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Zhao H, Huang X, Tong Z. Formaldehyde-Crosslinked Nontoxic Aβ Monomers to Form Toxic Aβ Dimers and Aggregates: Pathogenicity and Therapeutic Perspectives. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3376-3390. [PMID: 34396700 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of senile plaques in the brain. However, medicines targeting amyloid-beta (Aβ) have not achieved the expected clinical effects. This review focuses on the formation mechanism of the Aβ dimer (the basic unit of oligomers and fibrils) and its tremendous potential as a drug target. Recently, age-associated formaldehyde and Aβ-derived formaldehyde have been found to crosslink the nontoxic Aβ monomer to form the toxic dimers, oligomers and fibrils. Particularly, Aβ-induced formaldehyde accumulation and formaldehyde-promoted Aβ aggregation form a vicious cycle. Subsequently, formaldehyde initiates Aβ toxicity in both the early-and late-onset AD. These facts also explain why AD drugs targeting only Aβ do not have the desired therapeutic effects. Development of the nanoparticle-based medicines targeting both formaldehyde and Aβ dimer is a promising strategy for improving the drug efficacy by penetrating blood-brain barrier and extracellular space into the cortical neurons in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xuerong Huang
- Wenzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital 3, Department of Neurology, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Zhiqian Tong
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
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Kim YM, Kim J, Ha SC, Ahn K. Harmful Effect of Indoor Formaldehyde on Atopic Dermatitis in Children: A Longitudinal Study. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021; 13:468-478. [PMID: 33733640 PMCID: PMC7984948 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2021.13.3.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Evidence supporting a link between indoor formaldehyde exposure and atopic dermatitis (AD) in humans is limited. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate whether AD symptoms in children could be affected by indoor formaldehyde levels in ordinary households. Methods Fifty-five children with moderate-to-severe AD aged under 18 years were enrolled as a panel. They were followed up from February 2019 through February 2020. Indoor formaldehyde levels of patients' houses and their AD symptoms were repeatedly measured on a daily basis. The generalized linear mixed model was utilized for statistical analysis. Subdivision analysis was performed by stratifying patients by sex, body mass index, presence of parental allergy, and indoor environments including mold/dampness, temperature, and relative humidity (RH). Results A total of 4,789 person-days of AD symptom data were collected. The average concentration of formaldehyde was 13.6 ± 16.4 ppb, with the highest value found in spring (18.1 ± 20.6 ppb). Higher levels of formaldehyde were observed when there was parental smoking, increased indoor temperature over 25.5°C, or RH over 60% (P < 0.0001). When the effect size was compared between each season after controlling for ambient particulate matter, temperature, and RH, an increase in 10 ppb of formaldehyde increased AD symptoms by 79.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.6–168.4) in spring and by 39.9% (95% CI, 14.3–71.2) in summer. AD symptoms in children aged 6−18 years appeared to increase significantly, whereas there was no significant increase in children under 6 years. When indoor temperature was over 25.5°C, an increase in formaldehyde by 10 ppb increased AD symptoms by 17.8% (95% CI, 3.9–33.6). Conclusions Indoor formaldehyde can exacerbate AD symptom in children with moderate-to-severe AD, particularly in spring and summer, even at allowable levels. Thus, minimizing exposure to indoor formaldehyde may be needed for the proper management of AD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Kim
- Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Kangmo Ahn
- Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Kim J, Kim Y, Ahn K. Effect of the indoor environment on atopic dermatitis in children. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2020. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2020.8.4.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngmin Kim
- Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kangmo Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Glyoxal-induced exacerbation of pruritus and dermatitis is associated with staphylococcus aureus colonization in the skin of a rat model of atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:276-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Han RT, Back SK, Lee J, Kim HY, Kim HJ, Na HS. Effects of Exposure of Formaldehyde to a Rat Model of Atopic Dermatitis Induced by Neonatal Capsaicin Treatment. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28994767 DOI: 10.3791/55987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is chronically relapsing pruritic eczema and prevails around the world especially in developed countries. Complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors are known to play an important role in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. However, we still lack a detailed picture of the pathogenesis of this disease. Thus, it is of importance to develop appropriate animal models for elucidating the progression of atopic dermatitis. Moreover, investigating the effect of environmental factors such as air pollutants on atopic dermatitis expands understanding of the disease. Here, we describe a method for inducing atopic dermatitis in rats with neonatal capsaicin treatment and a protocol for exposure of a constant concentration of formaldehyde to rats to reveal effects on the development of atopic dermatitis in infantile and adolescent periods. These protocols have been successfully applied to several experiments and can be used for other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Taeho Han
- Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Korea University
| | - Seung Keun Back
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biotechnology, College of Medical Engineering, Konyang University
| | - JaeHee Lee
- Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Korea University
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Korea University
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Science and Technology College, Yonsei University Wonju Campus
| | - Heung Sik Na
- Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Korea University;
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Mai W, Liu X, Su G, Zhou W, Wen Z, Lu D. Elevation of Circulating Th17/Th22 Cells Exposed to Low-Level Formaldehyde and Its Relevance to Formaldehyde-Induced Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis. J Occup Environ Med 2017; 59:817-821. [PMID: 28697061 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of formaldehyde exposure on Th17 and Th22 cells and its relevance to human occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD). METHODS Circulating IL17-/IL22-secreting cells and serum IL17/IL22 levels in formaldehyde-exposed workers at Occupational Exposure Limit and nonexposed controls were assessed. RESULTS The IL17 and IL22 cell population were detected in both CD3CD8 and CD3CD8 cells. The percentages of circulating IL17 and IL22 T cells in the workers with and without ACD history were all elevated, which were more remarkable in the ones with ACD history. Serum levels of IL17 and IL22 between the workers and controls were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS Low-level formaldehyde exposure may increase circulating IL17-/IL22-producing T cells (CD8 and CD8), possibly involved in the development of human OACD. But it may not alter serum levels of IL17/IL22 before the appearance of OACD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Mai
- Department of Prevention and Healthcare, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China (Dr Mai, Su); Department of General Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China (Mr Liu); Department of Laboratory Science, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China (Ms Zhou); and Department of Dermatology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China (Mr Wen, Mr Lu)
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Wang C, Liu Q, Chen F, Xu W, Zhang C, Xiao W. IL-25 Promotes Th2 Immunity Responses in Asthmatic Mice via Nuocytes Activation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162393. [PMID: 27617447 PMCID: PMC5019461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-25 (IL-25) is a potent activator of type-2 immune responses, and is responsible for airway inflammation in asthma. Previous reports have shown that IL-25 expressed hyper-reactivity in an experimental mouse-model of asthma. In addition, the production of IL-13/IL-5 promoted by nuocytes induced airway inflammation. Thus, it has been questioned whether blocking IL-25 against its receptor IL-17BR could inhibit the expression of IL-13 and IL-5 via nuocytes, and further protect against inflammation in ovalbumin (OVA) induced mouse-model of asthma. METHODS In this study, in order to investigate the correlation among IL-25, IL-5, IL-13 and nuocyte activities, we used OVA-sensitization and -challenging to induce the mouse model of asthma. The murine asthmatic model was validated by histology. The expressions of IL-5, IL-13 and IL-25 were detected by ELISA, quantitative real-time PCR, and western blotting of the lung tissue. Nuocyte activation was identified by the levels of ICOS (clone C398.4A) and T1/ST2 (cloneDJ8) (acting as nuocytes surface markers) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). This, in turn, was done by means of flow cytometry. The expressions of IL-25, IL-5 and IL-13 in our murine model were detected in the BALF. RESULTS The mice sensitized and challenged with OVA showed a high expression of IL-25 in both the mRNA and protein levels in lungs. The expressions of ICOS and T1/ST2 in BALF were increased. A significant correlation between IL-25 mRNA, protein, and other Th2-cell producing cytokines (such as IL-5 and IL-13) moreover were identified. Furthermore, when the asthmatic mice were treated with anti-IL-25, both the inflammatory cells' infiltration and the inflammatory cytokines' secretion were significantly decreased. The present findings indicate that IL-25 might be involved in a series of asthmatic immune responses, playing an important role in the increase of nuocytes, and that its activation is necessary in maintaining Th2 central memory and sustaining asthmatic inflammation. CONCLUSION This study showed that IL-25 promoted the accumulation of ICOS and T1/ST2 on nuocytes, further induced the pro-inflammatory Th2 cells, and promoted Th2 cytokine responses in OVA-induced airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qingfa Liu
- School of Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Caiqing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (WX); (CQZ)
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (WX); (CQZ)
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Kim J, Han Y, Ahn JH, Kim SW, Lee SI, Lee KH, Ahn K. Airborne formaldehyde causes skin barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:357-63. [PMID: 27535603 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains to be elucidated whether exposure to air pollutants aggravates atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exposure to formaldehyde for 1 h and 2 h on skin barrier function in both the control and the AD groups. METHODS In 41 patients with AD and 34 healthy children, a provocation test was performed in which two different areas of normal-appearing skin on the forearm were stimulated with airborne formaldehyde at 500 μg m(-3) or placebo for 2 h. We measured transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin pH, and calculated the percentage change from baseline. RESULTS Exposure to formaldehyde increased TEWL in the control group [P < 0·001; median of difference 1·4; interquartile range (IQR) 0·9-1·6] and in the AD group (P < 0·001; median of difference 2·5; IQR 2·0-3·6). The percentage change of TEWL after formaldehyde exposure in the AD group was higher than in the control group (P < 0·001), whereas exposure to placebo showed no differences between both groups. The AD group also demonstrated a higher percentage increase in skin pH after exposure to formaldehyde than the control group (P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to formaldehyde causes skin barrier dysfunction in both healthy children and children with AD, and this effect is more prominent in children with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea.,Environmental Health Centre for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Centre, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y Han
- Environmental Health Centre for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Centre, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Ahn
- Biostatistics Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - S W Kim
- Biostatistics Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - S I Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea
| | - K H Lee
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - K Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea.,Environmental Health Centre for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Centre, Seoul, Korea
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Hongjia L, Caiqing Z, Degan L, Fen L, Chao W, Jinxiang W, Liang D. IL-25 promotes Th2 immunity responses in airway inflammation of asthmatic mice via activation of dendritic cells. Inflammation 2015; 37:1070-7. [PMID: 24487979 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9830-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma occurs as a consequence of inappropriate immunologic inflammation to allergens and characterized by Th2 adaptive immune response. Recent studies indicated that interleukin (IL)-25, a member of the IL-17 cytokine family, had been implicated in inducing Th2 cell-dependent inflammation in airway epithelium and IL-25-deficient mice exhibit impaired Th2 immunity responses; however, how these cytokines influence innate immune responses remains poorly understood. In this study, we used ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge to induce the murine asthmatic model and confirmed by histological analysis of lung tissues and serum levels of total and OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)-E. The expression of IL-25 was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively, and the dendritic cells (DCs) activation was detected by levels of CD80 and CD86 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by flow cytometry. The mice sensitized and challenged with OVA showed high expression of IL-25 in both mRNA and protein levels in lungs. We detected the expression of CD80 and CD86 in BALF was also increased. A tight correlation between IL-25 mRNA and other Th2 cells producing cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in BALF was identified. Furthermore, when the asthmatic mice were treated with inhaled corticosteroids, the inflammatory cells infiltration and the inflammatory cytokines secretion were significantly decreased. In this study, we show that IL-25 promoted the accumulation of co-stimulatory molecules of CD80 and CD86 on DCs and then induced the differentiation of prime naive CD4(+) T cells to become proinflammatory Th2 cells and promoted Th2 cytokine responses in OVA-induced airway inflammation. The ability of IL-25 to promote the activation and differentiation of DCs population was identified as a link between the IL-17 cytokine family and the innate immune response and suggested a previously unrecognized innate immune pathway that promotes Th2 cytokine responses in asthmatic airway inflammation. Inhaled corticosteroids might be capable of inhibiting the promotion of IL-25 and present a promising strategy for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hongjia
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766 by 10 Run Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
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Lee HJ, Yoon NY, Lee NR, Jung M, Kim DH, Choi EH. Topical acidic cream prevents the development of atopic dermatitis- and asthma-like lesions in murine model. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:736-41. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Jin Lee
- Department of Dermatology; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju Korea
| | - Na Young Yoon
- Department of Dermatology; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju Korea
| | - Noo Ri Lee
- Department of Dermatology; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju Korea
| | - Minyoung Jung
- Department of Dermatology; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju Korea
| | - Dong Hye Kim
- Department of Dermatology; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju Korea
| | - Eung Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju Korea
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Wei H, Tan K, Sun R, Yin L, Zhang J, Pu Y. Aberrant production of Th1/Th2/Th17-related cytokines in serum of C57BL/6 mice after short-term formaldehyde exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:10036-50. [PMID: 25264680 PMCID: PMC4210965 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that formaldehyde (FA) could cause immunotoxicity by changing the number of T lymphocytes and that cytokines play a pivotal role in the regulation of T lymphocytes. However, the previously used cytokine detection methods are difficult to use in the measurement of several cytokines in a small amount of sample for one test. Therefore, the cytometric bead array (CBA) technique was used. CBA showed better analytical efficiency and sensitivity than the previous methods. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to the control (normal saline), low FA concentration (0.5 mg/kg), and high FA concentration (2 mg/kg) for 1 week or 1 month. The contents of cytokines, including Th1-related cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor), Th2-related cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10), and Th17-related cytokines (IL-17A), were measured by using the BD FACS Canto II Flow Cytometer and analyzed by FCAP ArrayTM Software. Th1/Th2/Th17-related cytokines showed a slightly decreasing trend after low FA exposure. Conversely, a significantly increasing trend was found after high FA exposure. Th1/Th2/Th17-related cytokines all serve important functions in the immune reactions in mice after FA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Kehong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Rongli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Kim JY, Jeong MS, Park MK, Lee MK, Seo SJ. Time-dependent progression from the acute to chronic phases in atopic dermatitis induced by epicutaneous allergen stimulation in NC/Nga mice. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:53-7. [PMID: 24299269 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complicated skin condition influenced by genetic background and environmental factors. In this study, we applied Dermatophagoides farinae body extract (DfE) to the barrier-disrupted skin of NC/Nga mice twice a week for 8 weeks to identify the clinical and immunological factors in AD progression. Repeated application of the DfE to the skin of NC/Nga mice showed the similar consequences for the natural course of progression in human AD, histologically and immunologically. We confirmed that the AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice did not last for the whole period of our experiment in spite of repeated topical applications of DfE twice a week. Topical DfE stimulation increased the skin mRNA expressions of Th1-, Th2- and Th17-related cytokines in the acute phase. The expression patterns of IL-4 and IL-13 in splenic T cells and skin lesions were consistent with the time course alterations of clinical features of AD-like skin symptoms. We also showed that there was a remission phase either just before or right after the chronic phase in this experimental model. Interestingly, splenic T-cell-derived IL-5 expression began to increase in the chronic phase, while skin-derived IL-5 mRNA expression increased in the acute phase. In conclusion, our results suggest that we should pay attention to the characteristics of each stage of AD progression and choose a suitable corresponding stage of animal model not only to elucidate the pathogenesis of AD but also to develop and evaluate therapeutic drugs for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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