1
|
Wareing N, Mills TW, Collum S, Wu M, Revercomb L, Girard R, Lyons M, Skaug B, Bi W, Ali MA, Koochak H, Flores AR, Yang Y, Zheng WJ, Swindell W, Assassi S, Karmouty-Quintana H. Deletion of adipocyte Sine Oculis Homeobox Homolog 1 prevents lipolysis and attenuates skin fibrosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.22.595271. [PMID: 38826482 PMCID: PMC11142148 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.22.595271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Background The cardinal feature of systemic sclerosis (SSc) is skin thickening and tightening. Targetable mechanisms for skin features remain elusive. Drugs successful in treating internal organ manifestations have failed efficacy in skin. Dermal white adipose tissue (DWAT) is amongst the understudied contributors to skin manifestations. This study proposes the role of sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 ( SIX1 ), a gene previously unrecognized as a contributor to dermal lipoatrophy characteristic of early skin fibrosis in SSc. Methods Skin gene expression of SIX1 was analyzed in the GENISOS and PRESS SSc cohorts. Correlation analysis was performed with Spearman rank analysis. Novel mouse models were developed using the Cre-loxp system to knock out Six1 in all cells and mature adipocytes. Subcutaneous bleomycin was used to model early DWAT atrophy and dermal fibrosis characteristic of SSc. Findings SIX1 was upregulated in SSc skin, the expression of which correlates with adipose-associated genes and molecular pathways. Genetic deletion of Six1 in all cells in mice challenged with bleomycin abrogated end-stage fibrotic gene expression and dermal adipocyte shrinkage. Adipocyte specific Six1 deletion was able to attenuate the early increase in skin thickness, a hallmark of experimental skin fibrosis. Further studies revealed a link between elevated SIX1 and increased expression of SERPINE1 and its protein PAI-1 which are known pro-fibrotic mediators. Interpretation This work identifies SIX1 as an early marker of skin fibrosis in SSc. We also demonstrate a causative role of Six1 in skin fibrosis by promoting adipocyte loss and show that deletion of Six1 in adipocytes has the potential of impacting early disease progression. Research in context Evidence before this study: Skin thickening and tightening are leading causes of morbidity in systemic sclerosis (SSc). The authors previously reported that the aberrantly expressed developmental transcription factor sine oculis homeobox homology 1 (SIX1) drives pulmonary fibrosis. However, the contribution of SIX1 to skin fibrosis and associated dermal fat loss remains unknown.Added value of this study: The role of dermal fat loss in skin fibrosis is not fully understood. Studies have shown that adipocytes can transition to mesenchymal cells promoting fibrosis, consistent with loss of the dermal white adipose layer. Our research provides insight into a novel molecular mechanism of lipodystrophy important for skin fibrosis in SSc. We identified the upregulation of SIX1 in adipocytes in skin from patients with SSc which was associated with the progression of skin fibrosis. We found elevated Six1 in mouse dermal adipocytes of early fibrotic skin. Ubiquitous and adipose-specific loss of Six1 decreased markers of experimental skin fibrosis in mice which recapitulate cardinal features of SSc dermal fibrosis. Increased SIX1 expression is linked with elevated levels of Serpine1 the gene that codes for the protein plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1. This is important since PAI-1 is a known pro-fibrotic agent in the skin that contributes to the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) products. Implications of all the available evidence: Fat atrophy may represent a targetable contributor to early systemic sclerosis manifestations. This is as it precedes skin fibrosis and the use of topical agent which are usually lipophilic can help us target dermal adipocytes. Our results show that SIX1 could be an important early marker for skin fibrosis in SSc that can also be targeted therapeutically.
Collapse
|
2
|
Farh MEA, Kim HJ, Kim SY, Lee JH, Lee H, Cui R, Han S, Kim DW, Park S, Lee YJ, Lee YS, Sohn I, Cho J. Transcriptional Changes in Radiation-Induced Lung Injury: A Comparative Analysis of Two Radiation Doses for Preclinical Research. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3766. [PMID: 38612576 PMCID: PMC11011446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In a recent stereotactic body radiation therapy animal model, radiation pneumonitis and radiation pulmonary fibrosis were observed at around 2 and 6 weeks, respectively. However, the molecular signature of this model remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the molecular characteristics at these two stages using RNA-seq analysis. Transcriptomic profiling revealed distinct transcriptional patterns for each stage. Inflammatory response and immune cell activation were involved in both stages. Cell cycle processes and response to type II interferons were observed during the inflammation stage. Extracellular matrix organization and immunoglobulin production were noted during the fibrosis stage. To investigate the impact of a 10 Gy difference on fibrosis progression, doses of 45, 55, and 65 Gy were tested. A dose of 65 Gy was selected and compared with 75 Gy. The 65 Gy dose induced inflammation and fibrosis as well as the 75 Gy dose, but with reduced lung damage, fewer inflammatory cells, and decreased collagen deposition, particularly during the inflammation stage. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant overlap, but differences were observed and clarified in Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analysis, potentially influenced by changes in interferon-gamma-mediated lipid metabolism. This suggests the suitability of 65 Gy for future preclinical basic and pharmaceutical research connected with radiation-induced lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Agamy Farh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (M.E.-A.F.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-Y.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.L.); (R.C.); (S.H.); (D.W.K.); (S.P.)
- Drug Development Team, ARONTIER, Co., Ltd., Seoul 06735, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (M.E.-A.F.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-Y.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.L.); (R.C.); (S.H.); (D.W.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Sang-Yeon Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (M.E.-A.F.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-Y.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.L.); (R.C.); (S.H.); (D.W.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Jae-Hee Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (M.E.-A.F.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-Y.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.L.); (R.C.); (S.H.); (D.W.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Hajeong Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (M.E.-A.F.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-Y.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.L.); (R.C.); (S.H.); (D.W.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Ronglan Cui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (M.E.-A.F.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-Y.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.L.); (R.C.); (S.H.); (D.W.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Soorim Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (M.E.-A.F.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-Y.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.L.); (R.C.); (S.H.); (D.W.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (M.E.-A.F.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-Y.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.L.); (R.C.); (S.H.); (D.W.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Sunjoo Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (M.E.-A.F.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-Y.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.L.); (R.C.); (S.H.); (D.W.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Yoon-Jin Lee
- Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea;
| | - Insuk Sohn
- Drug Development Team, ARONTIER, Co., Ltd., Seoul 06735, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jaeho Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (M.E.-A.F.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-Y.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.L.); (R.C.); (S.H.); (D.W.K.); (S.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Long J, Zhang Z, Yin W. Insights into the unique roles of dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) in wound healing. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1346612. [PMID: 38465261 PMCID: PMC10920283 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1346612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) is a newly recognized layer of adipocytes within the reticular dermis of the skin. In many mammals, this layer is clearly separated by panniculus carnosus from subcutaneous adipose tissue (sWAT). While, they concentrated around the hair shaft and follicle, sebaceous gland, and arrector pili muscle, and forms a very specific cone geometry in human. Both the anatomy and the histology indicate that dWAT has distinct development and functions. Different from sWAT, the developmental origin of dWAT shares a common precursor with dermal fibroblasts during embryogenesis. Therefore, when skin injury happens and mature adipocytes in dWAT are exposed, they may undergo lipolysis and dedifferentiate into fibroblasts to participate in wound healing as embryogenetic stage. Studies using genetic strategies to selectively ablate dermal adipocytes observed delayed revascularization and re-epithelialization in wound healing. This review specifically summarizes the hypotheses of the functions of dWAT in wound healing. First, lipolysis of dermal adipocytes could contribute to wound healing by regulating inflammatory macrophage infiltration. Second, loss of dermal adipocytes occurs at the wound edge, and adipocyte-derived cells then become ECM-producing wound bed myofibroblasts during the proliferative phase of repair. Third, mature dermal adipocytes are rich resources for adipokines and cytokines and could release them in response to injury. In addition, the dedifferentiated dermal adipocytes are more sensitive to redifferentiation protocol and could undergo expansion in infected wound. We then briefly introduce the roles of dWAT in protecting the skin from environmental challenges: production of an antimicrobial peptide against infection. In the future, we believe there may be great potential for research in these areas: (1) taking advantage of the plasticity of dermal adipocytes and manipulating them in wound healing; (2) investigating the precise mechanism of dWAT expansion in infected wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wen Yin
- *Correspondence: Ziang Zhang, ; Wen Yin,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Satzinger S, Willenborg S, Ding X, Klose CSN, Radtke D, Voehringer D, Eming SA. Type 2 Immunity Regulates Dermal White Adipose Tissue Function. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:2456-2467.e5. [PMID: 37295491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immune responses have been increasingly linked with tissue maintenance, regeneration, and metabolic homeostasis. The molecular basis of regulator and effector mechanisms of type 2 immunity in skin regeneration and homeostasis is still lacking. In this study, we analyzed the role of IL-4Rα signaling in the regeneration of diverse cellular compartments in the skin. Mutants with global IL-4Rα deficiency showed two major phenotypes: first, a pronounced atrophy of the interfollicular epidermis, and second, a significant increase in dermal white adipose tissue thickness in mice aged 3 weeks (postnatal day 21) compared with littermate controls. Notably, IL-4Rα deficiency decreased the activation of hormone-sensitive lipase, a rate-limiting step in lipolysis. Immunohistochemical and FACS analysis in IL-4/enhanced GFP reporter mice showed that IL-4 expression peaked on postnatal day 21 and that eosinophils are the predominant IL-4-expressing cells. Eosinophil-deficient mice recapitulated the lipolytic-defective dermal white adipose tissue phenotype of Il4ra-deficient mice, showing that eosinophils are necessary for dermal white adipose tissue lipolysis. Collectively, we provide mechanistic insights into the regulation of interfollicular epidermis and hormone-sensitive lipase-mediated lipolysis in dermal white adipose tissue in early life by IL-4Rα, and our findings show that eosinophils play a critical role in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaolei Ding
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Christoph S N Klose
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Radtke
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine A Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Zoology, Developmental Biology Unit, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yoshikawa Y, Maeshige N, Yamaguchi A, Uemura M, Hiramatsu T, Tsuji Y, Terashi H. Association between Patients' Body Mass Index and the Effect of Monophasic Pulsed Microcurrent Stimulation on Pressure Injury Healing. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2379. [PMID: 37760820 PMCID: PMC10526075 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This secondary analysis study aimed to detect individual variables that influence the efficacy of monophasic pulsed microcurrent on pressure injury healing. Eleven patients with pressure injuries showing delayed healing underwent a microcurrent stimulation period and a placebo period. We analyzed the correlation between the individual variables and the following three outcomes using monophasic pulsed microcurrent: the wound reduction rate in the electrical stimulation period, the reduction rate in the placebo period, and the difference between these two reduction rates. Furthermore, the patients were divided into two groups, one with a wound reduction rate of more than 10% and the other with less than 10%, and the relationship between each variable was compared. As a result, the wound reduction rate in the electrical stimulation period and the difference in the reduction rate between the two periods showed significant positive correlations with patients' body mass index. In addition, a significant difference was observed in the body mass index between subjects with a reduction rate of 10% or higher and those with a reduction rate of less than 10%. This study found a correlation between the effect of monophasic pulsed microcurrent for pressure injury healing and the level of patients' body mass index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Yoshikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Naragakuen University, Nara 631-0003, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Noriaki Maeshige
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Atomu Yamaguchi
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Mikiko Uemura
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Kashiwara 582-0026, Japan
| | | | - Yoriko Tsuji
- Unit of Podiatric Medicine, Department of Plastic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroto Terashi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun K, Li X, Scherer PE. Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and Fibrosis in Adipose Tissue: Overview and Perspectives. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4387-4407. [PMID: 36715281 PMCID: PMC9957663 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis in adipose tissue is a major driver of obesity-related metabolic dysregulation. It is characterized by an overaccumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) during unhealthy expansion of adipose tissue in response to over nutrition. In obese adipose-depots, hypoxia stimulates multiple pro-fibrotic signaling pathways in different cell populations, thereby inducing the overproduction of the ECM components, including collagens, noncollagenous proteins, and additional enzymatic components of ECM synthesis. As a consequence, local fibrosis develops. The result of fibrosis-induced mechanical stress not only triggers cell necrosis and inflammation locally in adipose tissue but also leads to system-wide lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the obesity-induced fibrosis will help design therapeutic approaches to reduce or reverse the pathological changes associated with obese adipose tissue. Here, we aim to summarize the major advances in the field, which include newly identified fibrotic factors, cell populations that contribute to the fibrosis in adipose tissue, as well as novel mechanisms underlying the development of fibrosis. We further discuss the potential therapeutic strategies to target fibrosis in adipose tissue for the treatment of obesity-linked metabolic diseases and cancer. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4387-4407, 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Takamura N, Yamaguchi Y. Involvement of caveolin-1 in skin diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1035451. [PMID: 36532050 PMCID: PMC9748611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the outermost layer and largest organ in the human body. Since the skin interfaces with the environment, it has a variety of roles, including providing a protective barrier against external factors, regulating body temperature, and retaining water in the body. It is also involved in the immune system, interacting with immune cells residing in the dermis. Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is essential for caveolae formation and has multiple functions including endocytosis, lipid homeostasis, and signal transduction. CAV-1 is known to interact with a variety of signaling molecules and receptors and may influence cell proliferation and migration. Several skin-related disorders, especially those of the inflammatory or hyperproliferative type such as skin cancers, psoriasis, fibrosis, and wound healing, are reported to be associated with aberrant CAV-1 expression. In this review, we have explored CAV-1 involvement in skin physiology and skin diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Phenotypical Conversions of Dermal Adipocytes as Pathophysiological Steps in Inflammatory Cutaneous Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073828. [PMID: 35409189 PMCID: PMC8998946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes from the superficial layer of subcutaneous adipose tissue undergo cyclic de- and re-differentiation, which can significantly influence the development of skin inflammation under different cutaneous conditions. This inflammation can be connected with local loading of the reticular dermis with lipids released due to de-differentiation of adipocytes during the catagen phase of the hair follicle cycle. Alternatively, the inflammation parallels a widespread release of cathelicidin, which typically takes place in the anagen phase (especially in the presence of pathogens). Additionally, trans-differentiation of dermal adipocytes into myofibroblasts, which can occur under some pathological conditions, can be responsible for the development of collateral scarring in acne. Here, we provide an overview of such cellular conversions in the skin and discuss their possible involvement in the pathophysiology of inflammatory skin conditions, such as acne and psoriasis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kruglikov IL, Zhang Z, Scherer PE. Skin aging: Dermal adipocytes metabolically reprogram dermal fibroblasts. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100207. [PMID: 34766637 PMCID: PMC8688300 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Emerging data connects the aging process in dermal fibroblasts with metabolic reprogramming, provided by enhanced fatty acid oxidation and reduced glycolysis. This switch may be caused by a significant expansion of the dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) layer in aged, hair-covered skin. Dermal adipocytes cycle through de-differentiation and re-differentiation. As a result, there is a strongly enhanced release of free fatty acids into the extracellular space during the de-differentiation of dermal adipocytes in the catagen phase of the hair follicle cycle. Both caveolin-1 and adiponectin are critical factors influencing these processes. Controlling the expression levels of these two factors also offers the ability to manipulate the metabolic preferences of the different cell types within the microenvironment of the skin, including dermal fibroblasts. Differential expression of adiponectin and caveolin-1 in the various cell types may also be responsible for the cellular metabolic heterogeneity within the cells of the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhuzhen Zhang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA,Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA,Corresponding author: Scherer, P.E.,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kruglikov IL. Assessment of Mechanical Stress Induced by Radiofrequency Currents on Skin Interfaces. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6623757. [PMID: 34671678 PMCID: PMC8523224 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6623757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal-dermal (ED) and dermal-subcutaneous (DS) junctions are the most prominent skin interfaces, which are known to be of primary importance in different dermatological and aesthetic conditions. These interfaces are strongly modified in aging skin, and their effective targeting can lead to improvement of skin appearance in aging and by cellulite. Application of radiofrequency (RF) currents to the skin can selectively produce mechanical stress on these interfaces. Here, we assess the stresses induced by RF currents of different frequencies on EDJ and DSJ and discuss possible applications of the interfacial therapy in aesthetic medicine.
Collapse
|
11
|
Plikus MV, Wang X, Sinha S, Forte E, Thompson SM, Herzog EL, Driskell RR, Rosenthal N, Biernaskie J, Horsley V. Fibroblasts: Origins, definitions, and functions in health and disease. Cell 2021; 184:3852-3872. [PMID: 34297930 PMCID: PMC8566693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are diverse mesenchymal cells that participate in tissue homeostasis and disease by producing complex extracellular matrix and creating signaling niches through biophysical and biochemical cues. Transcriptionally and functionally heterogeneous across and within organs, fibroblasts encode regional positional information and maintain distinct cellular progeny. We summarize their development, lineages, functions, and contributions to fibrosis in four fibroblast-rich organs: skin, lung, skeletal muscle, and heart. We propose that fibroblasts are uniquely poised for tissue repair by easily reentering the cell cycle and exhibiting a reversible plasticity in phenotype and cell fate. These properties, when activated aberrantly, drive fibrotic disorders in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sarthak Sinha
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Elvira Forte
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Sean M Thompson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Erica L Herzog
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Ryan R Driskell
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK.
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dermal white adipose tissue: Much more than a metabolic, lipid-storage organ? Tissue Cell 2021; 71:101583. [PMID: 34171520 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) has emerged in the biomedical science as an ancillary fat district in the derma without a defined and distinct function respect to the subcutaneous adipose tissue (sWAT). Despite some evidence describing dWAT as an immune-competent compartment, particularly engaged in wound repair, very few reports dealing with dWAT has elucidated its major modulatory role within the skin biology. Whereas an increasing bulk of evidence allows researcher to describe the main activity of sWAT, in humans dWAT is not properly a separated fat compartment and therefore scarcely considered in the scientific debate. Due to its strategic position between epidermis and sWAT, dermal fat might play a much more intriguing role than expected. This review tries to shed light on this issue, by expanding the debate about a possible role of dWAT in skin physiology.
Collapse
|
13
|
Harn HIC, Chen CC, Wang SP, Lei M, Chuong CM. Tissue Mechanics in Haired Murine Skin: Potential Implications for Skin Aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635340. [PMID: 33681217 PMCID: PMC7933214 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During aging, the skin undergoes changes in architecture and composition. Skin aging phenotypes occur due to accumulated changes in the genome/epigenome, cytokine/cell adhesion, cell distribution/extracellular matrix (ECM), etc. Here we review data suggesting that tissue mechanics also plays a role in skin aging. While mouse and human skin share some similarities, their skin architectures differ in some respects. However, we use recent research in haired murine skin because of the available experimental data. Skin suffers from changes in both its appendages and inter-appendage regions. The elderly exhibit wrinkles and loose dermis and are more likely to suffer from wounds and superficial abrasions with poor healing. They also have a reduction in the number of skin appendages. While telogen is prolonged in aging murine skin, hair follicle stem cells can be rejuvenated to enter anagen if transplanted to a young skin environment. We highlight recent single-cell analyses performed on epidermis and aging human skin which identified new basal cell subpopulations that shift in response to wounding. This may be due to alterations of basement membrane stiffness which would change tissue mechanics in aging skin, leading to altered homeostatic dynamics. We propose that the extracellular matrix (ECM) may play a key role as a chemo-mechanical integrator of the multi-layered senescence-associated signaling pathways, dictating the tissue mechanical landscape of niche microenvironments in aging phenotypes. We show examples where failed chemo-mechanical signaling leads to deteriorating homeostasis during skin aging and suggest potential therapeutic strategies to guide future research to delay the aging processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans I-Chen Harn
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Pei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mingxing Lei
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dermal Adipose Tissue Secretes HGF to Promote Human Hair Growth and Pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:1633-1645.e13. [PMID: 33493531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) are immersed within dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT), yet human adipocyte‒HF communication remains unexplored. Therefore, we investigated how perifollicular adipocytes affect the physiology of human anagen scalp HFs. Quantitative immunohistomorphometry, X-ray microcomputed tomography, and transmission electron microscopy showed that the number and size of perifollicular adipocytes declined during anagen‒catagen transition, whereas fluorescence-lifetime imaging revealed increased lipid oxidation in adipocytes surrounding the bulge and/or sub-bulge region. Ex vivo, dWAT tendentially promoted hair shaft production, and significantly stimulated hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation and HF pigmentation. Both dWAT pericytes and PREF1/DLK1+ adipocyte progenitors secreted HGF during human HF‒dWAT co-culture, for which the c-Met receptor was expressed in the hair matrix and dermal papilla. These effects were reproduced using recombinant HGF and abrogated by an HGF-neutralizing antibody. Laser-capture microdissection‒based microarray analysis of the hair matrix showed that dWAT-derived HGF upregulated keratin (K) genes (K27, K73, K75, K84, K86) and TCHH. Mechanistically, HGF stimulated Wnt/β-catenin activity in the human hair matrix (increased AXIN2, LEF1) by upregulating WNT6 and WNT10B, and inhibiting SFRP1 in the dermal papilla. Our study demonstrates that dWAT regulates human hair growth and pigmentation through HGF secretion, and thus identifies dWAT and HGF as important novel molecular and cellular targets for therapeutic intervention in human hair growth and pigmentation disorders.
Collapse
|