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Pickett JR, Wu Y, Zacchi LF, Ta HT. Targeting endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in atherosclerosis: drug discovery and development of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1-directed novel therapeutics. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2278-2293. [PMID: 37595265 PMCID: PMC10597632 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) has been well established as a critical contributor to atherosclerosis and consequently as an attractive therapeutic target for anti-atherosclerotic drug candidates. Many publications have demonstrated that disrupting the VCAM-1 function blocks monocyte infiltration into the sub-endothelial space, which effectively prevents macrophage maturation and foam cell transformation necessary for atherosclerotic lesion formation. Currently, most VCAM-1-inhibiting drug candidates in pre-clinical and clinical testing do not directly target VCAM-1 itself but rather down-regulate its expression by inhibiting upstream cytokines and transcriptional regulators. However, the pleiotropic nature of these regulators within innate immunity means that optimizing dosage to a level that suppresses pathological activity while preserving normal physiological function is extremely challenging and oftentimes infeasible. In recent years, highly specific pharmacological strategies that selectively inhibit VCAM-1 function have emerged, particularly peptide- and antibody-based novel therapeutics. Studies in such VCAM-1-directed therapies so far remain scarce and are limited by the constraints of current experimental atherosclerosis models in accurately representing the complex pathophysiology of the disease. This has prompted the need for a comprehensive review that recounts the evolution of VCAM-1-directed pharmaceuticals and addresses the current challenges in novel anti-atherosclerotic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Pickett
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, West Creek Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Yuao Wu
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, West Creek Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Lucia F Zacchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hang T Ta
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, West Creek Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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2
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Genito CJ, Eckshtain-Levi M, Piedra-Quintero ZL, Krovi SA, Kroboth A, Stiepel RT, Guerau-de-Arellano M, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Dexamethasone and Fumaric Acid Ester Conjugate Synergistically Inhibits Inflammation and NF-κB in Macrophages. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1629-1640. [PMID: 34165285 PMCID: PMC10372493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage-mediated inflammation drives autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. Treatment with anti-inflammatory agents can be an effective strategy to reduce this inflammation; however, high concentrations of these agents can have immune-dampening and other serious side effects. Synergistic combination of anti-inflammatory agents can mitigate dosing by requiring less drug. Multiple anti-inflammatory agents were evaluated in combination for synergistic inhibition of macrophage inflammation. The most potent synergy was observed between dexamethasone (DXM) and fumaric acid esters (e.g., monomethyl fumarate (MMF)). Furthermore, this combination was found to synergistically inhibit inflammatory nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor activity. The optimal ratio for synergy was determined to be 1:1, and DXM and MMF were conjugated by esterification at this molar ratio. The DXM-MMF conjugate displayed improved inhibition of inflammation over the unconjugated combination in both murine and human macrophages. In the treatment of human donor monocyte-derived macrophages, the combination of DXM and MMF significantly inhibited inflammatory gene expression downstream of NF-κB and overall performed better than either agent alone. Further, the DXM-MMF conjugate significantly inhibited expression of NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-associated genes. The potent anti-inflammatory activity of the DXM-MMF conjugate in human macrophages indicates that it may have benefits in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Genito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Meital Eckshtain-Levi
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zayda L Piedra-Quintero
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sai Archana Krovi
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Abriana Kroboth
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Rebeca T Stiepel
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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3
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Savio M, Ibrahim MF, Scarlata C, Orgiu M, Accardo G, Sardar AS, Moccia F, Stivala LA, Brusotti G. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Bellevalia saviczii Root Extract and Its Isolated Homoisoflavonoid ( Dracol) Are Mediated by Modification on Calcium Signaling. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183376. [PMID: 31533249 PMCID: PMC6766996 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bellevalia saviczii is a medicinal plant used as anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory herbal remedy in Iraqi-Kurdistan. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of its extract and the isolated homoisoflavonoid (Dracol) by studying the Ca2+-dependent NF-kB pathway. Nuclear translocation of p65 NF-kB subunit, as parameter of NF-kB activation, was visualized in human leukemic monocytes by immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses, after cell treatment with B. saviczii root extract or Dracol followed by Lipopolysaccharide stimulation. In parallel, Ca2+ signals responsible for NF-kB activation and levels of inflammatory cytokines were investigated. LPS-induced p65 translocation was evident in monocytes and both treatments, in particular that with Dracol, were able to counteract this activation. Intracellular Ca2+ oscillations were halted and the cytokine release reduced. These results confirm the traditional anti-inflammatory efficacy of B. saviczii and identify one of the molecules in the extract which appears to be responsible of this action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Savio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Immunology and General Pathology Unit, via Ferrata 9, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mohammed Farhad Ibrahim
- Department of Drug Sciences, viale Taramelli 12, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, University of Salahaddin-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Iraq.
| | - Chiara Scarlata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Immunology and General Pathology Unit, via Ferrata 9, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Matteo Orgiu
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani" via Forlanini 6, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Accardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Immunology and General Pathology Unit, via Ferrata 9, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Abdullah Shakur Sardar
- Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Salahaddin-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Iraq.
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani" via Forlanini 6, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Lucia Anna Stivala
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Immunology and General Pathology Unit, via Ferrata 9, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Gloria Brusotti
- Department of Drug Sciences, viale Taramelli 12, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Schön MP, Erpenbeck L. The Interleukin-23/Interleukin-17 Axis Links Adaptive and Innate Immunity in Psoriasis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1323. [PMID: 29963046 PMCID: PMC6013559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into the pathophysiology of psoriasis has shed light onto many fascinating immunological interactions and underlying genetic constellations. Most prominent among these is the crosstalk between components of the innate and the adaptive immune system and the crucial role of interleukins (IL)-23 and -17 within this network. While it is clear that IL-23 drives and maintains the differentiation of Th17 lymphocytes, many aspects of the regulation of IL-23 and IL-17 are not quite as straightforward and have been unraveled only recently. For example, we know now that Th17 cells are not the only source of IL-17 but that cells of the innate immune system also produce considerable amounts of this central effector cytokine. In addition, there is IL-23-independent production of IL-17. Besides other innate immune cells, neutrophilic granulocytes prominently contribute to IL-17-related immune regulations in psoriasis, and it appears that they employ several mechanisms including the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Here, we strive to put the central role of the IL-23/IL-17 axis into perspective within the crosstalk between components of the innate and the adaptive immune system. Our aim is to better understand the complex immune regulation in psoriasis, a disorder that has become a model disease for chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Luise Erpenbeck
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Gafson AR, Kim K, Cencioni MT, van Hecke W, Nicholas R, Baranzini SE, Matthews PM. Mononuclear cell transcriptome changes associated with dimethyl fumarate in MS. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2018; 5:e470. [PMID: 30283812 PMCID: PMC6168332 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective To identify short-term changes in gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) associated with treatment response to dimethyl fumarate (DMF, Tecfidera) in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Methods Blood samples were collected from 24 patients with RRMS (median Expanded Disability Status Scale score, 2.0; range 1–7) at baseline, 6 weeks, and 15 months after the initiation of treatment with DMF (BG-12; Tecfidera). Seven healthy controls were also recruited, and blood samples were collected over the same time intervals. PBMCs were extracted from blood samples and sequenced using next-generation RNA sequencing. Treatment responders were defined using the composite outcome measure “no evidence of disease activity” (NEDA-4). Time-course and cross-sectional differential expression analyses were performed to identify transcriptomic markers of treatment response. Results Treatment responders (NEDA-4 positive, 8/24) over the 15-month period had 478 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 6 weeks after the start of treatment. These were enriched for nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) pathway transcripts. For patients who showed signs of disease activity, there were no DEGs at 6 weeks relative to their (untreated) baseline. Contrasting transcriptomes expressed at 6 weeks with those at 15 months of treatment, 0 and 1,264 DEGs were found in the responder and nonresponder groups, respectively. Transcripts in the nonresponder group (NEDA-4 negative, 18/24) were enriched for T-cell signaling genes. Conclusion Short-term PBMC transcriptome changes reflecting activation of the Nrf2 and inhibition of NFκB pathways distinguish patients who subsequently show a medium-term treatment response with DMF. Relative stabilization of gene expression patterns may accompany treatment-associated suppression of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie R Gafson
- Division of Brain Sciences (A.R.G., M.T.C., R.N.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; the Department of Neurology (K.K.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; icometrix (W.v.H.), Begaultlaan, Leuven, Belgium; the Department of Neurology (S.E.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Institute for Human Genetics and Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Department of Medicine, the Centre for Neurotechnology and the UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London
| | - Kicheol Kim
- Division of Brain Sciences (A.R.G., M.T.C., R.N.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; the Department of Neurology (K.K.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; icometrix (W.v.H.), Begaultlaan, Leuven, Belgium; the Department of Neurology (S.E.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Institute for Human Genetics and Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Department of Medicine, the Centre for Neurotechnology and the UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London
| | - Maria T Cencioni
- Division of Brain Sciences (A.R.G., M.T.C., R.N.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; the Department of Neurology (K.K.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; icometrix (W.v.H.), Begaultlaan, Leuven, Belgium; the Department of Neurology (S.E.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Institute for Human Genetics and Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Department of Medicine, the Centre for Neurotechnology and the UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London
| | - Wim van Hecke
- Division of Brain Sciences (A.R.G., M.T.C., R.N.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; the Department of Neurology (K.K.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; icometrix (W.v.H.), Begaultlaan, Leuven, Belgium; the Department of Neurology (S.E.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Institute for Human Genetics and Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Department of Medicine, the Centre for Neurotechnology and the UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London
| | - Richard Nicholas
- Division of Brain Sciences (A.R.G., M.T.C., R.N.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; the Department of Neurology (K.K.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; icometrix (W.v.H.), Begaultlaan, Leuven, Belgium; the Department of Neurology (S.E.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Institute for Human Genetics and Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Department of Medicine, the Centre for Neurotechnology and the UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London
| | - Sergio E Baranzini
- Division of Brain Sciences (A.R.G., M.T.C., R.N.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; the Department of Neurology (K.K.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; icometrix (W.v.H.), Begaultlaan, Leuven, Belgium; the Department of Neurology (S.E.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Institute for Human Genetics and Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Department of Medicine, the Centre for Neurotechnology and the UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Division of Brain Sciences (A.R.G., M.T.C., R.N.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London; the Department of Neurology (K.K.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; icometrix (W.v.H.), Begaultlaan, Leuven, Belgium; the Department of Neurology (S.E.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Institute for Human Genetics and Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Department of Medicine, the Centre for Neurotechnology and the UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London
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6
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Mathias A, Perriot S, Canales M, Blatti C, Gaubicher C, Schluep M, Engelhardt B, Du Pasquier R. Impaired T-cell migration to the CNS under fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2017; 4:e401. [PMID: 29075657 PMCID: PMC5639463 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the long-term effects of treatments used in MS on the T-cell trafficking profile. Methods: We enrolled 83 patients with MS under fingolimod (FTY), natalizumab (NTZ), dimethyl fumarate (DMF), or other disease-modifying treatments (DMTs). Blood was drawn before treatment onset and up to 36–48 months. The ex vivo expression of CNS-related integrins (α4β1 and αL subunit of LFA-1) and the gut-related integrin (α4β7) was assessed using flow cytometry on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The adhesion profiles of CD3+ T cells to specific integrin ligands (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM-1], intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1], and mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 [MAdCAM-1]) were measured in vitro before and after 12 and 36–48 months. Results: NTZ decreased the frequency of α4β1+ and α4β7+ integrin expressing T cells and the binding of these cells to VCAM-1 and MAdCAM-1, respectively. After 12 months, DMF induced a decreased frequency of αLhighCD4+ T cells combined with reduced binding to ICAM-1. By contrast, with FTY, there was a doubling of the frequency of α4β1+ and αLhigh, but a decreased frequency of α4β7+ T cells. Strikingly, the binding of α4β1+, α4β7+, and to a lesser extent of αLhigh T cells to VCAM-1, MAdCAM-1, and ICAM-1, respectively, was decreased at month 12 under FTY treatment. The presence of manganese partially restored the binding of these T cells to VCAM-1 in vitro, suggesting that FTY interferes with integrin activation. Conclusions: In addition to NTZ, DMF and FTY but not other tested DMTs may also decrease T-cell–mediated immune surveillance of the CNS. Whether this mechanism may contribute to the onset of CNS opportunistic infections remains to be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Mathias
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (A.M., S.P., M.C., C.G., R.D.P.), Center of Research in Neurosciences, Service of Neurology (M.S., R.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Theodor Kocher Institute (C.B., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Perriot
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (A.M., S.P., M.C., C.G., R.D.P.), Center of Research in Neurosciences, Service of Neurology (M.S., R.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Theodor Kocher Institute (C.B., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Canales
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (A.M., S.P., M.C., C.G., R.D.P.), Center of Research in Neurosciences, Service of Neurology (M.S., R.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Theodor Kocher Institute (C.B., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Blatti
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (A.M., S.P., M.C., C.G., R.D.P.), Center of Research in Neurosciences, Service of Neurology (M.S., R.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Theodor Kocher Institute (C.B., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Coline Gaubicher
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (A.M., S.P., M.C., C.G., R.D.P.), Center of Research in Neurosciences, Service of Neurology (M.S., R.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Theodor Kocher Institute (C.B., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Schluep
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (A.M., S.P., M.C., C.G., R.D.P.), Center of Research in Neurosciences, Service of Neurology (M.S., R.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Theodor Kocher Institute (C.B., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (A.M., S.P., M.C., C.G., R.D.P.), Center of Research in Neurosciences, Service of Neurology (M.S., R.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Theodor Kocher Institute (C.B., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology (A.M., S.P., M.C., C.G., R.D.P.), Center of Research in Neurosciences, Service of Neurology (M.S., R.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Theodor Kocher Institute (C.B., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of skin and joints that affects 2-4 % of the adult population and 0.1-1 % of children. Genetic susceptibility, environmental triggering factors, and innate immune processes initiate psoriasis pathogenesis that results in an adaptive autoreactive response. The T cell response is orchestrated by CD 8(+) T cells in the epidermis and by CD 4(+) T cells in the dermis that predominantly produce interleukin-17 (IL‑17). Research of the past 15 years unraveled cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as cytokines like TNF-α or IL‑23 that contribute to psoriatic inflammation. This knowledge has been translated into clinical practice and a number of antipsoriatic small molecules and immunobiologics are now available. Here, we discuss the current principles of psoriasis pathogenesis in the context of modern therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schäkel
- Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - M P Schön
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologe, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - K Ghoreschi
- Universitäts-Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland.
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8
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Dimethyl fumarate restores apoptosis sensitivity and inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in CTCL by targeting NF-κB. Blood 2016; 128:805-15. [PMID: 27268084 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-694117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive efforts in recent years, a curative therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) has not yet been developed. Therefore, the establishment of new therapeutic approaches with higher efficacy rates and milder side effects is strongly desired. A characteristic feature of the malignant T-cell population in CTCL is resistance toward cell death resulting from constitutive NF-κB activation. Therefore, NF-κB-dependent cell death resistance represents an interesting therapeutic target in CTCL because an NF-κB-directed therapy would leave bystander T cells widely unaffected. We investigated the effects of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on CTCL cells in vitro and in vivo. DMF induced cell death in primary patient-derived CD4(+) cells and CTCL cell lines, but hardly in T cells from healthy donors. DMF-induced cell death was linked specifically to NF-κB inhibition. To study the impact of DMF in vivo, we developed 2 CTCL xenograft mouse models with different cutaneous localizations of the T-cell infiltrate. DMF treatment delayed the growth of CTCL tumors and prevented formation of distant metastases. In addition, DMF induced increased cell death in primary CTCL tumors and in liver metastases. In summary, DMF treatment represents a remarkable therapeutic option in CTCL because it restores CTCL apoptosis in vitro and in preclinical models in vivo and prevents spreading of the disease to distant sites. DMF treatment is of particular promise in CTCL because DMF is already in successful clinical use in the treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis allowing fast translation into clinical studies in CTCL.
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9
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Valesky EM, Hrgovic I, Doll M, Wang XF, Pinter A, Kleemann J, Kaufmann R, Kippenberger S, Meissner M. Dimethylfumarate effectively inhibits lymphangiogenesis via p21 induction and G1 cell cycle arrest. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:200-5. [PMID: 26663097 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Different pathologies, such as lymphoedema, cancer or psoriasis, are associated with abnormal lymphatic vessel formation. Therefore, influencing lymphangiogenesis is an interesting target. Recent evidence suggests that dimethylfumarate (DMF), an antipsoriatic agent, might have antitumorigenic and antilymphangiogenic properties. To prove this assumption, we performed proliferation and functional assays with primary human dermal lymphendothelial cells (DLEC). We could demonstrated that DMF suppresses DLEC proliferation and formation of capillary-like structures. Underlying apoptotic mechanisms could be ruled out. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated a pronounced G1-arrest. Further evaluations revealed increases in p21 expression. In addition, DMF suppressed Cyclin D1 and Cyclin A expression in a concentration-dependent manner. p21 knockdown experiments demonstrated a p21-dependent mechanism of regulation. Further analysis showed an increased p21 mRNA expression after DMF treatment. This transcriptional regulation was enforced by post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. In addition, we could demonstrate that the combination of a proteasomal inhibitor and DMF superinduced the p21 expression. Hence, DMF is a new antilymphangiogenic compound and might be used in various illnesses associated with increased lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Valesky
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Igor Hrgovic
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Monika Doll
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andreas Pinter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johannes Kleemann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Kippenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Meissner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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