expression, pollen dispersal unit, anther septation, and seed dispersal unit) in shaping diversification patterns, based on inferences of BiSSE, MuSSE, HiSSE, and FiSSE analyses. Our results suggest that the liana habit, the presence of circadian pollinator trapping, androdioecy, and the dispersal of seeds as single-seeded monocarp fragments are closely correlated with higher diversification rates; pollen aggregation and anther septation, in contrast, are associated with lower diversification rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Xue
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China; Division of Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - X Guo
- Division of Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; Current address: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen, China
| | - J B Landis
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - M Sun
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - C C Tang
- Division of Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - P S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - D E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - R M K Saunders
- Division of Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Wessinger CA, Rausher MD, Hileman LC. Adaptation to hummingbird pollination is associated with reduced diversification in Penstemon. Evol Lett 2019; 3:521-533. [PMID: 31636944 PMCID: PMC6791294 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A striking characteristic of the Western North American flora is the repeated evolution of hummingbird pollination from insect-pollinated ancestors. This pattern has received extensive attention as an opportunity to study repeated trait evolution as well as potential constraints on evolutionary reversibility, with little attention focused on the impact of these transitions on species diversification rates. Yet traits conferring adaptation to divergent pollinators potentially impact speciation and extinction rates, because pollinators facilitate plant reproduction and specify mating patterns between flowering plants. Here, we examine macroevolutionary processes affecting floral pollination syndrome diversity in the largest North American genus of flowering plants, Penstemon. Within Penstemon, transitions from ancestral bee-adapted flowers to hummingbird-adapted flowers have frequently occurred, although hummingbird-adapted species are rare overall within the genus. We inferred macroevolutionary transition and state-dependent diversification rates and found that transitions from ancestral bee-adapted flowers to hummingbird-adapted flowers are associated with reduced net diversification rate, a finding based on an estimated 17 origins of hummingbird pollination in our sample. Although this finding is congruent with hypotheses that hummingbird adaptation in North American Flora is associated with reduced species diversification rates, it contrasts with studies of neotropical plant families where hummingbird pollination has been associated with increased species diversification. We further used the estimated macroevolutionary rates to predict the expected pattern of floral diversity within Penstemon over time, assuming stable diversification and transition rates. Under these assumptions, we find that hummingbird-adapted species are expected to remain rare due to their reduced diversification rates. In fact, current floral diversity in the sampled Penstemon lineage, where less than one-fifth of species are hummingbird adapted, is consistent with predicted levels of diversity under stable macroevolutionary rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Wessinger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas 66045
| | - Mark D Rausher
- Department of Biology Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708
| | - Lena C Hileman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas 66045
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42
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Chomicki G, Weber M, Antonelli A, Bascompte J, Kiers ET. The Impact of Mutualisms on Species Richness. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:698-711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Kriebel R, Drew BT, Drummond CP, González‐Gallegos JG, Celep F, Mahdjoub MM, Rose JP, Xiang C, Hu G, Walker JB, Lemmon EM, Lemmon AR, Sytsma KJ. Tracking temporal shifts in area, biomes, and pollinators in the radiation of Salvia (sages) across continents: leveraging anchored hybrid enrichment and targeted sequence data. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:573-597. [PMID: 30986330 PMCID: PMC6850103 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY A key question in evolutionary biology is why some clades are more successful by being widespread geographically, biome diverse, or species-rich. To extend understanding of how shifts in area, biomes, and pollinators impact diversification in plants, we examined the relationships of these shifts to diversification across the mega-genus Salvia. METHODS A chronogram was developed from a supermatrix of anchored hybrid enrichment genomic data and targeted sequence data for over 500 of the nearly 1000 Salvia species. Ancestral areas and biomes were reconstructed using BioGeoBEARS. Pollinator guilds were scored, ancestral pollinators determined, shifts in pollinator guilds identified, and rates of pollinator switches compared. KEY RESULTS A well-resolved phylogenetic backbone of Salvia and updated subgeneric designations are presented. Salvia originated in Southwest Asia in the Oligocene and subsequently dispersed worldwide. Biome shifts are frequent from a likely ancestral lineage utilizing broadleaf and/or coniferous forests and/or arid shrublands. None of the four species diversification shifts are correlated to shifts in biomes. Shifts in pollination system are not correlated to species diversification shifts, except for one hummingbird shift that precedes a major shift in diversification near the crown of New World subgen. Calosphace. Multiple reversals back to bee pollination occurred within this hummingbird clade. CONCLUSIONS Salvia diversified extensively in different continents, biomes, and with both bee and bird pollinators. The lack of tight correlation of area, biome, and most pollinator shifts to the four documented species diversification shifts points to other important drivers of speciation in Salvia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Bryan T. Drew
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Nebraska at KearneyKearneyNE68849USA
| | - Chloe P. Drummond
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
| | | | - Ferhat Celep
- Mehmet Akif Ersoy mah. 269. cad. Urankent Prestij KonutlarıC16 Blok, No. 53DemetevlerAnkaraTurkey
| | - Mohamed M. Mahdjoub
- Research Laboratory of Ecology and EnvironmentDepartment of Environment Biological SciencesFaculty of Nature and Life SciencesUniversité de BejaiaTarga Ouzemmour06000BejaiaAlgeria
| | - Jeffrey P. Rose
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Chun‐Lei Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East AsiaKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnan650201China
| | - Guo‐Xiong Hu
- College of Life SciencesGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025GuizhouChina
| | | | - Emily M. Lemmon
- Department of Biological ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFL32306USA
| | - Alan R. Lemmon
- Department of Scientific ComputingFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFL32306USA
| | - Kenneth J. Sytsma
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
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44
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Lagomarsino LP. Rapid plant diversification in the Andes does not require flowers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:11-13. [PMID: 30815947 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Lagomarsino
- Shirley C. Tucker Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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45
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Ibañez A, Moré M, Salazar G, Leiva S, Barboza G, Cocucci A. Crescendo, diminuendo and subito of the trumpets: winds of change in the concerted evolution between flowers and pollinators in Salpichroa (Solanaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 132:90-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Vasconcelos TNC, Chartier M, Prenner G, Martins AC, Schönenberger J, Wingler A, Lucas E. Floral uniformity through evolutionary time in a species-rich tree lineage. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1597-1608. [PMID: 30284282 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes in floral morphology are expected across evolutionary time and are often promoted as important drivers in angiosperm diversification. Such a statement, however, is in contrast to empirical observations of species-rich lineages that show apparent conservative floral morphologies even under strong selective pressure to change from their environments. Here, we provide quantitative evidence for prolific speciation despite uniform floral morphology in a tropical species-rich tree lineage. We analyse floral disparity in the environmental and phylogenetic context of Myrcia (Myrtaceae), one of the most diverse and abundant tree genera in Neotropical biomes. Variation in floral morphology among Myrcia clades is exceptionally low, even among distantly related species. Discrete floral specialisations do occur, but these are few, present low phylogenetic signal, have no strong correlation with abiotic factors, and do not affect overall macroevolutionary dynamics in the lineage. Results show that floral form and function may be conserved over large evolutionary time scales even in environments full of opportunities for ecological interactions and niche specialisation. Species accumulation in diverse lineages with uniform flowers apparently does not result from shifts in pollination strategies, but from speciation mechanisms that involve other, nonfloral plant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais N C Vasconcelos
- Jodrell Laboratory, Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
- Laboratório de Sistemética Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508- 090, Brazil
| | - Marion Chartier
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Gerhard Prenner
- Jodrell Laboratory, Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Aline C Martins
- Departamento de Botânica, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Astrid Wingler
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, T23 XA50, Ireland
| | - Eve Lucas
- Jodrell Laboratory, Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
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Dellinger AS, Chartier M, Fernández‐Fernández D, Penneys DS, Alvear M, Almeda F, Michelangeli FA, Staedler Y, Armbruster WS, Schönenberger J. Beyond buzz-pollination - departures from an adaptive plateau lead to new pollination syndromes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1136-1149. [PMID: 30368819 PMCID: PMC6492237 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pollination syndromes describe recurring adaptation to selection imposed by distinct pollinators. We tested for pollination syndromes in Merianieae (Melastomataceae), which contain bee- (buzz-), hummingbird-, flowerpiercer-, passerine-, bat- and rodent-pollinated species. Further, we explored trait changes correlated with the repeated shifts away from buzz-pollination, which represents an 'adaptive plateau' in Melastomataceae. We used random forest analyses to identify key traits associated with the different pollinators of 19 Merianieae species and estimated the pollination syndromes of 42 more species. We employed morphospace analyses to compare the morphological diversity (disparity) among syndromes. We identified three pollination syndromes ('buzz-bee', 'mixed-vertebrate' and 'passerine'), characterized by different pollen expulsion mechanisms and reward types, but not by traditional syndrome characters. Further, we found that 'efficiency' rather than 'attraction' traits were important for syndrome circumscription. Contrary to syndrome theory, our study supports the pooling of different pollinators (hummingbirds, bats, rodents and flowerpiercers) into the 'mixed-vertebrate' syndrome, and we found that disparity was highest in the 'buzz-bee' syndrome. We conclude that the highly adaptive buzz-pollination system may have prevented shifts towards classical pollination syndromes, but provided the starting point for the evolution of a novel set of distinct syndromes, all having retained multifunctional stamens that provide pollen expulsion, reward and attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S. Dellinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 141030ViennaAustria
| | - Marion Chartier
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 141030ViennaAustria
| | - Diana Fernández‐Fernández
- Herbario Nacional del Ecuador (QCNE)Instituto Nacional de BiodiversidadRío Coca E06‐115 e Isla FernandinaQuitoEcuador
| | - Darin S. Penneys
- Department of Biology and Marine BiologyUniversity of North Carolina Wilmington601 S. College RoadWilmingtonNC28403USA
| | - Marcela Alvear
- Institute of Biodiversity Science and SustainabilityCalifornia Academy of Sciences55 Music Concourse DriveSan FranciscoCA94118‐4503USA
| | - Frank Almeda
- Institute of Biodiversity Science and SustainabilityCalifornia Academy of Sciences55 Music Concourse DriveSan FranciscoCA94118‐4503USA
| | - Fabián A. Michelangeli
- Institute of Systematic BotanyThe New York Botanical Garden2900 Southern BlvdBronxNY10458‐5126USA
| | - Yannick Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 141030ViennaAustria
| | - W. Scott Armbruster
- School of Biological ScienceUniversity of PortsmouthKing Henry 1 StreetPortsmouthP01 2DYUK
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAK99775USA
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 141030ViennaAustria
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48
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Landis JB, Bell CD, Hernandez M, Zenil-Ferguson R, McCarthy EW, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. Evolution of floral traits and impact of reproductive mode on diversification in the phlox family (Polemoniaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 127:878-890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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49
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Joly S, Lambert F, Alexandre H, Clavel J, Léveillé‐Bourret É, Clark JL. Greater pollination generalization is not associated with reduced constraints on corolla shape in Antillean plants. Evolution 2018; 72:244-260. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Joly
- Montreal Botanical Garden 4101 Sherbrooke East Montréal QC, H1X 2B2 Canada
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiquesUniversité de MontréalMontréal Canada
| | - François Lambert
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiquesUniversité de MontréalMontréal Canada
| | - Hermine Alexandre
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiquesUniversité de MontréalMontréal Canada
| | - Julien Clavel
- École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, 46 rue d'Ulm F‐75005 Paris France
| | - Étienne Léveillé‐Bourret
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiquesUniversité de MontréalMontréal Canada
- Current Address: Department of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawa Canada
| | - John L. Clark
- Department of Biological SciencesThe University of AlabamaTuscaloosa, Alabama 35487
- Science DepartmentThe Lawrenceville SchoolLawrenceville, New Jersey U.S.A
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