1
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Rigby LC, Hall MD, Monro K, Uesugi A. Evolution of "invasion syndrome" in invasive goldenrod is not constrained by genetic trade-offs. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13734. [PMID: 38948541 PMCID: PMC11211922 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A suite of plant traits is thought to make weed populations highly invasive, including vigorous growth and reproduction, superior competitive ability, and high dispersal ability. Using a breeding design and a common garden experiment, we tested whether such an "invasion syndrome" has evolved in an invasive range of Solidago altissima, and whether the evolution is likely to be genetically constrained. We found an overall shift in invasive phenotypes between native North American and invasive Japanese populations. The invasive populations were taller and produced more leaves, suggesting a superior ability to exploit limited resources. The populations also produced more allelopathic compounds that can suppress competitor growth. Finally, invasive populations produced more seeds, which are smaller and are released from a greater height, indicating a potential for superior dispersal ability than the native populations. Quantitative genetics analyses found a large amount of additive genetic variation in most focal traits across native and invasive populations, with no systematic differences in its magnitude between the ranges. Genetic covariances among three traits representing invasion strategies (leaf mass, polyacetylene concentration and seed size) were small. The R metric, which measures the effect of genetic covariances on the rate of adaptation, indicated that the covariance neither constrains nor accelerates concerted evolution of these traits. The results suggest that the invasion syndrome in S. altissima has evolved in the novel range due to ample additive genetic variation, and relatively free from genetic trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Rigby
- Biosciences and Food TechnologyRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Keyne Monro
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Akane Uesugi
- Biosciences and Food TechnologyRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
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2
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De Lisle SP, Bolnick DI, Stuart YE. Predictable and Divergent Change in the Multivariate P Matrix during Parallel Adaptation. Am Nat 2024; 204:15-29. [PMID: 38857340 DOI: 10.1086/730261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
AbstractAdaptation to replicated environmental conditions can be remarkably predictable, suggesting that parallel evolution may be a common feature of adaptive radiation. An open question, however, is how phenotypic variation itself evolves during repeated adaptation. Here, we use a dataset of morphological measurements from 35 populations of threespine stickleback, consisting of 16 parapatric lake-stream pairs and three marine populations, to understand how phenotypic variation has evolved during transitions from marine to freshwater environments and during subsequent diversification across the lake-stream boundary. We find statistical support for divergent phenotypic covariance (P) across populations, with most diversification of P occurring among freshwater populations. Despite a close correspondence between within-population phenotypic variation and among-population divergence, we find that variation in P is unrelated to total variation in population means across the set of populations. For lake-stream pairs, we find that theoretical predictions for microevolutionary change can explain more than 30% of divergence in P matrices across the habitat boundary. Together, our results indicate that divergence in variance structure occurs primarily in dimensions of trait space with low phenotypic integration, correlated with disparate lake and stream environments. Our findings illustrate how conserved and divergent features of multivariate variation can underlie adaptive radiation.
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3
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Alton LA, Kutz T, Bywater CL, Lombardi E, Cockerell FE, Layh S, Winwood-Smith H, Arnold PA, Beaman JE, Walter GM, Monro K, Mirth CK, Sgrò CM, White CR. Temperature and nutrition do not interact to shape the evolution of metabolic rate. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220484. [PMID: 38186272 PMCID: PMC10772606 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic cold adaptation, or Krogh's rule, is the controversial hypothesis that predicts a monotonically negative relationship between metabolic rate and environmental temperature for ectotherms living along thermal clines measured at a common temperature. Macrophysiological patterns consistent with Krogh's rule are not always evident in nature, and experimentally evolved responses to temperature have failed to replicate such patterns. Hence, temperature may not be the sole driver of observed variation in metabolic rate. We tested the hypothesis that temperature, as a driver of energy demand, interacts with nutrition, a driver of energy supply, to shape the evolution of metabolic rate to produce a pattern resembling Krogh's rule. To do this, we evolved replicate lines of Drosophila melanogaster at 18, 25 or 28°C on control, low-calorie or low-protein diets. Contrary to our prediction, we observed no effect of nutrition, alone or interacting with temperature, on adult female and male metabolic rates. Moreover, support for Krogh's rule was only in females at lower temperatures. We, therefore, hypothesize that observed variation in metabolic rate along environmental clines arises from the metabolic consequences of environment-specific life-history optimization, rather than because of the direct effect of temperature on metabolic rate. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolutionary significance of variation in metabolic rates'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A. Alton
- Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Teresa Kutz
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Candice L. Bywater
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Emily Lombardi
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Fiona E. Cockerell
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sean Layh
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hugh Winwood-Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Pieter A. Arnold
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Julian E. Beaman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Greg M. Walter
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Keyne Monro
- Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christen K. Mirth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Carla M. Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Craig R. White
- Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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4
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Laurich JR, Reid CG, Biel C, Wu T, Knox C, Frederickson ME. Genetic architecture of multiple mutualisms and mating system in Turnera ulmifolia. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:280-295. [PMID: 36196911 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants often associate with multiple arthropod mutualists. These partners provide important services to their hosts, but multiple interactions can constrain a plant's ability to respond to complex, multivariate selection. Here, we quantified patterns of genetic variance and covariance among rewards for pollination, biotic defence and seed dispersal mutualisms in multiple populations of Turnera ulmifolia to better understand how the genetic architecture of multiple mutualisms might influence their evolution. We phenotyped plants cultivated from 17 Jamaican populations for several mutualism and mating system-related traits. We then fit genetic variance-covariance (G) matrices for the island metapopulation and the five largest individual populations. At the metapopulation level, we observed significant positive genetic correlations among stigma-anther separation, floral nectar production and extrafloral nectar production. These correlations have the potential to significantly constrain or facilitate the evolution of multiple mutualisms in T. ulmifolia and suggest that pollination, seed dispersal and defence mutualisms do not evolve independently. In particular, we found that positive genetic correlations between floral and extrafloral nectar production may help explain their stable coexistence in the face of physiological trade-offs and negative interactions between pollinators and ant bodyguards. Locally, we found only small differences in G among our T. ulmifolia populations, suggesting that geographic variation in G may not shape the evolution of multiple mutualisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Laurich
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher G Reid
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline Biel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tianbi Wu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of the Environment, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Knox
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan E Frederickson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Moraiti CA, Verykouki E, Papadopoulos NT. Chill coma recovery of Ceratitis capitata adults across the Northern Hemisphere. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17555. [PMID: 36266456 PMCID: PMC9585097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an invasive pest, that is currently expanding its geographic distribution from the Mediterranean coasts to more temperate areas of Europe. Given that low temperature is a primary determinant of insect species' range boundaries especially in the Northern Hemisphere with pronounced seasonality, we used chill coma recovery time for assessing latitudinal clines in basal chill tolerance of C. capitata adults. We selected six populations obtained from areas with broad climatic variability based on the main bioclimatic variables of temperature and precipitation, spanning a latitudinal range of about 19° from Middle East to Central Europe. Adults were exposed to 0 °C for 4 h, and time to regain the typical standing position of a fly at 25 °C were recorded. The post-stress survival after a period of 8 days was also recorded. Results revealed that adults from Israel and Austria were less chill tolerant than those from Greece, resulting in curvilinear trends with latitude. Analysis of macroclimatic conditions revealed combined effects of latitude (as a proxy of photoperiod) and macroclimatic conditions on chill coma recovery time. Nonetheless, there was not a deleterious effect on post-recovery survival, except for flies obtained from the northern most point (Vienna, Austria). Overall, it seems that evolutionary patterns of basal chill coma recovery time of C. capitata adults are driven mainly by local climatic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleopatra A Moraiti
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 38446, Volos, Magnesia, Greece
| | - Eleni Verykouki
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 38446, Volos, Magnesia, Greece
| | - Nikos T Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 38446, Volos, Magnesia, Greece.
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6
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Hangartner S, Sgrò CM, Connallon T, Booksmythe I. Sexual dimorphism in phenotypic plasticity and persistence under environmental change: An extension of theory and meta-analysis of current data. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1550-1565. [PMID: 35334155 PMCID: PMC9311083 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Populations must adapt to environmental changes to remain viable. Both evolution and phenotypic plasticity contribute to adaptation, with plasticity possibly being more important for coping with rapid change. Adaptation is complex in species with separate sexes, as the sexes can differ in the strength or direction of natural selection, the genetic basis of trait variation, and phenotypic plasticity. Many species show sex differences in plasticity, yet how these differences influence extinction susceptibility remains unclear. We first extend theoretical models of population persistence in changing environments and show that persistence is affected by sexual dimorphism for phenotypic plasticity, trait genetic architecture, and sex-specific selection. Our models predict that female-biased adaptive plasticity-particularly in traits with modest-to-low cross-sex genetic correlations-typically promotes persistence, though we also identify conditions where sexually monomorphic or male-biased plasticity promotes persistence. We then perform a meta-analysis of sex-specific plasticity under manipulated thermal conditions. Although examples of sexually dimorphic plasticity are widely observed, systematic sex differences are rare. An exception-cold resistance-is systematically female-biased and represents a trait wherein sexually dimorphic plasticity might elevate population viability in changing environments. We discuss our results in light of debates about the roles of evolution and plasticity in extinction susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hangartner
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carla M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim Connallon
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Isobel Booksmythe
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Milocco L, Salazar-Ciudad I. Evolution of the G Matrix under Nonlinear Genotype-Phenotype Maps. Am Nat 2022; 199:420-435. [DOI: 10.1086/717814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisandro Milocco
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Isaac Salazar-Ciudad
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Barcelona, Spain; and Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Evolution, Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Renaud S, Girard C, Dufour AB. Morphometric variance, evolutionary constraints and their change through time in Late Devonian Palmatolepis conodonts. Evolution 2021; 75:2911-2929. [PMID: 34396530 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic variation is the raw material of evolution. Standing variation can facilitate response to selection along "lines of least evolutionary resistance", but selection itself might alter the structure of the variance. Shape was quantified using 2D geometric morphometrics in Palmatolepis conodonts through the Late Devonian period. Patterns of variance were characterized along the record by the variance-covariance matrix (P-matrix) and its first axis (Pmax). The Late Frasnian was marked by environmental oscillations culminating with the Frasnian/Famennian mass extinction. A shape response was associated with these fluctuations, together with a deflection of the Pmax and the P-matrix. Thereafter, along the Famennian, Palmatolepis mean shape shifted from broad elements with a large platform to slender elements devoid of platform. This shift in shape was associated with a reorientation of Pmax and the P-matrix, due to profound changes in the functioning of the elements selecting for new types of variants. Both cases provide empirical evidences that moving adaptive optimum can reorient phenotypic variation, boosting response to environmental changes. On such time scales, the question seems thus not to be whether the P-matrix is stable, but how it is varying in response to changes in selection regimes and shifts in adaptive optimum. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Renaud
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
| | - Catherine Girard
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Béatrice Dufour
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
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9
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Angert AL, Bontrager MG, Ågren J. What Do We Really Know About Adaptation at Range Edges? ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012120-091002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent theory and empirical evidence have provided new insights regarding how evolutionary forces interact to shape adaptation at stable and transient range margins. Predictions regarding trait divergence at leading edges are frequently supported. However, declines in fitness at and beyond edges show that trait divergence has sometimes been insufficient to maintain high fitness, so identifying constraints to adaptation at range edges remains a key challenge. Indirect evidence suggests that range expansion may be limited by adaptive genetic variation, but direct estimates of genetic constraints at and beyond range edges are still scarce. Sequence data suggest increased genetic load in edge populations in several systems, but its causes and fitness consequences are usually poorly understood. The balance between maladaptive and positive effects of gene flow on fitness at range edges deserves further study. It is becoming increasingly clear that characterizations about degree of adaptation based solely on geographical peripherality are unsupported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Angert
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Megan G. Bontrager
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jon Ågren
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Population Divergence along a Genetic Line of Least Resistance in the Tree Species Eucalyptus globulus. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091095. [PMID: 32962131 PMCID: PMC7565133 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary response to selection depends on the distribution of genetic variation in traits under selection within populations, as defined by the additive genetic variance-covariance matrix (G). The structure and evolutionary stability of G will thus influence the course of phenotypic evolution. However, there are few studies assessing the stability of G and its relationship with population divergence within foundation tree species. We compared the G-matrices of Mainland and Island population groups of the forest tree Eucalyptus globulus, and determined the extent to which population divergence aligned with within-population genetic (co)variation. Four key wood property traits exhibiting signals of divergent selection were studied—wood density, extractive content, and lignin content and composition. The comparison of G-matrices of the mainland and island populations indicated that the G-eigenstructure was relatively well preserved at an intra-specific level. Population divergence tended to occur along a major direction of genetic variation in G. The observed conservatism of G, the moderate evolutionary timescale, and close relationship between genetic architecture and population trajectories suggest that genetic constraints may have influenced the evolution and diversification of the E. globulus populations for the traits studied. However, alternative scenarios, including selection aligning genetic architecture and population divergence, are discussed.
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11
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Sztepanacz JL. Digest: Within and between sex covariances can enhance the response to climatic selection. Evolution 2019; 74:501-503. [PMID: 31808152 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Do genetic covariances promote or impede rapid adaptation to changing environments? Hangartner et al. found that genetic covariances among traits and between sexes aligned with the inferred direction of selection along a latitudinal cline, suggesting that genetic covariances can augment the evolutionary response to climatic selection.
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12
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Morrissey MB, Hangartner S, Monro K. A note on simulating null distributions for G matrix comparisons. Evolution 2019; 73:2512-2517. [PMID: 31502676 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variances and covariances, summarized in G matrices, are key determinants of the course of adaptive evolution. Consequently, understanding how G matrices vary among populations is critical to answering a variety of questions in evolutionary biology. A method has recently been proposed for generating null distributions of statistics pertaining to differences in G matrices among populations. The general approach facilitated by this method is likely to prove to be very important in studies of the evolution of G. We have identified an issue in the method that will cause it to create null distributions of differences in G matrices that are likely to be far too narrow. The issue arises from the fact that the method as currently used generates null distributions of statistics pertaining to differences in G matrices across populations by simulating breeding value vectors based on G matrices estimated from data, randomizing these vectors across populations, and then calculating null values of statistics from G matrices that are calculated directly from the variances and covariances among randomized vectors. This calculation treats breeding values as quantities that are directly measurable, instead of predicted from G matrices that are themselves estimated from patterns of covariance among kin. The existing method thus neglects a major source of uncertainty in G matrices, which renders it anti-conservative. We first suggest a correction to the method. We then apply the original and modified methods to a very simple instructive scenario. Finally, we demonstrate the use of both methods in the analysis of a real data set.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Hangartner
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Keyne Monro
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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13
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Matthews G, Hangartner S, Chapple DG, Connallon T. Quantifying maladaptation during the evolution of sexual dimorphism. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191372. [PMID: 31409252 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Females and males have distinct trait optima, resulting in selection for sexual dimorphism. However, most traits have strong cross-sex genetic correlations, which constrain evolutionary divergence between the sexes and lead to protracted periods of maladaptation during the evolution of sexual dimorphism. While such constraints are thought to be costly in terms of individual and population fitness, it remains unclear how severe such costs are likely to be. Building upon classical models for the 'cost of selection' in changing environments (sensu Haldane), we derived a theoretical expression for the analogous cost of evolving sexual dimorphism; this cost is a simple function of genetic (co)variances of female and male traits and sex differences in trait optima. We then conducted a comprehensive literature search, compiled quantitative genetic data from a diverse set of traits and populations, and used them to quantify costs of sexual dimorphism in the light of our model. For roughly 90% of traits, costs of sexual dimorphism appear to be modest, and comparable to the costs of fixing one or a few beneficial substitutions. For the remaining traits (approx. 10%), sexual dimorphism appears to carry a substantial cost-potentially orders of magnitude greater than costs of selection during adaptation to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Matthews
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sandra Hangartner
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - David G Chapple
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tim Connallon
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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