Suppressed microRNA-195-5p expression in mycosis fungoides promotes tumor cell proliferation

Non-coding RNAs in the spotlight of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of cutaneous T cell lymphoma

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a group of primary and secondary cutaneous malignancies characterized by aberrant T-cells in the skin. Diagnosing CTCL in its early stage can be difficult because of CTCL's ability to mimic benign cutaneous inflammatory skin diseases. CTCL has multiple subtypes with different disease progression and diagnostic parameters despite similar clinical manifestations. The accurate diagnosis and prognosis of a varied range of diseases require the detection of molecular entities to capture the complete footprint of disease physiology. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have recently been discovered as major regulators of CTCL gene expression. They can affect tumor cell growth, migration, programmed cell death (PCD), and immunoregulation through interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME), which in turn affect CTCL progression. This review summarizes recent advances in how ncRNAs regulate CTCL cell activity, especially their role in PCD. It also discusses the potential use of ncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for different subtypes of CTCL. Furthermore, prospective targets and therapeutic approaches influenced by ncRNAs are presented. A better appreciation of the intricate epigenetic landscape of CTCL is expected to facilitate the creation of innovative targeted therapies for the condition.

MicroRNAs and their signaling pathway in mycosis fungoides

BACKGROUND

Oncogenic microRNAs, a kind of stable epigenetic inhibitors, often deregulated in Mycosis fungoides (MF) which affect the skin and tend to transform and spread.

RESULTS

Previous studies investigating the de-expression of microRNA in MF patients skin biopsies identified that they were not only regulated by signaling pathway, but also regulated other signaling pathway. Furthermore, studies have elucidated the molecular mechanisms of the STAT signaling pathway that can promote a great diversity of miRNA expression via cytokine binding receptors, activating Janus kinase-3 and STAT proteins. But some non-STAT signaling pathway with mircoRNA de-expression in MF was incomplete.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, these studies demonstrate that microRNA may be used as the prognosis, progression and diagnose of MF, as they can not only control MF cell proliferation, but also induce MF cell apoptosis.

The Role of microRNA in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Different Variants, Treatment and Prognosis of Mycosis Fungoides

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), accounting for approximately 50% of all CTCLs. Although various molecular changes in MF have been described in existing studies, no obvious disease-specific changes have been found thus far. microRNAs (miRs) are short, noncoding RNA molecules that play roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in various diseases. Recently, there has been rapidly expanding experimental evidence for the role of miRs in the progression, early diagnosis, prognosis prediction for MF. Efforts to improve early diagnosis and develop personalized therapy options have become more important in recent years. Here, we provide an overview and update of recent advances regarding miRs associated with MF. Furthermore, we provide insights into future opportunities for miR-based therapies.

Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) comprise a group of heterogeneous diseases involving malignant T cells. The pathogenesis and etiology of CTCL are still unclear, although a large number of genetic and epidemiological studies on CTCL have been conducted. Most CTCLs have an indolent course, making early diagnosis difficult. Once large-cell transformation occurs, CTCL progresses to more aggressive types, resulting in an overall survival of less than five years. Epigenetic drugs, which have shown certain curative effects, have been selected as third-line drugs in patients with relapsing and refractory CTCL. Many studies have also identified epigenetic biomarkers from tissues and peripheral blood of patients with CTCL and suggested that epigenetic changes play a role in malignant transformation and histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) resistance in CTCL. Single-cell sequencing has been applied in CTCL studies, revealing heterogeneity in CTCL malignant T cells. The mechanisms of HDACi resistance have also been described, further facilitating the discovery of novel HDACi targets. Despite the heterogeneity of CTCL disease and its obscure pathogenesis, more epigenetic abnormalities have been gradually discovered recently, which not only enables us to understand CTCL disease further but also improves our understanding of the specific role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis and treatment. In this review, we discuss the recent discoveries concerning the pathological roles of epigenetics and epigenetic therapy in CTCL.