1
|
Chivukula N, Ramesh K, Subbaroyan A, Sahoo AK, Dhanakoti GB, Ravichandran J, Samal A. ViCEKb: Vitiligo-linked Chemical Exposome Knowledgebase. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169711. [PMID: 38160837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a complex disease wherein the environmental factors, in conjunction with the underlying genetic predispositions, trigger the autoimmune destruction of melanocytes, ultimately leading to depigmented patches on the skin. While genetic factors have been extensively studied, the knowledge on environmental triggers remains sparse and less understood. To address this knowledge gap, we present the first comprehensive knowledgebase of vitiligo-triggering chemicals namely, Vitiligo-linked Chemical Exposome Knowledgebase (ViCEKb). ViCEKb involves an extensive and systematic manual effort in curation of published literature and subsequent compilation of 113 unique chemical triggers of vitiligo. ViCEKb standardizes various chemical information, and categorizes the chemicals based on their evidences and sources of exposure. Importantly, ViCEKb contains a wide range of metrics necessary for different toxicological evaluations. Notably, we observed that ViCEKb chemicals are present in a variety of consumer products. For instance, Propyl gallate is present as a fragrance substance in various household products, and Flutamide is used in medication to treat prostate cancer. These two chemicals have the highest level of evidence in ViCEKb, but are not regulated for their skin sensitizing effects. Furthermore, an extensive cheminformatics-based investigation revealed that ViCEKb chemical space is structurally diverse and comprises unique chemical scaffolds in comparison with skin specific regulatory lists. For example, Neomycin and 2,3,5-Triglycidyl-4-aminophenol have unique chemical scaffolds and the highest level of evidence in ViCEKb, but are not regulated for their skin sensitizing effects. Finally, a transcriptomics-based analysis of ViCEKb chemical perturbations in skin cell samples highlighted the commonality in their linked biological processes. Overall, we present the first comprehensive effort in compilation and exploration of various chemical triggers of vitiligo. We believe such a resource will enable in deciphering the complex etiology of vitiligo and aid in the characterization of human chemical exposome. ViCEKb is freely available for academic research at: https://cb.imsc.res.in/vicekb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Chivukula
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | | | - Ajay Subbaroyan
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - Ajaya Kumar Sahoo
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | | | - Janani Ravichandran
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - Areejit Samal
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma Q, Yang X, Guo Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang S, Xie HQ, Xiang T, Li Z, Nie T, Yan Y, Qu G, Jiang G. Effect-directed analysis of estrogenic chemicals in sediments from an electronic-waste recycling area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119369. [PMID: 35513195 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) pollution is of great concern due to the release of hazardous chemicals during the improper e-waste disposal. Many chemicals leached from e-waste were reported to pose estrogenic effects. To date, little is known regarding the occurrence and biological effects of estrogenic chemicals in sediments near an e-waste area. In this study, an effect-directed analysis (EDA) is applied to determine the estrogenic chemicals in sediments of four sites collected from a typical e-waste recycling city in China. Following screening with the ER-CALUX assay, the extract of sample with the most potent effect was subjected in fractionation using reverse phase liquid chromatography. Based on a target analysis for the active fractions, four compounds, including estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A, were identified, and these contributed to 17% of the total toxic effects in the sample. A further nontarget analysis screened four candidates, namely diethylstilbestrol (DES), hexestrol (HES), nandrolone and durabolin, and the total contribution was found to be 48% from the active sample. Specifically, DES and HES were only detected in the active sample and were found to be the primary drivers of estrogenic effects. An examination of the identified chemicals in the four sites indicated that these estrogenic chemicals may originate from e-waste recycling, livestock excretion and domestic waste. These findings uncovered the estrogenic pollutants in sediments from an e-waste area. Considering single endpoint in biological assay is not abundant to screen chemicals with different toxic effects, further EDA studies with multiple endpoints are required to better understand the occurrence of representative or unknown chemicals in e-waste-polluted areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianchi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Yunhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yanna Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Songyan Zhang
- Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tongtong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zikang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tong Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Yuhao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Wei T, Wu M, Chen F, Zhang P, Deng ZY, Luo T. Potential metabolic activities of raspberry ketone. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e14018. [PMID: 34913499 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Novel food and food compounds interventions have attracted a lot of attention nowadays for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. Raspberry ketone (RK) is aromatic compound found within red fruits and berries, has been used as an over-the-counter product for weight loss. However, actually, the effect of RK on weight loss is still controversial, and the mechanism is largely unknown. Besides, in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of RK on the development of other metabolic diseases. In this review, we comprehensively highlighted the synthesis, bioavailability, and metabolism of RK, and summarized the progress made in our understanding of the potential biological activities of RK, including antiobesity, antidiabetes, cardioprotection, and hepatoprotection, as well as their underlying mechanisms. This paper provides a critical overview about the current findings and proposes the future studies in the area of RK on human health. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Raspberry ketone (RK) has been used for weight control for years, but this effect is controversial considering food intake. Additionally, RK is beneficial for T2DM, liver and heart injury. The underlying mechanisms of the protective effect of RK including accelerating fatty acid oxidation, balancing serum glucose level, anti-inflammation, antioxidant process, and so on. In this context, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the benefits of RK against many metabolic diseases and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms. We hope our work will be helpful for further researches on RK and improve its public recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Teng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ze-Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Inoue S, Katayama I, Suzuki T, Tanemura A, Ito S, Abe Y, Sumikawa Y, Yoshikawa M, Suzuki K, Yagami A, Masui Y, Ito A, Matsunaga K. Rhododendrol-induced leukoderma update II: Pathophysiology, mechanisms, risk evaluation, and possible mechanism-based treatments in comparison with vitiligo. J Dermatol 2021; 48:969-978. [PMID: 33951216 PMCID: PMC8360127 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A small proportion of individuals utilizing cosmetics containing rhododendrol developed leukoderma with various pathological conditions, in some cases indistinguishable from vitiligo. In this review, we investigate and evaluate the major considerations for developing rhododendrol‐induced leukoderma based on data from original or review articles published in the literature to provide a wide range of information regarding the pathophysiology, mechanisms, risk evaluation, and possible mechanism‐based treatments. We compile and discuss the latest information, including data related to the cytotoxicity of rhododendrol, cytoprotective functions, and involvement of the immune system, and consider the possibility of novel treatments based on the differences between individual patients and on the mechanism underlying the onset of the condition. Understanding the pathophysiology of rhododendrol‐induced leukoderma helps not only elucidate the mechanisms of non‐segmental vitiligo onset and progression, but also suggests prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Inoue
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamio Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanemura
- Department of Dermatology Course of Integrated Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yuko Abe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sumikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Sumikawa Dermatology and Allergy Clinic, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Momoko Yoshikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kayoko Suzuki
- Department of Allergology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akiko Yagami
- Department of Allergology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukiko Masui
- Departent of Dermatology, Nagata Clinic, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akiko Ito
- Departent of Dermatology, Nagata Clinic, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Integrative Medical Science for Allergic Disease, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kayoko Matsunaga
- Department of Integrative Medical Science for Allergic Disease, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Matsunaga K, Suzuki K, Ito A, Tanemura A, Abe Y, Suzuki T, Yoshikawa M, Sumikawa Y, Yagami A, Masui Y, Inoue S, Ito S, Katayama I. Rhododendrol-induced leukoderma update I: Clinical findings and treatment. J Dermatol 2021; 48:961-968. [PMID: 33686651 PMCID: PMC8359339 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Individuals who used skin-whitening cosmetics (quasi-drugs) containing 2% rhododendrol-containing agents, developed leukoderma at a higher frequency than those who have used other skin-whitening cosmetics. The Rhododenol Research Team (RD-Team) was formed and commissioned by Kanebo Cosmetics Inc. to conduct research in treatments of rhododendrol-induced leukoderma (RDL), to evaluate effective treatment options from a medical standpoint, and provide information to a wide range of people. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of various treatments for RDL from a medical perspective, based on the information published in the literature as original or review articles. We searched the PubMed (international) and the Igaku Chuo Zasshi (ICHUSHI) (Japanese) databases using the keywords "Rhododenol" and "rhododendrol", for articles published between July 2013 and November 2020. We discuss the main clinical findings and treatments (topical, oral, phototherapy, and surgical) of this condition based on the literature review. We found that ultraviolet light therapy is the most effective treatment for RDL. We have also summarized reports of the efficacy of oral vitamin D3 in RDL. A topical prostaglandin derivative has been reported in a new study to be effective. We have provided guidance for patients using self-tanning and skin-whitening agents to improve their quality of life. Finally, we have highlighted the importance of providing patients with information on contact dermatitis and instructing them to discontinue product use immediately if they develop any symptoms of contact dermatitis while using skin-whitening agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Matsunaga
- Department of Integrative Medical Science for Allergic Disease, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kayoko Suzuki
- Department of Allergology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akiko Ito
- Department of Integrative Medical Science for Allergic Disease, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Departent of Dermatology, Nagata Clinic, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanemura
- Department of Dermatology Course of Integrated Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuko Abe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tamio Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Momoko Yoshikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sumikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,SUMIKAWA Dermatology & Allergy CLINIC, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akiko Yagami
- Department of Allergology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukiko Masui
- Departent of Dermatology, Nagata Clinic, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shintaro Inoue
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Glucose Exerts an Anti-Melanogenic Effect by Indirect Inactivation of Tyrosinase in Melanocytes and a Human Skin Equivalent. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051736. [PMID: 32138354 PMCID: PMC7084727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugars are ubiquitous in organisms and well-known cosmetic ingredients for moisturizing skin with minimal side-effects. Glucose, a simple sugar used as an energy source by living cells, is often used in skin care products. Several reports have demonstrated that sugar and sugar-related compounds have anti-melanogenic effects on melanocytes. However, the underlying molecular mechanism by which glucose inhibits melanin synthesis is unknown, even though glucose is used as a whitening as well as moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics. Herein, we found that glucose significantly reduced the melanin content of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-stimulated B16 cells and darkly pigmented normal human melanocytes with no signs of cytotoxicity. Furthermore, topical treatment of glucose clearly demonstrated its whitening efficacy through photography, Fontana-Masson (F&M) staining, and multi-photon microscopy in a pigmented 3D human skin model, MelanoDerm. However, glucose did not alter the gene expression or protein levels of major melanogenic proteins in melanocytes. While glucose potently decreased intracellular tyrosinase activity in melanocytes, it did not reduce mushroom tyrosinase activity in a cell-free experimental system. However, glucose was metabolized into lactic acid, which can powerfully suppress tyrosinase activity. Thus, we concluded that glucose indirectly inhibits tyrosinase activity through conversion into lactic acid, explaining its anti-melanogenic effects in melanocytes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Shanthi D, Rajeswari K, Udhaya Kumar C, Vidhyasagar T, Velayutham Pillai M. Structural features of Novel 2,6-diarylpiperidin-4-ones derived from the methyl ether of raspberry ketone: Investigation through spectral, single crystal and DFT studies. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.126907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
8
|
Kim M, Lee CS, Lim KM. Rhododenol Activates Melanocytes and Induces Morphological Alteration at Sub-Cytotoxic Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225665. [PMID: 31726751 PMCID: PMC6888388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhododenol (RD), a whitening cosmetic ingredient, was withdrawn from the market due to RD-induced leukoderma (RIL). While many attempts have been made to clarify the mechanism underlying RIL, RIL has not been fully understood yet. Indeed, affected subjects showed uneven skin pigmentation, but the features are different from vitiligo, a skin hypopigmentary disorder, alluding to events more complex than simple melanocyte cytotoxicity. Here, we discovered that rhododenol treatment reduced the number of melanocytes in a pigmented 3D human skin model, Melanoderm™, confirming the melanocyte toxicity of RD. Of note, melanocytes that survived in the RD treated tissues exhibited altered morphology, such as extended dendrites and increased cell sizes. Consistently with this, sub-cytotoxic level of RD increased cell size and elongated dendrites in B16 melanoma cells. Morphological changes of B16 cells were further confirmed in the immunocytochemistry of treated cells for actin and tubulin. Even more provoking, RD up-regulated the expression of tyrosinase and TRP1 in the survived B16 cells. Evaluation of mRNA expression of cytoskeletal proteins suggests that RD altered the cytoskeletal dynamic favoring cell size expansion and melanosome maturation. Collectively, these results suggest that RD not only induces cytotoxicity in melanocytes but also can lead to a profound perturbation of melanocyte integrity even at sub-cytotoxic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Chang-Seok Lee
- Department of Beauty and Cosmetic Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam-si 13135, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-S.L.); (K.-M.L.)
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- Correspondence: (C.-S.L.); (K.-M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pyo JJ, Ahn S, Jin SH, An S, Lee E, Choi J, Shin JC, Choi H, Kim HJ, Choi D, Noh M. Keratinocyte-derived IL-36γ plays a role in hydroquinone-induced chemical leukoderma through inhibition of melanogenesis in human epidermal melanocytes. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2307-2320. [PMID: 31256213 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical leukoderma is an acquired type of vitiligo that can be initiated by various exogenous chemicals such as hydroquinone (HQ), rhododendrol (RD), or 4-tertiary butyl phenol (4-TBP). Despite the importance of epidermal keratinocytes in diverse dermatological conditions, their toxicological role in chemical leukoderma is poorly understood. To elucidate their role in the pathogenesis of chemical leukoderma, genome-scale transcriptional analysis was performed in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) treated with a sub-cytotoxic HQ concentration (10 µM). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway-based functional enrichment analysis of HQ-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that HQ significantly upregulated DEGs related to the IL-17 signaling pathway and significantly downregulated DEGs associated with melanogenesis in HEKs. The meta-analysis between the HQ-induced and cytokine-induced transcriptional data (GSE53751) showed that 58 DEGs were commonly upregulated between HQ- and IL-17A-treated HEKs. Notably, the expression of IL36G was significantly increased in HEKs in response to both HQ and IL-17A. IL-36γ (2 µg/ml) directly inhibits melanin biosynthesis in cultured human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs) and downregulates the gene transcription of key enzymes in the melanogenesis pathway including TYR, DCT, and TYRP1. Moreover, IL-36γ autocrinally regulated keratinocyte function to produce the proinflammatory cytokines IL-36γ, IL-6, and CXCL8/IL-8 in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that IL-36γ may stimulate the amplification cycle of cutaneous inflammation. In this regard, hydroquinone-induced IL-36γ from human keratinocytes plays a pivotal role in the development of chemical leukoderma by autocrinally or paracrinally modulating the crosstalk between keratinocytes and melanocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Joo Pyo
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungchan An
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeayoung C Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Choi
- AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeounggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-June Kim
- AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeounggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Dalwoong Choi
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School and College of Public Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Goto N, Tsujimoto M, Nagai H, Masaki T, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Nishigori C. 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol (rhododendrol)-induced melanocyte cytotoxicity is enhanced by UVB exposure through generation of oxidative stress. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:754-762. [PMID: 29630780 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol (rhododendrol, RD), a skin-whitening agent, was reported to cause skin depigmentation in some users, which is attributed to its cytotoxicity to melanocyte. It was reported that cytotoxicity to melanocyte is possibly mediated by oxidative stress in a tyrosinase activity-dependent manner. We examined the effect of UV radiation (UVR) on RD-induced melanocyte cytotoxicity as an additional aggravating factor. UVR enhanced RD-induced cytotoxicity in normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEMs) via the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Increased generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected. Pretreatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), antioxidant and precursor of glutathione significantly attenuated ER stress-induced cytotoxicity in NHEMs treated with RD and UVR. Increase in cysteinyl-RD-catechol and RD-pheomelanin in NHEMs treated with RD and UVR suggested that, after UVR excitation, RD or RD metabolites are potent ROS-generating substances and that the tendency to produce RD-pheomelanin during melanogenesis amplifies ROS generation in melanocytes. Our results help to elucidate the development mechanisms of RD-induced leukoderma and provide information for innovation of safe skin-whitening compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Goto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mariko Tsujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagai
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Taro Masaki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shin HJ, Beak HS, Il Kim S, Joo YH, Choi J. Development and evaluation of topical formulations for a novel skin whitening agent (AP736) using Hansen solubility parameters and PEG-PCL polymers. Int J Pharm 2018; 552:251-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
12
|
Lee CS, Nam GB, Park JS. Protopanaxatriol inhibits melanin synthesis through inactivation of the pCREB-MITF-tyrosinase signalling pathway in melanocytes. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 44:295-299. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C.-S. Lee
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center; Yongin-si Korea
- Department of Beauty and Cosmetic Science; Eulji University; Seongnam-si Korea
| | - G.-B. Nam
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center; Yongin-si Korea
| | - J.-S. Park
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center; Yongin-si Korea
- Department of Engineering Chemistry; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju-si Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Micillo R, Sirés-Campos J, García-Borrón JC, Panzella L, Napolitano A, Olivares C. Conjugation with Dihydrolipoic Acid Imparts Caffeic Acid Ester Potent Inhibitory Effect on Dopa Oxidase Activity of Human Tyrosinase. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2156. [PMID: 30042336 PMCID: PMC6121902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid derivatives represent promising lead compounds in the search for tyrosinase inhibitors to be used in the treatment of skin local hyperpigmentation associated to an overproduction or accumulation of melanin. We recently reported the marked inhibitory activity of a conjugate of caffeic acid with dihydrolipoic acid, 2-S-lipoylcaffeic acid (LCA), on the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopa oxidase (DO) activities of mushroom tyrosinase. In the present study, we evaluated a more lipophilic derivative, 2-S-lipoyl caffeic acid methyl ester (LCAME), as an inhibitor of tyrosinase from human melanoma cells. Preliminary analysis of the effects of LCAME on mushroom tyrosinase indicated more potent inhibitory effects on either enzyme activities (IC50 = 0.05 ± 0.01 μM for DO and 0.83 ± 0.09 μM for TH) compared with LCA and the reference compound kojic acid. The inhibition of DO of human tyrosinase was effective (Ki = 34.7 ± 1.1 μM) as well, while the action on TH was weaker. Lineweaver⁻Burk analyses indicated a competitive inhibitor mechanism. LCAME was not substrate of tyrosinase and proved nontoxic at concentrations up to 50 μM. No alteration of basal tyrosinase expression was observed after 24 h treatment of human melanoma cells with the inhibitor, but preliminary evidence suggested LCAME might impair the induction of tyrosinase expression in cells stimulated with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. All these data point to this compound as a valuable candidate for further trials toward its use as a skin depigmenting agent. They also highlight the differential effects of tyrosinase inhibitors on the human and mushroom enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Micillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Julia Sirés-Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Spain.
| | - José Carlos García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Spain.
| | - Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Conchi Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee CS, Baek HS, Bae IH, Choi SJ, Kim YJ, Lee JH, Kim JW. Depigmentation efficacy of galacturonic acid through tyrosinase regulation in B16 murine melanoma cells and a three-dimensional human skin equivalent. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 43:708-712. [PMID: 29744907 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sugar is a well-known cosmetic ingredient for moisturizing skin with minimal side-effects. Several reports have demonstrated an antimelanogenic effect of sugar in melanocytes. We evaluated the whitening efficacy of galacturonic acid (GA), the main component of pectin, as an anti-melanogenic agent. GA significantly suppressed melanin synthesis and secretion in a concentration-dependent manner in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-treated B16 melanoma cells, and inhibited tyrosinase activity and expression at a dose of 10 mmol/L. In a three-dimensional human skin equivalent (MelanoDerm), GA clearly brightened tissue colour. Haematoxylin and eosin and Fontana-Masson (F&M) staining of tissue sections revealed decreased melanin production without skin tissue collapse in the presence of GA. Interestingly, GA dramatically suppressed gene expression of the melanogenic proteins tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TYRP)-1 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, but not TYRP-2. The results support the utility of GA as an effective candidate antimelanogenic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Lee
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea.,Department of Beauty and Cosmetic Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Korea
| | - H S Baek
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Korea.,Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Korea
| | - I-H Bae
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - S J Choi
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - Y J Kim
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - J H Lee
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - J W Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Korea.,Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xiong SL, Yue LM, Lim GT, Yang JM, Lee J, Park YD. Inhibitory effect of raspberry ketone on α-glucosidase: Docking simulation integrating inhibition kinetics. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:212-218. [PMID: 29477543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of α-glucosidase is directly associated with treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this regard, we conducted enzyme kinetics integrated with computational docking simulation to assess the inhibitory effect of raspberry ketone (RK) on α-glucosidase. RK bound to the active site of α-glucosidase and interacted with several key residues such as ASP68, TYR71, HIS111, PHE157, PHE158, PHE177, GLN181, ASP214, THR215, ASP349, ASP408, and ARG439, as detected by protein-ligand docking simulation. Subsequently, we confirmed the action of RK on α-glucosidase as the non-competitive type of inhibition in a reversible and rapidly binding manner. The relevant kinetic parameters were IC50=6.17±0.46mM and Ki=7.939±0.211mM. Regarding the structure-activity relationship, the higher concentration of RK induced slight modulation of the shape of the active site as monitored by hydrophobic exposure. The tertiary conformational change was linked to RK inhibition, and mostly involved regional changes of the active site. Our study provides insight into the functional role of RK due to its structural property of a hydroxyphenyl ring that interacts with the active site of α-glucosidase. We suggest that similar hydroxyphenyl ring compounds targeting the key residues of the active site might be potential α-glucosidase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Ling Xiong
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, PR China
| | - Li-Mei Yue
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, PR China
| | - Gyu Tae Lim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Doo Park
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, PR China; Department of Dermatology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ito S, Wakamatsu K. Biochemical Mechanism of Rhododendrol-Induced Leukoderma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E552. [PMID: 29439519 PMCID: PMC5855774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
RS-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol (rhododendrol (RD))-a skin-whitening ingredient-was reported to induce leukoderma in some consumers. We have examined the biochemical basis of the RD-induced leukoderma by elucidating the metabolic fate of RD in the course of tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation. We found that the oxidation of racemic RD by mushroom tyrosinase rapidly produces RD-quinone, which gives rise to secondary quinone products. Subsequently, we confirmed that human tyrosinase is able to oxidize both enantiomers of RD. We then showed that B16 cells exposed to RD produce high levels of RD-pheomelanin and protein-SH adducts of RD-quinone. Our recent studies showed that RD-eumelanin-an oxidation product of RD-exhibits a potent pro-oxidant activity that is enhanced by ultraviolet-A radiation. In this review, we summarize our biochemical findings on the tyrosinase-dependent metabolism of RD and related studies by other research groups. The results suggest two major mechanisms of cytotoxicity to melanocytes. One is the cytotoxicity of RD-quinone through binding with sulfhydryl proteins that leads to the inactivation of sulfhydryl enzymes and protein denaturation that leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress. The other mechanism is the pro-oxidant activity of RD-derived melanins that leads to oxidative stress resulting from the depletion of antioxidants and the generation of reactive oxygen radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Micillo R, Pistorio V, Pizzo E, Panzella L, Napolitano A, D'Ischia M. 2- S-Lipoylcaffeic Acid, a Natural Product-Based Entry to Tyrosinase Inhibition via Catechol Manipulation. Biomimetics (Basel) 2017; 2:biomimetics2030015. [PMID: 31105178 PMCID: PMC6352668 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics2030015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation of naturally occurring catecholic compounds with thiols is a versatile and facile entry to a broad range of bioinspired multifunctional compounds for diverse applications in biomedicine and materials science. We report herein the inhibition properties of the caffeic acid- dihydrolipoic acid S-conjugate, 2-S-lipoylcaffeic acid (LC), on mushroom tyrosinase. Half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 3.22 ± 0.02 and 2.0 ± 0.1 µM were determined for the catecholase and cresolase activity of the enzyme, respectively, indicating a greater efficiency of LC compared to the parent caffeic acid and the standard inhibitor kojic acid. Analysis of the Lineweaver–Burk plot suggested a mixed-type inhibition mechanism. LC proved to be non-toxic on human keratinocytes (HaCaT) at concentrations up to 30 µM. These results would point to LC as a novel prototype of melanogenesis regulators for the treatment of pigmentary disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Micillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Valeria Pistorio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Elio Pizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco D'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ito S, Hinoshita M, Suzuki E, Ojika M, Wakamatsu K. Tyrosinase-Catalyzed Oxidation of the Leukoderma-Inducing Agent Raspberry Ketone Produces (E)-4-(3-Oxo-1-butenyl)-1,2-benzoquinone: Implications for Melanocyte Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:859-868. [PMID: 28219012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of human skin to 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone (raspberry ketone, RK) is known to cause chemical/occupational leukoderma. RK has a structure closely related to 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol (rhododendrol), a skin whitening agent that was found to cause leukoderma in the skin of consumers in 2013. Rhododendrol is a good substrate for tyrosinase and causes a tyrosinase-dependent cytotoxicity to melanocytes, cells that are responsible for skin pigmentation. Therefore, it is expected that RK exerts its cytotoxicity to melanocytes through the tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation to cytotoxic o-quinones. The results of this study demonstrate that the oxidation of RK by mushroom tyrosinase rapidly produces 4-(3-oxobutyl)-1,2-benzoquinone (RK-quinone), which is converted within 10-20 min to (E)-4-(3-oxo-1-butenyl)-1,2-benzoquinone (DBL-quinone). These quinones were identified as their corresponding catechols after reduction by ascorbic acid. RK-quinone and DBL-quinone quantitatively bind to the small thiol N-acetyl-l-cysteine to form thiol adducts and can also bind to the thiol protein bovine serum albumin through its cysteinyl residue. DBL-quinone is more reactive than RK-quinone, as judged by their half-lives (6.2 min vs 10.5 min, respectively), and decays rapidly to form an oligomeric pigment (RK-oligomer). The RK-oligomer can oxidize GSH to GSSG with a concomitant production of hydrogen peroxide, indicating its pro-oxidant activity, similar to that of the RD-oligomer. These results suggest that RK is cytotoxic to melanocytes through the binding of RK-derived quinones to thiol proteins and the pro-oxidant activity of the RK-oligomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences , Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Maki Hinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences , Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Erina Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences , Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Makoto Ojika
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences , Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yoo JW, Hong YD, Baek HS, Choi SJ, Lee CS, Byoun KH, Rho HS, Kim YJ, Lee JH, Joo YH. Substituted N-Benzylbenzamide: A New Series of Depigmentation Agents with Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Yoo
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Deog Hong
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Soo Baek
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jeong Choi
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seok Lee
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hee Byoun
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sik Rho
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Kim
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwan Lee
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyup Joo
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Napolitano A, Micillo R, Monfrecola G. Melanin pigmentation control by 1,3-thiazolidines: does NO scavenging play a critical role? Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:596-7. [PMID: 27095321 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raffaella Micillo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Monfrecola
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|