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MacDonald H, Brisson D. Evolution of intermediate latency strategies in seasonal parasites. J Evol Biol 2024; 37:314-324. [PMID: 38330160 DOI: 10.1093/jeb/voae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Traditional mechanistic trade-offs between transmission and parasite latency period length are foundational for nearly all theories on the evolution of parasite life-history strategies. Prior theoretical studies demonstrate that seasonal host activity can generate a trade-off for obligate-host killer parasites that selects for intermediate latency periods in the absence of a mechanistic trade-off between transmission and latency period lengths. Extensions of these studies predict that host seasonal patterns can lead to evolutionary bistability for obligate-host killer parasites in which two evolutionarily stable strategies, a shorter and longer latency period, are possible. Here we demonstrate that these conclusions from previously published studies hold for non-obligate host killer parasites. That is, seasonal host activity can select for intermediate parasite latency periods for non-obligate killer parasites in the absence of a trade-off between transmission and latency period length and can maintain multiple evolutionarily stable parasite life-history strategies. These results reinforce the hypothesis that host seasonal activity can act as a major selective force on parasite life-history evolution by extending the narrower prior theory to encompass a greater range of disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore MacDonald
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Institute for Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dustin Brisson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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MacDonald H, Brisson D. Parasite-mediated selection on host phenology. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10107. [PMID: 37214617 PMCID: PMC10199498 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of seasonal activity, or phenology, is an adaptive trait that maximizes individual fitness by timing key life events to coincide with favorable abiotic factors and biotic interactions. Studies on the biotic interactions that determine optimal phenology have focused on temporal overlaps among positively-interacting species such as mutualisms. Less well understood is the extent that negative interactions such as parasitism impact the evolution of host phenology. Here, we present a mathematical model demonstrating the evolution of host phenological patterns in response to sterilizing parasites. Environments with parasites favor hosts with shortened activity periods or greater distributions in emergence timing, both of which reduce the temporal overlap between hosts and parasites and thus reduce infection risk. Although host populations with these altered phenological patterns are less likely to mature and reproduce, the fitness advantage of parasite avoidance can be greater than the cost of reduced reproduction. These results illustrate the impact of parasitism on the evolution of host phenology and suggest that shifts in host phenology could serve as a strategy to mitigate the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dustin Brisson
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Chen JM, Chen RX, Gong HY, Zhao MM, Ji YF, Sun MH, Li GH, Tan SM, Zhang GH, Chen JW. Epidemiology-based analysis of the risks and elimination strategies of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1064766. [PMID: 36532347 PMCID: PMC9748476 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1064766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monkeypox, caused by monkeypox virus, has spread unprecedentedly to more than 100 countries since May 2022. Here we summarized the epidemiology of monkeypox through a literature review and elucidated the risks and elimination strategies of this outbreak mainly based on the summarized epidemiology. We demonstrated that monkeypox virus became more contagious and less virulent in 2022, which could result from the fact that the virus entered a special transmission network favoring close contacts (i.e., sexual behaviors of men who have sex with men outside Africa) and the possibility that the virus accumulated a few adaptive mutations. We gave the reasons to investigate whether cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs are susceptible to monkeypox virus and whether infection with monkeypox virus could be latent in some primates. We listed six potential scenarios for the future of the outbreak (e.g., the outbreak could lead to endemicity outside Africa with increased transmissibility or virulence). We also listed multiple factors aiding or impeding the elimination of the outbreak. We showed that the control measures strengthened worldwide after the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) could eliminate the outbreak in 2022. We clarified eight strategies, i.e., publicity and education, case isolation, vaccine stockpiling, risk-based vaccination or ring vaccination, importation quarantine, international collaboration, and laboratory management, for the elimination of the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ming Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Rui-Xu Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Huan-Yu Gong
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yu-Fei Ji
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ming-Hui Sun
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Guo-Hui Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Su-Mei Tan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Gui-Hong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Wang Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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