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Jakobsgaard JE, de Paoli F, Vissing K. Protein signaling in response to ex vivo dynamic contractions is independent of training status in rat skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:919-932. [PMID: 35723680 PMCID: PMC9545705 DOI: 10.1113/ep090446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
New Findings What is the central question of this study? Are myofibre protein signalling responses to ex vivo dynamic contractions altered by accustomization to voluntary endurance training in rats? What is the main finding and its importance? In response to ex vivo dynamic muscle contractions, canonical myofibre protein signalling pertaining to metabolic transcriptional regulation, as well as translation initiation and elongation, was not influenced by prior accustomization to voluntary endurance training in rats. Accordingly, intrinsic myofibre protein signalling responses to standardized contractile activity may be independent of prior exercise training in rat skeletal muscle.
Abstract Skeletal muscle training status may influence myofibre regulatory protein signalling in response to contractile activity. The current study employed a purpose‐designed ex vivo dynamic contractile protocol to evaluate the effect of exercise‐accustomization on canonical myofibre protein signalling for metabolic gene expression and for translation initiation and elongation. To this end, rats completed 8 weeks of in vivo voluntary running training versus no running control intervention, whereupon an ex vivo endurance‐type dynamic contraction stimulus was conducted in isolated soleus muscle preparations from both intervention groups. Protein signalling response by phosphorylation was evaluated by immunoblotting at 0 and 3 h following ex vivo stimulation. Phosphorylation of AMP‐activated protein kinase α‐isoforms and its downstream target, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, as well as phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) was increased immediately following the dynamic contraction protocol (at 0 h). Signalling for translation initiation and elongation was evident at 3 h after dynamic contractile activity, as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E‐binding protein 1, as well as a decrease in phosphorylation of eEF2 back to resting control levels. However, prior exercise training did not alter phosphorylation responses of the investigated signalling proteins. Accordingly, protein signalling responses to standardized endurance‐type contractions may be independent of training status in rat muscle during ex vivo conditions. The present findings add to our current understanding of molecular regulatory events responsible for skeletal muscle plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Emil Jakobsgaard
- Exercise Biology, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Frank de Paoli
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kristian Vissing
- Exercise Biology, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
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2
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Uremic Sarcopenia: Clinical Evidence and Basic Experimental Approach. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061814. [PMID: 32570738 PMCID: PMC7353433 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained physical activity extends healthy life years while a lower activity due to sarcopenia can reduce them. Sarcopenia is defined as a decrease in skeletal muscle mass and strength due not only to aging, but also from a variety of debilitating chronic illnesses such as cancer and heart failure. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), who tend to be cachexic and in frail health, may develop uremic sarcopenia or uremic myopathy due to an imbalance between muscle protein synthesis and catabolism. Here, we review clinical evidence indicating reduced physical activity as renal function deteriorates and explore evidence-supported therapeutic options focusing on nutrition and physical training. In addition, although sarcopenia is a clinical concept and difficult to recapitulate in basic research, several in vivo approaches have been attempted, such as rodent subtotal nephrectomy representing both renal dysfunction and muscle weakness. This review highlights molecular mechanisms and promising interventions for uremic sarcopenia that were revealed through basic research. Extensive study is still needed to cast light on the many aspects of locomotive organ impairments in CKD and explore the ways that diet and exercise therapies can improve both outcomes and quality of life at every level.
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Huang WC, Hsu YJ, Huang CC, Liu HC, Lee MC. Exercise Training Combined with Bifidobacterium longum OLP-01 Supplementation Improves Exercise Physiological Adaption and Performance. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041145. [PMID: 32325851 PMCID: PMC7231274 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics exert multiple health benefits, including gastrointestinal health, immunoregulation, and metabolic disease improvement, by modulating microbiota to maintain eubiosis via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and brain–gut–microbiome axes. Physiological fatigue, mental stress, and gastrointestinal discomfort under the demands of athletic performance as well as immunosuppression are common during endurance training and competition. Limited studies investigated the functional effects of probiotic supplementation on endurance training. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. Longum OLP-01 (OLP-01), isolated from an elite Olympic athlete, was combined with a six-week exercise training program with gradually increasing intensity. In this study, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were assigned to sedentary, exercise, OLP-01, or exercise + OLP-01 groups and administered probiotic and/or treadmill exercise training for six weeks to assess exercise performance, physiological adaption, and related metabolites. The exercise + OLP-01 group demonstrated higher performance in terms of endurance and grip strength, as well as improved fatigue-associated indexes (lactate, ammonia, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glycogen content), compared with the other groups. OLP-01 supplementation significantly ameliorated inflammation and injury indexes (platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), aminotransferase (AST), and CK) caused by prolonged endurance exercise test. Moreover, acetate, propionate, and butyrate levels were significantly higher in the exercise + OLP-01 group than in the sedentary and OLP-01 groups. Athletes often experience psychological and physiological stress caused by programed intensive exercise, competition, and off-site training, often leading to poor exercise performance and gastrointestinal issues. Functional OLP-01 probiotics are considered to be a nutritional strategy for improving physiological adaption, oxidative stress, inflammation, and energy balance to ensure high physical performance. Based on these results, probiotics combined with exercise training is a potential strategy for ensuring high physical performance of athletes, which should be further investigated through microbiota validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Huang
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11219, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-C.H.); (M.-C.L.); Tel.: +886-2-2822-7101 (W.-C.H.); +886-3-328-3201 (M.-C.L.)
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Chen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-C.H.); (M.-C.L.); Tel.: +886-2-2822-7101 (W.-C.H.); +886-3-328-3201 (M.-C.L.)
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4
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Akmali A, Saghebjoo M. High-intensity interval training with long duration intervals is more effective than short duration intervals for improving glycolytic capacity in the rats' gastrocnemius muscle. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2019; 41:hmbci-2019-0035. [PMID: 31628826 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2019-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background There is little data regarding the ability of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to increase of glycolytic capacity and intramuscular metabolic adaptations. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of HIIT (8 weeks, 5 times/week) with short (HIIT1 min: 16 × 1 min work and active recovery at 80-95% and 50-60% VO2max, respectively) and long (HIIT4 min: 4 × 4 min work and active recovery at 80-95% and 50-60% VO2max, respectively) duration intervals and 4 weeks detraining on the levels of phosphofructokinase (PFK), glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1), monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the rats' gastrocnemius muscle. Materials and methods Fifty-four male Wistar rats were assigned into three groups, including HIIT1 min, HIIT4 min and control (Ctrl). After 48 h of the last training session and after 4 weeks of detraining, the rats were sacrificed, and the gastrocnemius muscles were isolated. Results The PFK levels in the HIIT4 min group was significantly higher than in the HIIT1 min and Ctrl groups, and after the detraining period in the HIIT4 minDT group significantly decreased compared to the HIIT4 min group. The LDH activity in the HIIT4 min and HIIT1 min groups were significantly higher than the Ctrl group and the increasing trend in the HIIT4 min group was more than the HIIT1 min group. There was no significant change in LDH activity after detraining compared to training. No significant changes were observed in the level of GYS1 and MCT4 after HIIT. Conclusions Eight weeks of HIIT with long duration intervals induced more improvements in intramuscular glycolytic capacity than a short duration. After short-term detraining, some of these adaptations have remained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Akmali
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Saghebjoo
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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5
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Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Glucose Transport and Glucose Metabolism by Exercise Training. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102432. [PMID: 31614762 PMCID: PMC6835691 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise training and resistance exercise training are both well-known for their ability to improve human health; especially in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, there are critical differences between these two main forms of exercise training and the adaptations that they induce in the body that may account for their beneficial effects. This article reviews the literature and highlights key gaps in our current understanding of the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise training on the regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis, skeletal muscle glucose transport and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism.
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6
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Eshima H, Tamura Y, Kakehi S, Nakamura K, Kurebayashi N, Murayama T, Kakigi R, Sakurai T, Kawamori R, Watada H. Dysfunction of muscle contraction with impaired intracellular Ca 2+ handling in skeletal muscle and the effect of exercise training in male db/db mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 126:170-182. [PMID: 30433865 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00048.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by reduced contractile force production and increased fatigability of skeletal muscle. While the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis during muscle contraction is a requisite for optimal contractile function, the mechanisms underlying muscle contractile dysfunction in type 2 diabetes are unclear. Here, we investigated skeletal muscle contractile force and Ca2+ flux during contraction and pharmacological stimulation in type 2 diabetic model mice ( db/db mice). Furthermore, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise training on muscle contractile function. In male db/db mice, muscle contractile force and peak Ca2+ levels were both lower during tetanic stimulation of the fast-twitch muscles, while Ca2+ accumulation was higher after stimulation compared with control mice. While 6 wk of exercise training did not improve glucose tolerance, exercise did improve muscle contractile dysfunction, peak Ca2+ levels, and Ca2+ accumulation following stimulation in male db/db mice. These data suggest that dysfunctional Ca2+ flux may contribute to skeletal muscle contractile dysfunction in type 2 diabetes and that exercise training may be a promising therapeutic approach for dysfunctional skeletal muscle contraction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The purpose of this study was to examine muscle contractile function and Ca2+ regulation as well as the effect of exercise training in skeletal muscle in obese diabetic mice ( db/db). We observed impairment of muscle contractile force and Ca2+ regulation in a male type 2 diabetic animal model. These dysfunctions in muscle were improved by 6 wk of exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Eshima
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.,Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.,The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Tamura
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.,Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Saori Kakehi
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.,Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kyoko Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Nagomi Kurebayashi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takashi Murayama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Ryo Kakigi
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Ryuzo Kawamori
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.,Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.,Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.,Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.,Center for Molecular Diabetology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
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7
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Lancel S, Hesselink MK, Woldt E, Rouillé Y, Dorchies E, Delhaye S, Duhem C, Thorel Q, Mayeuf-Louchart A, Pourcet B, Montel V, Schaart G, Beton N, Picquet F, Briand O, Salles JP, Duez H, Schrauwen P, Bastide B, Bailleul B, Staels B, Sebti Y. Endospanin-2 enhances skeletal muscle energy metabolism and running endurance capacity. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98081. [PMID: 29720572 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic stresses such as dietary energy restriction or physical activity exert beneficial metabolic effects. In the liver, endospanin-1 and endospanin-2 cooperatively modulate calorie restriction-mediated (CR-mediated) liver adaptations by controlling growth hormone sensitivity. Since we found CR to induce endospanin protein expression in skeletal muscle, we investigated their role in this tissue. In vivo and in vitro endospanin-2 triggers ERK phosphorylation in skeletal muscle through an autophagy-dependent pathway. Furthermore, endospanin-2, but not endospanin-1, overexpression decreases muscle mitochondrial ROS production, induces fast-to-slow fiber-type switch, increases skeletal muscle glycogen content, and improves glucose homeostasis, ultimately promoting running endurance capacity. In line, endospanin-2-/- mice display higher lipid peroxidation levels, increased mitochondrial ROS production under mitochondrial stress, decreased ERK phosphorylation, and reduced endurance capacity. In conclusion, our results identify endospanin-2 as a potentially novel player in skeletal muscle metabolism, plasticity, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Lancel
- Université de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Matthijs Kc Hesselink
- School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Deptartments of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Estelle Woldt
- Université de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yves Rouillé
- Center of Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Inserm, U1019, CNRS UMR-8204, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, France
| | - Emilie Dorchies
- Université de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stephane Delhaye
- Université de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christian Duhem
- Université de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Quentin Thorel
- Université de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alicia Mayeuf-Louchart
- Université de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benoit Pourcet
- Université de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valérie Montel
- URePSS, Université de Lille, EA 7369, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Gert Schaart
- School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Deptartments of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Beton
- INSERM UMR1043 (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Paul Sabatier, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Picquet
- URePSS, Université de Lille, EA 7369, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Olivier Briand
- Université de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean Pierre Salles
- INSERM UMR1043 (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Paul Sabatier, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Duez
- Université de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Deptartments of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Bastide
- URePSS, Université de Lille, EA 7369, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Bernard Bailleul
- Université de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Université de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yasmine Sebti
- Université de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, U1011, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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8
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Manio MCC, Matsumura S, Masuda D, Inoue K. CD36 is essential for endurance improvement, changes in whole-body metabolism, and efficient PPAR-related transcriptional responses in the muscle with exercise training. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:e13282. [PMID: 28526781 PMCID: PMC5449563 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although circulating fatty acids are utilized as energy substrates, they also function as ligands to the peroxisome‐proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), a family of fatty acid sensing transcription factors. Exercise training leads to various adaptations in the muscle such as elevation of glycogen content, mitochondrial number as well as upregulation of fatty acid uptake and utilization through downstream transcriptional adaptations. In line with this, CD36 has been shown to be critical in controlling fatty acid uptake and consequently, fatty acid oxidation. We show that exercise training could not ameliorate impaired endurance performance in CD36 KO mice despite intact adaptations in muscle glycogen storage and mitochondrial function. Changes in whole‐body metabolism at rest and during exercise were also suppressed in these animals. Furthermore, there was inefficient upregulation of PPAR and PPAR‐related exercise‐responsive genes with chronic training in CD36 KO mice despite normal upregulation of Pgc1a and mitochondrial genes. Our findings supplement previous observations and emphasize the importance of CD36 in endurance performance, energy production and efficient downstream transcriptional regulation by PPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Christian C Manio
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Matsumura
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisaku Masuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inoue
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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9
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Resistance training regulates gene expression of molecules associated with intramyocellular lipids, glucose signaling and fiber size in old rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8593. [PMID: 28819168 PMCID: PMC5561018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a complex multifactorial process, some of which involves fat infiltration. Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) accumulation is postulated to play a role on sarcopenia during aging, which is believed to be due alterations in glucose homeostasis in the skeletal muscle. Sarcopenia, along with intramuscular lipids, is associated with physical inactivity. Resistance training (RT) has been indicated to minimize the age-induced muscle skeletal adaptations. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of RT on mRNA levels of regulatory components related to intramyocellular lipid, glucose metabolism and fiber size in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of aged rats. Old male rats were submitted to RT (ladder climbing, progressive load, 3 times a week for 12 weeks). Age-induced accumulation of IMCL was attenuated by RT, which was linked to a PPARy-mediated mechanism, concomitant to enhanced regulatory components of glucose homeostasis (GLUT-4, G6PDH, Hk-2 and Gly-Syn-1). These responses were also linked to decreased catabolic (TNF-α, TWEAK/Fn14 axis; FOXO-1, Atrogin-1 and MuRF1; Myostatin) and increased anabolic intracellular pathways (IGF-1-mTOR-p70S6sk-1 axis; MyoD) in muscles of trained aged rats. Our results point out the importance of RT on modulation of gene expression of intracellular regulators related to age-induced morphological and metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle.
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10
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Cormier J, Cone K, Lanpher J, Kinens A, Henderson T, Liaw L, Bilsky EJ, King T, Rosen CJ, Stevenson GW. Exercise reverses pain-related weight asymmetry and differentially modulates trabecular bone microarchitecture in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Life Sci 2017; 180:51-59. [PMID: 28504116 PMCID: PMC5549619 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is great interest in developing and utilizing non-pharmacological/non-invasive forms of therapy for osteoarthritis (OA) pain including exercise and other physical fitness regimens. AIMS The present experiments determined the effects of prior wheel running on OA-induced weight asymmetry and trabecular bone microarchitecture. MAIN METHODS Wheel running included 7 or 21days of prior voluntary access to wheels followed by OA induction, followed by 21days post-OA access to wheels. OA was induced with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA), and weight asymmetry was measured using a hind limb weight bearing apparatus. Bone microarchitecture was characterized using ex vivo μCT. KEY FINDINGS Relative to saline controls, MIA (3.2mg/25μl) produced significant weight asymmetry measured on post-days (PDs) 3, 7, 14, 21 in sedentary rats. Seven days of prior running failed to alter MIA-induced weight asymmetry. In contrast, 21days of prior running resulted in complete reversal of MIA-induced weight asymmetry on all days tested. As a comparator, the opioid agonist morphine (3.2-10mg/kg) dose-dependently reversed weight asymmetry on PDs 3, 7, 14, but was ineffective in later-stage (PD 21) OA. In runners, Cohen's d (effect sizes) for OA vs. controls indicated large increases in bone volume fraction, trabecular number, trabecular thickness, and connective density in lateral compartment, and large decreases in the same parameters in medial compartment. In contrast, effect sizes were small to moderate for sedentary OA vs. CONTROLS SIGNIFICANCE Results indicate that voluntary exercise may protect against OA pain, the effect varies as a function of prior exercise duration, and is associated with distinct trabecular bone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Cormier
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME 04005, United States
| | - Katherine Cone
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, United States
| | - Janell Lanpher
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, United States
| | - Abigail Kinens
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, United States
| | - Terry Henderson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, United States
| | - Lucy Liaw
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, United States
| | - Edward J Bilsky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME 04005, United States; Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences COM, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA 98901, United States
| | - Tamara King
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME 04005, United States; Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, United States
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, United States; Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, United States
| | - Glenn W Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, United States; Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, United States.
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Nakano K, Takeshita S, Kawasaki N, Miyanaga W, Okamatsu Y, Dohi M, Nakagawa T. AJS1669, a novel small-molecule muscle glycogen synthase activator, improves glucose metabolism and reduces body fat mass in mice. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:841-850. [PMID: 28290602 PMCID: PMC5360432 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired glycogen synthesis and turnover are common in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. As glycogen synthase (GS) is a key enzyme involved in the synthetic process, it presents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we identified a novel, potent and orally available GS activator AJS1669 {sodium 2-[[5-[[4-(4,5-difluoro-2-methylsulfanyl-phenyl) phenoxy] methyl]furan-2-carbonyl]-(2-furylmethyl)amino] acetate}. In vitro, we performed a glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) activation assay for screening GS activators and identified that the activity of AJS1669 was further potentiated in the presence of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). In vivo, we used ob/ob mice to evaluate the novel anti-diabetic effects of AJS1669 by measuring basal blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance and body fat mass index. Repeated administration of AJS1669 over 4 weeks reduced blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in ob/ob mice. AJS1669 also improved glucose tolerance in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased body fat mass. The mRNA levels of genes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis were elevated in skeletal muscle tissue following AJS1669 treatment. Hepatic tissue of treated mice also exhibited elevated expression of genes associated with fatty acid oxidation. In contrast to ob/ob mice, in C57Bl/6 mice AJS1669 administration did not alter body weight or reduce glucose levels. These results demonstrate that pharmacological agents that activate GYS1, the main GS subtype found in skeletal muscle, have potential for use as novel treatments for diabetes that improve glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakano
- Innovation Promotion Department, Research Institute, EA Pharma Co., Ltd., Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-868, Japan
| | - Sen Takeshita
- Innovation Promotion Department, Research Institute, EA Pharma Co., Ltd., Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-868, Japan
| | - Noriko Kawasaki
- Nutrition and Health Science Group Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Wataru Miyanaga
- Business Development Department, EA Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0042, Japan
| | - Yoriko Okamatsu
- Novel Projects Research Group, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Mizuki Dohi
- Innovation Promotion Department, Research Institute, EA Pharma Co., Ltd., Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-868, Japan
| | - Tadakiyo Nakagawa
- Intellectual Property Department, EA Pharma Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0042, Japan
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12
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Farhat F, Amérand A, Simon B, Guegueniat N, Moisan C. Gender-dependent differences of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in rat skeletal muscle at rest and after exercise training. Redox Rep 2017; 22:508-514. [PMID: 28249551 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2017.1296637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated gender-dependent differences of mitochondrial function and sensitivity to in vitro ROS exposure in rat skeletal muscle at rest and after exercise training. METHODS Wistar rats underwent running training for 6 weeks. In vitro measurements of hydroxyl radical production, oxygen consumption (under basal and maximal respiration conditions) and ATP production were made on permeabilized fibers. Mitochondrial function was examined after exposure and non-exposure to an in vitro generator system of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were also determined. RESULTS Compared with sedentary males, females showed a greater resistance of mitochondrial function (oxygen consumption and ATP production) to ROS exposure, and lower MDA content and antioxidant enzyme activities. The training protocol had more beneficial effects in males than females with regard to ROS production and oxidative stress. In contrast to male rats, the susceptibility of mitochondrial function to ROS exposure in trained females was unchanged. DISCUSSION Exercise training improves mitochondrial function oxidative capacities in both male and female rats, but is more pronounced in males as a result of different mechanisms. The resistance of mitochondrial function to in vitro oxidative stress exposure and the antioxidant responses are gender- and training-dependent, and may be related to the protective effects of estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Farhat
- a EA4324-ORPHY, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IBSAM, UFR Sciences et Techniques , Brest , France
| | - Aline Amérand
- a EA4324-ORPHY, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IBSAM, UFR Sciences et Techniques , Brest , France
| | - Bernard Simon
- a EA4324-ORPHY, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IBSAM, UFR Sciences et Techniques , Brest , France
| | - Nathalie Guegueniat
- a EA4324-ORPHY, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IBSAM, UFR Sciences et Techniques , Brest , France
| | - Christine Moisan
- a EA4324-ORPHY, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IBSAM, UFR Sciences et Techniques , Brest , France
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13
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Scheffler TL, Park S, Roach PJ, Gerrard DE. Gain of function AMP-activated protein kinase γ3 mutation (AMPKγ3R200Q) in pig muscle increases glycogen storage regardless of AMPK activation. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/11/e12802. [PMID: 27302990 PMCID: PMC4908487 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) increases glycogen content in skeletal muscle. Previously, we demonstrated that a mutation in the ryanodine receptor (RyR1R615C) blunts AMPK phosphorylation in longissimus muscle of pigs with a gain of function mutation in the AMPKγ3 subunit (AMPKγ3R200Q); this may decrease the glycogen storage capacity of AMPKγ3R200Q + RyR1R615C muscle. Therefore, our aim in this study was to utilize our pig model to understand how AMPKγ3R200Q and AMPK activation contribute to glycogen storage and metabolism in muscle. We selected and bred pigs in order to generate offspring with naturally occurring AMPKγ3R200Q, RyR1R615C, and AMPKγ3R200Q + RyR1R615C mutations, and also retained wild‐type littermates (control). We assessed glycogen content and parameters of glycogen metabolism in longissimus muscle. Regardless of RyR1R615C, AMPKγ3R200Q increased the glycogen content by approximately 70%. Activity of glycogen synthase (GS) without the allosteric activator glucose 6‐phosphate (G6P) was decreased in AMPKγ3R200Q relative to all other genotypes, whereas both AMPKγ3R200Q and AMPKγ3R200Q + RyR1R615C muscle exhibited increased GS activity with G6P. Increased activity of GS with G6P was not associated with increased abundance of GS or hexokinase 2. However, AMPKγ3R200Q enhanced UDP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 (UGP2) expression approximately threefold. Although UGP2 is not generally considered a rate‐limiting enzyme for glycogen synthesis, our model suggests that UGP2 plays an important role in increasing flux to glycogen synthase. Moreover, we have shown that the capacity for glycogen storage is more closely related to the AMPKγ3R200Q mutation than activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Scheffler
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Litton-Reaves Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Sungkwon Park
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Litton-Reaves Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Peter J Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David E Gerrard
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Litton-Reaves Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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14
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Sheldon RD, Blaize AN, Fletcher JA, Pearson KJ, Donkin S, Newcomer SC, Rector RS. Gestational exercise protects adult male offspring from high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis. J Hepatol 2016; 64:171-8. [PMID: 26325536 PMCID: PMC4691424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mounting evidence indicates that maternal exercise confers protection to adult offspring against various diseases. Here we hypothesized that maternal exercise during gestation would reduce high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis in adult rat offspring. METHODS Following conception, pregnant dams were divided into either voluntary wheel running exercise (GE) or wheel-locked sedentary (GS) groups throughout gestation (days 4-21). Post-weaning, offspring received either normal chow diet (CD; 10% fat, 70% carbohydrate, 20% protein) or HFD (45% fat, 35% carbohydrate, and 20% protein) until sacrificed at 4- or 8-months of age. RESULTS GE did not affect offspring birth weight or litter size. HFD feeding in offspring increased weight gain, body fat percentage, and glucose tolerance test area under the curve (GTT-AUC). Male offspring from GE dams had reduced body fat percentage across all ages (p<0.05). In addition, 8-month male offspring from GE dams were protected against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, which was associated with increased markers of hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α and TFAM), autophagic potential (ATG12:ATG5 conjugation) and hepatic triacylglycerol secretion (MTTP). CONCLUSIONS The current study provides the first evidence that gestational exercise can reduce susceptibility to HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in adult male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Sheldon
- Department of Nutrution and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
,Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - A. Nicole Blaize
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Justin A. Fletcher
- Department of Nutrution and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
,Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Kevin J. Pearson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Shawn Donkin
- Department of Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Sean C. Newcomer
- Department of Kinesiology, California State - San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA.
| | - R. Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrution and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
,Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
,Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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15
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Chagnot C, Vénien A, Jamme F, Réfrégiers M, Desvaux M, Astruc T. Hyperspectral deep ultraviolet autofluorescence of muscle fibers is affected by postmortem changes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4782-4789. [PMID: 25915437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
After slaughter, muscle cells undergo biochemical and physicochemical changes that may affect their autofluorescence characteristics. The autofluorescent response of different rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscle fiber types was investigated by deep ultraviolet (UV) synchrotron microspectroscopy immediately after animal sacrifice and after 24 h of storage in a moist chamber at 20 °C. The glycogen content decreased from 23 to 18 μmol/g of fresh muscle in 24 h postmortem. Following a 275 nm excitation wavelength, the spectral muscle fiber autofluorescence response showed discrimination depending upon postmortem time (t0 versus t24 h) on both muscles at 346 and 302 nm and, to a lesser extent, at 408 and 325 nm. Taken individually, all fiber types were discriminated but with variable accuracy, with type IIA showing better separation of t0/t24 h than other fiber types. These results suggest the usefulness of the autofluorescent response of muscle cells for rapid meat-aging characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Jamme
- §BP48, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91120 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- ∥UAR1008 CEPIA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Rue de la Géraudière, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Matthieu Réfrégiers
- ∥UAR1008 CEPIA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Rue de la Géraudière, F-44316 Nantes, France
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16
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Sanchez-Roige S, Lalanza JF, Alvarez-López MJ, Cosín-Tomás M, Griñan-Ferré C, Pallàs M, Kaliman P, Escorihuela RM. Long-term wheel running changes on sensorimotor activity and skeletal muscle in male and female mice of accelerated senescence. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9697. [PMID: 25129573 PMCID: PMC4159468 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) is considered a useful non-transgenic model for studying aspects of aging. Using SAM resistant 1 (SAMR1) as controls, the long-term effects of wheel running on skeletal muscle adaptations and behavioral traits were evaluated in senescent (P8) and resistant (R1) male and female mice. Long-term wheel running (WR) led to increases in locomotor activity, benefits in sensorimotor function, and changes in body weight in a gender-dependent manner. WR increased body weight and baseline levels of locomotor activity in female mice and improved balance and strength in male mice, compared to sedentary-control mice. WR resulted in key metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle, associated with an increased activity of the sirtuin 1-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-PGC-1 alpha axis and changes in vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa), glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4), and Cluster of Differentiation 36 (Cd36) gene expression. Overall, our data indicate that activity, balance, and strength decrease with age and that long-term WR may significantly improve the motor function in a mouse model of senescence in a gender-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaume F. Lalanza
- />Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María Jesús Alvarez-López
- />Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cosín-Tomás
- />Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Griñan-Ferré
- />Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Merce Pallàs
- />Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- />Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Perla Kaliman
- />Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Escorihuela
- />Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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17
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Hooper PL, Balogh G, Rivas E, Kavanagh K, Vigh L. The importance of the cellular stress response in the pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:447-64. [PMID: 24523032 PMCID: PMC4041942 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms have evolved to survive rigorous environments and are not prepared to thrive in a world of caloric excess and sedentary behavior. A realization that physical exercise (or lack of it) plays a pivotal role in both the pathogenesis and therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2DM) has led to the provocative concept of therapeutic exercise mimetics. A decade ago, we attempted to simulate the beneficial effects of exercise by treating t2DM patients with 3 weeks of daily hyperthermia, induced by hot tub immersion. The short-term intervention had remarkable success, with a 1 % drop in HbA1, a trend toward weight loss, and improvement in diabetic neuropathic symptoms. An explanation for the beneficial effects of exercise and hyperthermia centers upon their ability to induce the cellular stress response (the heat shock response) and restore cellular homeostasis. Impaired stress response precedes major metabolic defects associated with t2DM and may be a near seminal event in the pathogenesis of the disease, tipping the balance from health into disease. Heat shock protein inducers share metabolic pathways associated with exercise with activation of AMPK, PGC1-a, and sirtuins. Diabetic therapies that induce the stress response, whether via heat, bioactive compounds, or genetic manipulation, improve or prevent all of the morbidities and comorbidities associated with the disease. The agents reduce insulin resistance, inflammatory cytokines, visceral adiposity, and body weight while increasing mitochondrial activity, normalizing membrane structure and lipid composition, and preserving organ function. Therapies restoring the stress response can re-tip the balance from disease into health and address the multifaceted defects associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L. Hooper
- />Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Gabor Balogh
- />Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eric Rivas
- />Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
- />Department of Kinesiology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX USA
| | - Kylie Kavanagh
- />Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston–Salem, NC USA
| | - Laszlo Vigh
- />Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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Exercise and dietary-mediated reductions in postprandial lipemia. J Nutr Metab 2014; 2014:902065. [PMID: 25061524 PMCID: PMC4100364 DOI: 10.1155/2014/902065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hyperlipemia produces long-term derangements in lipid/lipoprotein metabolism, vascular endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, and sympathetic hyperactivity which are strongly linked to atherogenesis. The purpose of this review is to (1) provide a qualitative analysis of the available literature examining the dysregulation of postprandial lipid metabolism in the presence of obesity, (2) inspect the role of adiposity distribution and sex on postprandial lipid metabolism, and (3) examine the role of energy deficit (exercise- and/or energy restriction-mediated), isoenergetic low-carbohydrate diets, and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid supplementation on postprandial lipid metabolism. We conclude from the literature that central adiposity primarily accounts for sex-related differences in postprandial lipemia and that aerobic exercise attenuates this response in obese or lean men and women to a similar extent through potentially unique mechanisms. In contrast, energy restriction produces only mild reductions in postprandial lipemia suggesting that exercise may be superior to energy restriction alone as a strategy for lowering postprandial lipemia. However, isoenergetic very low-carbohydrate diets and n-3 fatty acid supplementation reduce postprandial lipemia indicating that macronutrient manipulations reduce postprandial lipemia in the absence of energy restriction. Therefore, interactions between exercise/energy restriction and alterations in macronutrient content remain top priorities for the field to identify optimal behavioral treatments to reduce postprandial lipemia.
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Dobson JL, McMillan J, Li L. Benefits of exercise intervention in reducing neuropathic pain. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:102. [PMID: 24772065 PMCID: PMC3983517 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a widespread and potentially incapacitating pathological condition that encompasses more than 100 different forms and manifestations of nerve damage. The diverse pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy affects autonomic, motor and/or sensory neurons, and the symptoms that typify the condition are abnormal cutaneous sensation, muscle dysfunction and, most notably, chronic pain. Chronic neuropathic pain is difficult to treat and is often characterized by either exaggerated responses to painful stimuli (hyperalgesia) or pain resulting from stimuli that would not normally provoke pain (allodynia). The objective of this review is to provide an overview of some pathways associated with the development of peripheral neuropathy and then discuss the benefits of exercise interventions. The development of neuropathic pain is a highly complex and multifactorial process, but recent evidence indicates that the activation of spinal glial cells via the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase 3 and increases in the production of both pro-inflammatory cytokines and brain derived neurotropic factor are crucial steps. Since many of the most common causes of peripheral neuropathy cannot be fully treated, it is critical to understand that routine exercise may not only help prevent some of those causes, but that it has also proven to be an effective means of alleviating some of the condition’s most distressing symptoms. More research is required to elucidate the typical mechanisms of injury associated with peripheral neuropathy and the exercise-induced benefits to those mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Dobson
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Jim McMillan
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University Statesboro, GA, USA ; Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport Shanghai, China
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