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Yokoyama T, Hisatomi K, Oshima S, Tanaka I, Okada T, Toyooka N. Discovery and optimization of isoliquiritigenin as a death-associated protein kinase 1 inhibitor. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 279:116836. [PMID: 39243455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) is a phosphotransferase in the serine/threonine kinase family. Inhibiting DAPK1 is expected to be beneficial in treating Alzheimer's disease and protecting neuronal cells during cerebral ischemia. In this study, we demonstrated that the natural chalcone isoliquiritigenin inhibits DAPK1 in an ATP-competitive manner, and we synthesized halogen derivatives to amplify the inhibitory effect. Among the compounds tested, the chlorine, bromine, and iodine derivatives exhibited high DAPK1 inhibitory activity and binding affinity. Crystal structure analysis revealed that this improvement is attributable to the halogen atoms fitting well into the hydrophobic pocket formed by I77, L93, and I160. In particular, the chlorine derivative showed a significant enthalpic contribution to the interaction with DAPK1, suggesting its potential as a primary compound for new DAPK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yokoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0914, Japan.
| | - Kotono Hisatomi
- Graduate School of Pharma-Medical Sciences, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Saki Oshima
- Graduate School of Pharma-Medical Sciences, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Nakanarusawa 4-12-1, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 316-8511, Japan
| | - Takuya Okada
- Graduate School of Pharma-Medical Sciences, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Toyooka
- Graduate School of Pharma-Medical Sciences, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
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2
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Fang X, Bogdanov V, Davis JP, Kekenes-Huskey PM. Molecular Insights into the MLCK Activation by CaM. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:7487-7498. [PMID: 38016288 PMCID: PMC11070109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a universal regulatory protein that modulates numerous cellular processes by using calcium (Ca2+) as the signal. In smooth muscle cells (SMC), one major target of CaM is myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), a kinase that phosphorylates the myosin regulatory light chain and thereby regulates cell contraction. In the absence of CaM, MLCK remains inhibited by its autoinhibitory domain (AID). While it is well established that CaM activates MLCK, the molecular interactions between these two proteins remain elusive due to the lack of structural data. In this work, we constructed a molecular model of mammalian CaM (mCaM) in complex with MLCK leveraging AlphaFold, published biochemical data, and protein-protein docking. The model, along with a strategic set of CaM mutants including a inhibitory variant soybean CaM isoform 4 (sCaM-4), was subject to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Using principal component analysis (PCA), we mapped out the transition path for the removal of the AID from the MLCK kinase domain to provide molecular basis of MLCK activation. Additionally, we established MLCK conformations that correspond to the active and inactive states of the kinase. We showed that mCaM and sCaM-4 cause MLCK to undergo the transition to the active and inactive states, respectively. Using two structural metrics, we computed the probabilities of MLCK activation by different CaM variants, which were in good agreement with the experimental data. Distributions along these metrics revealed that different inhibitory CaM variants impair MLCK activation through unique mechanisms. We finally identified molecular contacts that contribute to the MLCK activation by CaM. Overall, we report a de novo molecular model of CaM-MLCK that provides insights into the molecular mechanism of MLCK activation by CaM. The mechanism requires effective removal of the AID while preserving an active configuration of the kinase domain. This mechanism may be shared by other MLCK isoforms and potentially other structurally similar kinases with CaM-mediated regulatory domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Fang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United States
| | - Vladimir Bogdanov
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jonathan P Davis
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Peter M Kekenes-Huskey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United States
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Zacharchenko T, Dorendorf T, Locker N, Van Dijk E, Katzemich A, Diederichs K, Bullard B, Mayans O. PK1 from Drosophila obscurin is an inactive pseudokinase with scaffolding properties. Open Biol 2023; 13:220350. [PMID: 37121260 PMCID: PMC10129394 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Obscurins are large filamentous proteins with crucial roles in the assembly, stability and regulation of muscle. Characteristic of these proteins is a tandem of two C-terminal kinase domains, PK1 and PK2, that are separated by a long intrinsically disordered sequence. The significance of this conserved domain arrangement is unknown. Our study of PK1 from Drosophila obscurin shows that this is a pseudokinase with features typical of the CAM-kinase family, but which carries a minimalistic regulatory tail that no longer binds calmodulin or has mechanosensory properties typical of other sarcomeric kinases. PK1 binds ATP with high affinity, but in the absence of magnesium and lacks detectable phosphotransfer activity. It also has a highly diverged active site, strictly conserved across arthropods, that might have evolved to accommodate an unconventional binder. We find that PK1 interacts with PK2, suggesting a functional relation to the latter. These findings lead us to speculate that PK1/PK2 form a pseudokinase/kinase dual system, where PK1 might act as an allosteric regulator of PK2 and where mechanosensing properties, akin to those described for regulatory tails in titin-like kinases, might now reside on the unstructured interkinase segment. We propose that the PK1-interkinase-PK2 region constitutes an integrated functional unit in obscurin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zacharchenko
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Till Dorendorf
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nicolas Locker
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Evert Van Dijk
- Biosynth B.V., Zuidersluisweg 2, 8243 RC Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kay Diederichs
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Olga Mayans
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Zheng Y, Li X, Kuang L, Wang Y. New insights into the characteristics of DRAK2 and its role in apoptosis: From molecular mechanisms to clinically applied potential. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1014508. [PMID: 36386181 PMCID: PMC9649744 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1014508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) family, DAP kinase-associated apoptosis-inducing kinase 2 (DRAK2) performs apoptosis-related functions. Compelling evidence suggests that DRAK2 is involved in regulating the activation of T lymphocytes as well as pancreatic β-cell apoptosis in type I diabetes. In addition, DRAK2 has been shown to be involved in the development of related tumor and non-tumor diseases through a variety of mechanisms, including exacerbation of alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through SRSF6-associated RNA selective splicing mechanism, regulation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, and progression of colorectal cancer. This review focuses on the structure, function, and upstream pathways of DRAK2 and discusses the potential and challenges associated with the clinical application of DRAK2-based small-molecule inhibitors, with the aim of advancing DRAK2 research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Chen HM, MacDonald JA. Death-associated protein kinases and intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 306:1062-1087. [PMID: 35735750 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The family of death-associated protein kinases (DAPKs) and DAPK-related apoptosis-inducing protein kinases (DRAKs) act as molecular switches for a multitude of cellular processes, including apoptotic and autophagic cell death events. This review summarizes the mechanisms for kinase activity regulation and discusses recent molecular investigations of DAPK and DRAK family members in the intestinal epithelium. In general, recent literature convincingly supports the importance of this family of protein kinases in the homeostatic processes that govern the proper function of the intestinal epithelium. Each of the DAPK family of proteins possesses distinct biochemical properties, and we compare similarities in the information available as well as those cases where functional distinctions are apparent. As the prototypical member of the family, DAPK1 is noteworthy for its tumor suppressor function and association with colorectal cancer. In the intestinal epithelium, DAPK2 is associated with programmed cell death, potential tumor-suppressive functions, and a unique influence on granulocyte biology. The impact of the DRAKs in the epithelium is understudied, but recent studies support a role for DRAK1 in inflammation-mediated tumor growth and metastasis. A commentary is provided on the potential importance of DAPK3 in facilitating epithelial restitution and wound healing during the resolution of colitis. An update on efforts to develop selective pharmacologic effectors of individual DAPK members is also supplied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Miin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin A MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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The impact of DAPK1 and mTORC1 signaling association on autophagy in cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4959-4964. [PMID: 35083613 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The autophagy pathway is used by eukaryotic cells to maintain metabolic homeostasis. Autophagy has two functions in cancerous cells which could inhibit tumorigenesis or lead to cancer progression by increasing cell survival and proliferation. METHODS AND RESULTS In this review article, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched and summarized published studies to explore the relationship between DAPK1 and mTORC1 signaling association on autophagy in cancer. Autophagy is managed through various proteins including the mTOR, which is two separated structural and functional complexes known as mTORC1 and mTORC2. MTORC1 is an important component of the regulatory pathway affecting numerous cellular functions including proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival. This protein plays a key role in human cancers. The activity level of mTORC1 is regulated by the death-associated protein kinases (DAPks) family, especially DAPK1. In many cancers, DAPK1 acts as a tumor suppressor which can be attributed to its ability to suppress cellular transformation and to inhibit metastasis. CONCLUSIONS A deep investigation not only will reveal more about the function of DAPK1 but also might provide insights into novel therapies aimed to modulate the autophagy pathway in cancer and to achieve better cancer therapy.
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Striated Preferentially Expressed Protein Kinase (SPEG) in Muscle Development, Function, and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115732. [PMID: 34072258 PMCID: PMC8199188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in striated preferentially expressed protein kinase (SPEG), a member of the myosin light chain kinase protein family, are associated with centronuclear myopathy (CNM), cardiomyopathy, or a combination of both. Burgeoning evidence suggests that SPEG plays critical roles in the development, maintenance, and function of skeletal and cardiac muscles. Here we review the genotype-phenotype relationships and the molecular mechanisms of SPEG-related diseases. This review will focus on the progress made toward characterizing SPEG and its interacting partners, and its multifaceted functions in muscle regeneration, triad development and maintenance, and excitation-contraction coupling. We will also discuss future directions that are yet to be investigated including understanding of its tissue-specific roles, finding additional interacting proteins and their relationships. Understanding the basic mechanisms by which SPEG regulates muscle development and function will provide critical insights into these essential processes and help identify therapeutic targets in SPEG-related disorders.
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Wang Z, Wang C, Jiang BH, Shi L, Lin S, Wang L, Liu LZ, Qiu JG, Qin Y, Jia Y. Predictive significance of STK17A in patients with gastric cancer and association with gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:119. [PMID: 33955523 PMCID: PMC8107654 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed types of cancer worldwide, and exploring its potential therapeutic targets is particularly important for improving the prognosis of patients with GC. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between serine/threonine kinase 17a (STK17A) expression and GC prognosis. STK17A expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. Standard stable transfection technology was also used to construct overexpression and knockdown cell lines. Wound healing, Transwell, Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays, as well as other methods, were used to explore the function and underlying molecular mechanism of STK17A in GC. The results indicated that STK17A overexpression significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of GC cells. The clinical significance of STK17A in a cohort of 102 cases of GC was assessed by clinical correlation and Kaplan-Meier analyses. Overexpression of STK17A was demonstrated to be associated with tumor invasion depth (P<0.001), lymph node metastasis (P<0.001) and poor prognosis in terms of 5-year survival (P<0.001). In addition, Cox multivariate analysis revealed that STK17A expression was an independent risk factor for overall and progress-free survival (P<0.001). Therefore, STK17A may be a valuable biomarker for the prognosis of patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Chenyi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Hua Jiang
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Litong Shi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Shan Lin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Zhi Liu
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ge Qiu
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yanru Qin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yongxu Jia
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Death-associated Protein Kinase 1 Mediates Ventilator-induced Lung Injury in Mice by Promoting Alveolar Epithelial Cell Apoptosis. Anesthesiology 2020; 133:905-918. [PMID: 32930731 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis is implicated in the onset of ventilator-induced lung injury. Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) is associated with cell apoptosis. The hypothesis was that DAPK1 participates in ventilator-induced lung injury through promoting alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis. METHODS Apoptosis of mouse alveolar epithelial cell was induced by cyclic stretch. DAPK1 expression was altered (knockdown or overexpressed) in vitro by using a small interfering RNA or a plasmid, respectively. C57/BL6 male mice (n = 6) received high tidal volume ventilation to establish a lung injury model. Adeno-associated virus transfection of short hairpin RNA and DAPK1 inhibitor repressed DAPK1 expression and activation in lungs, respectively. The primary outcomes were alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and lung injury. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the 24-h cyclic stretch group showed significantly higher alveolar epithelial cell apoptotic percentage (45 ± 4% fold vs. 6 ± 1% fold; P < 0.0001) and relative DAPK1 expression, and this group also demonstrated a reduced apoptotic percentage after DAPK1 knockdown (27 ± 5% fold vs. 53 ± 8% fold; P < 0.0001). A promoted apoptotic percentage in DAPK1 overexpression was observed without stretching (49 ± 6% fold vs. 14 ± 3% fold; P < 0.0001). Alterations in B-cell lymphoma 2 and B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X are associated with DAPK1 expression. The mice subjected to high tidal volume had higher DAPK1 expression and alveolar epithelial cell apoptotic percentage in lungs compared with the low tidal volume group (43 ± 6% fold vs. 4 ± 2% fold; P < 0.0001). Inhibition of DAPK1 through adeno-associated virus infection or DAPK1 inhibitor treatment appeared to be protective against lung injury with reduced lung injury score, resolved pulmonary inflammation, and repressed alveolar epithelial cell apoptotic percentage (47 ± 4% fold and 48 ± 6% fold; 35 ± 5% fold and 34 ± 4% fold; P < 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS DAPK1 promotes the onset of ventilator-induced lung injury by triggering alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis through intrinsic apoptosis pathway in mice. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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10
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Campbell H, Aguilar-Sanchez Y, Quick AP, Dobrev D, Wehrens XHT. SPEG: a key regulator of cardiac calcium homeostasis. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:2175-2185. [PMID: 33067609 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper cardiac Ca2+ homeostasis is essential for normal excitation-contraction coupling. Perturbations in cardiac Ca2+ handling through altered kinase activity has been implicated in altered cardiac contractility and arrhythmogenesis. Thus, a better understanding of cardiac Ca2+ handling regulation is vital for a better understanding of various human disease processes. 'Striated muscle preferentially expressed protein kinase' (SPEG) is a member of the myosin light chain kinase family that is key for normal cardiac function. Work within the last 5 years has revealed that SPEG has a crucial role in maintaining normal cardiac Ca2+ handling through maintenance of transverse tubule formation and phosphorylation of junctional membrane complex proteins. Additionally, SPEG has been causally impacted in human genetic diseases such as centronuclear myopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy as well as in common acquired cardiovascular disease such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Given the rapidly emerging role of SPEG as a key cardiac Ca2+ regulator, we here present this review in order to summarize recent findings regarding the mechanisms of SPEG regulation of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling in both physiology and human disease. A better understanding of the roles of SPEG will be important for a more complete comprehension of cardiac Ca2+ regulation in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Campbell
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM335, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuriana Aguilar-Sanchez
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM335, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ann P Quick
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM335, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM335, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Institute of Pharmacology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM335, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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11
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Yokoyama T, Wijaya P, Kosaka Y, Mizuguchi M. Structural and thermodynamic analyses of interactions between death-associated protein kinase 1 and anthraquinones. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:438-446. [PMID: 32355040 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320003940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates apoptosis and autophagy. DAPK1 is considered to be a therapeutic target for amyloid-β deposition, endometrial adenocarcinomas and acute ischemic stroke. Here, the potent inhibitory activity of the natural anthraquinone purpurin against DAPK1 phosphorylation is shown. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that while the binding affinity of purpurin is similar to that of CPR005231, which is a DAPK1 inhibitor with an imidazopyridazine moiety, the binding of purpurin was more enthalpically favorable. In addition, the inhibition potencies were correlated with the enthalpic changes but not with the binding affinities. Crystallographic analysis of the DAPK1-purpurin complex revealed that the formation of a hydrogen-bond network is likely to contribute to the favorable enthalpic changes and that stabilization of the glycine-rich loop may cause less favorable entropic changes. The present findings indicate that purpurin may be a good lead compound for the discovery of inhibitors of DAPK1, and the observation of enthalpic changes could provide important clues for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yokoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | - Peter Wijaya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | - Yuto Kosaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | - Mineyuki Mizuguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
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12
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Gógl G, Kornev AP, Reményi A, Taylor SS. Disordered Protein Kinase Regions in Regulation of Kinase Domain Cores. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:300-311. [PMID: 30611608 PMCID: PMC6592696 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since publication of the crystal structure of protein kinase (PK)A three decades ago, a structural portrait of the conserved kinase core has been drawn. The next challenge is to elucidate structures of full-length kinases and to address the intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that typically flank the core as well as the small linear motifs (SLiMs) that are embedded within the IDRs. It is increasingly apparent that unstructured regions integrate the kinase catalytic chassis into multienzyme-based regulatory networks. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase-ribosomal S6 PK-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase (ERK-RSK-PDK) complex is an excellent example to demonstrate how IDRs and SLiMs govern communication between four different kinase catalytic cores to mediate activation and how in molecular terms these promote the formation of kinase heterodimers in a context dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Gógl
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandr P Kornev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0654, USA
| | - Attila Reményi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0654, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0654, USA.
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13
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Prediction of GluN2B-CT 1290-1310/DAPK1 Interaction by Protein⁻Peptide Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23113018. [PMID: 30463177 PMCID: PMC6278559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) with the 2B subunit (GluN2B) C-terminus of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of depression and is considered a potential target for the structure-based discovery of new antidepressants. However, the 3D structures of C-terminus residues 1290⁻1310 of GluN2B (GluN2B-CT1290-1310) remain elusive and the interaction between GluN2B-CT1290-1310 and DAPK1 is unknown. In this study, the mechanism of interaction between DAPK1 and GluN2B-CT1290-1310 was predicted by computational simulation methods including protein⁻peptide docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Based on the equilibrated MD trajectory, the total binding free energy between GluN2B-CT1290-1310 and DAPK1 was computed by the mechanics generalized born surface area (MM/GBSA) approach. The simulation results showed that hydrophobic, van der Waals, and electrostatic interactions are responsible for the binding of GluN2B-CT1290⁻1310/DAPK1. Moreover, through per-residue free energy decomposition and in silico alanine scanning analysis, hotspot residues between GluN2B-CT1290-1310 and DAPK1 interface were identified. In conclusion, this work predicted the binding mode and quantitatively characterized the protein⁻peptide interface, which will aid in the discovery of novel drugs targeting the GluN2B-CT1290-1310 and DAPK1 interface.
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14
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Carlson DA, Singer MR, Sutherland C, Redondo C, Alexander LT, Hughes PF, Knapp S, Gurley SB, Sparks MA, MacDonald JA, Haystead TAJ. Targeting Pim Kinases and DAPK3 to Control Hypertension. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1195-1207.e32. [PMID: 30033129 PMCID: PMC6863095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sustained vascular smooth muscle hypercontractility promotes hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The etiology of hypercontractility is not completely understood. New therapeutic targets remain vitally important for drug discovery. Here we report that Pim kinases, in combination with DAPK3, regulate contractility and control hypertension. Using a co-crystal structure of lead molecule (HS38) in complex with DAPK3, a dual Pim/DAPK3 inhibitor (HS56) and selective DAPK3 inhibitors (HS94 and HS148) were developed to provide mechanistic insight into the polypharmacology of hypertension. In vitro and ex vivo studies indicated that Pim kinases directly phosphorylate smooth muscle targets and that Pim/DAPK3 inhibition, unlike selective DAPK3 inhibition, significantly reduces contractility. In vivo, HS56 decreased blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive mice in a dose-dependent manner without affecting heart rate. These findings suggest including Pim kinase inhibition within a multi-target engagement strategy for hypertension management. HS56 represents a significant step in the development of molecularly targeted antihypertensive medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Carlson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Miriam R Singer
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cindy Sutherland
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Clara Redondo
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Leila T Alexander
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Philip F Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susan B Gurley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthew A Sparks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Justin A MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Timothy A J Haystead
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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15
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Novel Functions of Death-Associated Protein Kinases through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Related Signals. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103031. [PMID: 30287790 PMCID: PMC6213522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Death associated protein kinase (DAPK) is a calcium/calmodulin-regulated serine/threonine kinase; its main function is to regulate cell death. DAPK family proteins consist of DAPK1, DAPK2, DAPK3, DAPK-related apoptosis-inducing protein kinases (DRAK)-1 and DRAK-2. In this review, we discuss the roles and regulatory mechanisms of DAPK family members and their relevance to diseases. Furthermore, a special focus is given to several reports describing cross-talks between DAPKs and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) family members in various pathologies. We also discuss small molecule inhibitors of DAPKs and their potential as therapeutic targets against human diseases.
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16
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Shu C, Huang H, Xu Y, Rota M, Sorrentino A, Peng Y, Padera RF, Huntoon V, Agrawal PB, Liu X, Perrella MA. Pressure Overload in Mice With Haploinsufficiency of Striated Preferentially Expressed Gene Leads to Decompensated Heart Failure. Front Physiol 2018; 9:863. [PMID: 30042693 PMCID: PMC6048438 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Striated preferentially expressed gene (Speg) is a member of the myosin light chain kinase family of proteins. Constitutive Speg deficient (Speg−/−) mice develop a dilated cardiomyopathy, and the majority of these mice die in utero or shortly after birth. In the present study we assessed the importance of Speg in adult mice. Speg−/− mice that survived to adulthood, or adult striated muscle-specific Speg knockout mice (Speg-KO), demonstrated cardiac dysfunction and evidence of increased left ventricular (LV) internal diameter and heart to body weight ratio. To determine whether heterozygosity of Speg interferes with the response of the heart to pathophysiologic stress, Speg+/− mice were exposed to pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). At baseline, Speg+/+ and Speg+/− hearts showed no difference in cardiac function. However, 4 weeks after TAC, Speg+/− mice had a marked reduction in LV function. This defect was associated with an increase in LV internal diameter and enhanced heart weight to body weight ratio, compared with Speg+/+ mice after TAC. The response of Speg+/− mice to pressure overload also included increased fibrotic deposition in the myocardium, disruption of transverse tubules, and attenuation in cell contractility, compared with Speg+/+ mice. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Speg is necessary for normal cardiac function and is involved in the complex adaptation of the heart in response to TAC. Haploinsufficiency of Speg results in decompensated heart failure when exposed to pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Shu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Respiratory Center, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - He Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Marcello Rota
- Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yuan Peng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert F Padera
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Virginia Huntoon
- Divisions of Newborn Medicine and Genetics & Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Divisions of Newborn Medicine and Genetics & Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark A Perrella
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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17
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Farag AK, Roh EJ. Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) family modulators: Current and future therapeutic outcomes. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:349-385. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Karam Farag
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School; University of Science and Technology; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Roh
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School; University of Science and Technology; Seoul Republic of Korea
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18
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Williams RM, Franke B, Wilkinson M, Fleming JR, Rigden DJ, Benian GM, Eyers PA, Mayans O. Autophosphorylation Is a Mechanism of Inhibition in Twitchin Kinase. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:793-805. [PMID: 29408381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Titin-like kinases are muscle-specific kinases that regulate mechanical sensing in the sarcomere. Twitchin kinase (TwcK) is the best-characterized member of this family, both structurally and enzymatically. TwcK activity is auto-inhibited by a dual intrasteric mechanism, in which N- and C-terminal tail extensions wrap around the kinase domain, blocking the hinge region, the ATP binding pocket and the peptide substrate binding groove. Physiologically, kinase activation is thought to occur by a stretch-induced displacement of the inhibitory tails from the kinase domain. Here, we now show that TwcK inhibits its catalysis even in the absence of regulatory tails, by undergoing auto-phosphorylation at mechanistically important elements of the kinase fold. Using mass spectrometry, site-directed mutagenesis and catalytic assays on recombinant samples, we identify residues T212, T301, T316 and T401 as primary auto-phosphorylation sites in TwcK in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest that residue T316, located in the peptide substrate binding P+1 loop, is the dominantly regulatory site in TwcK. Based on these findings, we conclude that TwcK is regulated through a triple-inhibitory mechanism consisting of phosphorylation and intrasteric blockage, which is responsive not only to mechanical cues but also to biochemical modulation. This implies that mechanically stretched conformations of TwcK do not necessarily correspond to catalytically active states, as previously postulated. This further suggests a phosphorylation-dependent desensitization of the TwcK-mediated mechanoresponse of the sarcomere in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys M Williams
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | | | - Daniel J Rigden
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Guy M Benian
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Olga Mayans
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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19
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Ball KA, Johnson JR, Lewinski MK, Guatelli J, Verschueren E, Krogan NJ, Jacobson MP. Non-degradative Ubiquitination of Protein Kinases. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004898. [PMID: 27253329 PMCID: PMC4890936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports other regulatory roles for protein ubiquitination in addition to serving as a tag for proteasomal degradation. In contrast to other common post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, little is known about how non-degradative ubiquitination modulates protein structure, dynamics, and function. Due to the wealth of knowledge concerning protein kinase structure and regulation, we examined kinase ubiquitination using ubiquitin remnant immunoaffinity enrichment and quantitative mass spectrometry to identify ubiquitinated kinases and the sites of ubiquitination in Jurkat and HEK293 cells. We find that, unlike phosphorylation, ubiquitination most commonly occurs in structured domains, and on the kinase domain, ubiquitination is concentrated in regions known to be important for regulating activity. We hypothesized that ubiquitination, like other post-translational modifications, may alter the conformational equilibrium of the modified protein. We chose one human kinase, ZAP-70, to simulate using molecular dynamics with and without a monoubiquitin modification. In Jurkat cells, ZAP-70 is ubiquitinated at several sites that are not sensitive to proteasome inhibition and thus may have other regulatory roles. Our simulations show that ubiquitination influences the conformational ensemble of ZAP-70 in a site-dependent manner. When monoubiquitinated at K377, near the C-helix, the active conformation of the ZAP-70 C-helix is disrupted. In contrast, when monoubiquitinated at K476, near the kinase hinge region, an active-like ZAP-70 C-helix conformation is stabilized. These results lead to testable hypotheses that ubiquitination directly modulates kinase activity, and that ubiquitination is likely to alter structure, dynamics, and function in other protein classes as well. Attachment of ubiquitin to another protein is typically used to mark the protein for degradation by the proteasome. However, recent studies show that many proteins are tagged with ubiquitin and not degraded. We hypothesized that ubiquitin can regulate the protein it is attached to by changing its structure and dynamics. We performed proteomics experiments to identify all of the kinase proteins tagged by ubiquitin in a human cell line as well as the site of ubiquitination. We found that kinases are often ubiquitinated in structured regions important for regulation and activity. We then performed molecular dynamics simulations of one kinase, ZAP-70, to see if a ubiquitin tag could affect the kinase structure. We found that ubiquitin does affect the structure of ZAP-70, and the effect depends on where the ubiquitin is attached. At K377, ubiquitin changes the ZAP-70 structure to resemble the inactive state, while ubiquitin attached at K476, on the other side of the protein, has the opposite effect. These simulations indicate that ubiquitin, like other post-translational modifications, may alter the structure and dynamics of proteins in ways that impact activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Aurelia Ball
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Johnson
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Lewinski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John Guatelli
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Erik Verschueren
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NJK); (MPJ)
| | - Matthew P. Jacobson
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NJK); (MPJ)
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20
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Simon B, Huart AS, Temmerman K, Vahokoski J, Mertens HDT, Komadina D, Hoffmann JE, Yumerefendi H, Svergun DI, Kursula P, Schultz C, McCarthy AA, Hart DJ, Wilmanns M. Death-Associated Protein Kinase Activity Is Regulated by Coupled Calcium/Calmodulin Binding to Two Distinct Sites. Structure 2016; 24:851-61. [PMID: 27133022 PMCID: PMC4906247 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of many protein kinases by binding to calcium/calmodulin connects two principal mechanisms in signaling processes: protein phosphorylation and responses to dose- and time-dependent calcium signals. We used the calcium/calmodulin-dependent members of the death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) family to investigate the role of a basic DAPK signature loop near the kinase active site. In DAPK2, this loop comprises a novel dimerization-regulated calcium/calmodulin-binding site, in addition to a well-established calcium/calmodulin site in the C-terminal autoregulatory domain. Unexpectedly, impairment of the basic loop interaction site completely abolishes calcium/calmodulin binding and DAPK2 activity is reduced to a residual level, indicative of coupled binding to the two sites. This contrasts with the generally accepted view that kinase calcium/calmodulin interactions are autonomous of the kinase catalytic domain. Our data establish an intricate model of multi-step kinase activation and expand our understanding of how calcium binding connects with other mechanisms involved in kinase activity regulation. Members of the DAPK family share a specific basic-loop-mediated dimerization motif DAPK2 contains a kinase-mediated and dimerization-regulated CaM-binding site Autoregulatory segment CaM binding depends on kinase-mediated CaM binding DAPK2 activity is regulated by coupled CaM binding to two different sites
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Simon
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Huart
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Koen Temmerman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juha Vahokoski
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Haydyn D T Mertens
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dana Komadina
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Erik Hoffmann
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hayretin Yumerefendi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petri Kursula
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew A McCarthy
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-EMBL, Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Darren J Hart
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-EMBL, Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; University of Hamburg Clinical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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21
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Agarwal T, Annamalai N, Maiti TK, Arsad H. Biophysical changes of ATP binding pocket may explain loss of kinase activity in mutant DAPK3 in cancer: A molecular dynamic simulation analysis. Gene 2015; 580:17-25. [PMID: 26748242 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DAPK3 belongs to family of DAPK (death-associated protein kinases) and is involved in the regulation of progression of the cell cycle, cell proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy. It is considered as a tumor suppressor kinase, suggesting the loss of its function in case of certain specific mutations. The T112M, D161N and P216S mutations in DAPK3 have been observed in cancer patients. These DAPK3 mutants have been associated with very low kinase activity, which results in the cellular progression towards cancer. However, a clear understanding of the structural and biophysical variations that occur in DAPK3 with these mutations, resulting in the decreased kinase activity has yet not been deciphered. We performed a molecular dynamic simulation study to investigate such structural variations. Our results revealed that mutations caused a significant structural variation in DAPK3, majorly concentrated in the flexible loops that form part of the ATP binding pocket. Interestingly, D161N and P216S mutations collapsed the ATP binding pocket through flexible loops invasion, hindering ATP binding which resulted in very low kinase activity. On the contrary, T112M mutant DAPK3 reduces ATP binding potential through outward distortion of flexible loops. In addition, the mutant lacked characteristic features of the active protein kinase including proper interaction between HR/FD and DFG motifs, well structured hydrophobic spine and Lys42-Glu64 salt bridge interaction. These observations could possibly explain the underlying mechanism associated with the loss of kinase activity with T112M, D161N and P216S mutation in DAPK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, Pin: 721302, India.
| | - Nithyanan Annamalai
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, Pin: 721302, India.
| | - Hasni Arsad
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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22
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Yokoyama T, Kosaka Y, Mizuguchi M. Structural Insight into the Interactions between Death-Associated Protein Kinase 1 and Natural Flavonoids. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7400-8. [PMID: 26322379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) is a 160 kDa serine/threonine protein kinase that belongs to the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. DAPK1 is a possible target for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke and endometrial adenocarcinomas. In the present study, we investigated the binding characteristics of 17 natural flavonoids to DAPK1 using a 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid competitive binding assay and revealed that morin was the strongest binder among the selected compounds. The crystallographic analysis of DAPK1 and 7 selected flavonoid complexes revealed the structure-binding affinity relationship in atomic-level detail. It was suggested that the high affinity of morin could be accounted for by the ionic interaction between 2'-OH and K42 and that such an interaction would not take place with either cyclin-dependent protein kinases or PIM kinases because of their broader entrance regions. Thus, morin would be a more selective inhibitor of DAPK1 than either of these other types of kinases. In addition, we found that the binding of kaempferol to DAPK1 was associated with a chloride ion. The present study provides a better understanding of the molecular properties of the ATP site of DAPK1 and may be useful for the design of specific DAPK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yokoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama , 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | - Yuto Kosaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama , 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | - Mineyuki Mizuguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama , 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
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23
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Ozeki M, Salah A, Aini W, Tamaki K, Haga H, Miyagawa-Hayashino A. Abnormal Localization of STK17A in Bile Canaliculi in Liver Allografts: An Early Sign of Chronic Rejection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136381. [PMID: 26305096 PMCID: PMC4549187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological significance of STK17A, a serine/threonine kinase, in the liver is not known. We analyzed STK17A expression in HepG2 cells and human liver tissue. Accordingly, we investigated whether STK17A could help in identifying earlier changes during the evolution of chronic rejection (CR) after liver transplantation. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to analyze STK17A expression in HepG2 cells. Antibody microarray was performed using human liver samples from CR and healthy donors. Immunohistochemistry was used to verify the clinical utility of STK17A on sequential biopsies for the subsequent development of CR. A novel short isoform of STK17A was found in HepG2 cells. STK17A was localized in the nuclei and bile canaliculi in HepG2 cells and human livers. Microarray of STK17A revealed its decrease in failed liver allografts by CR. During the evolution of CR, the staining pattern of bile canalicular STK17A gradually changed from diffuse linear to focal intermittent. The focal intermittent staining pattern was observed before the definite diagnosis of CR. In conclusion, the present study was the first to find localization of STK17A in normal bile canaliculi. Abnormal expression and localization of STK17A were associated with CR of liver allografts since the early stage of the rejection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munetaka Ozeki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate school of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Adeeb Salah
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wulamujiang Aini
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Diabetes and Research Laboratory, Kocaeli University, Izmit, Turkey
| | - Keiji Tamaki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate school of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aya Miyagawa-Hayashino
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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24
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Simon B, Huart AS, Wilmanns M. Molecular mechanisms of protein kinase regulation by calcium/calmodulin. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2749-60. [PMID: 25963826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Many human protein kinases are regulated by the calcium-sensor protein calmodulin, which binds to a short flexible segment C-terminal to the enzyme's catalytic kinase domain. Our understanding of the molecular mechanism of kinase activity regulation by calcium/calmodulin has been advanced by the structures of two protein kinases-calmodulin kinase II and death-associated protein kinase 1-bound to calcium/calmodulin. Comparison of these two structures reveals a surprising level of diversity in the overall kinase-calcium/calmodulin arrangement and functional readout of activity, as well as complementary mechanisms of kinase regulation such as phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Simon
- EMBL Hamburg, c/o DESY, Building 25A, Notkestraße 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Huart
- EMBL Hamburg, c/o DESY, Building 25A, Notkestraße 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- EMBL Hamburg, c/o DESY, Building 25A, Notkestraße 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany.
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Wilbek TS, Skovgaard T, Sorrell FJ, Knapp S, Berthelsen J, Strømgaard K. Identification and characterization of a small-molecule inhibitor of death-associated protein kinase 1. Chembiochem 2015; 16:59-63. [PMID: 25382253 PMCID: PMC4431585 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theis S Wilbek
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 22100 Copenhagen (Denmark)
| | | | - Fiona J Sorrell
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research BuildingRoosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ (UK)
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research BuildingRoosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ (UK)
| | - Jens Berthelsen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Institute for International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen(Denmark)
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 22100 Copenhagen (Denmark)
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26
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Benderska N, Ivanovska J, Rau TT, Schulze-Luehrmann J, Mohan S, Chakilam S, Gandesiri M, Ziesché E, Fischer T, Söder S, Agaimy A, Distel L, Sticht H, Mahadevan V, Schneider-Stock R. DAPK-HSF1 interaction as a positive-feedback mechanism stimulating TNF-induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:5273-87. [PMID: 25380824 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.157024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) is a serine-threonine kinase with tumor suppressor function. Previously, we demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induced DAPK-mediated apoptosis in colorectal cancer. However, the protein-protein interaction network associated with TNF-DAPK signaling still remains unclear. We identified HSF1 as a new DAPK phosphorylation target in response to low concentrations of TNF and verified a physical interaction between DAPK and HSF1 both in vitro and in vivo. We show that HSF1 binds to the DAPK promoter. Transient overexpression of HSF1 protein led to an increase in DAPK mRNA level and consequently to an increase in the amount of apoptosis. By contrast, treatment with a DAPK-specific inhibitor as well as DAPK knockdown abolished the phosphorylation of HSF1 at Ser230 (pHSF1(Ser230)). Furthermore, translational studies demonstrated a positive correlation between DAPK and pHSF1(Ser230) protein expression in human colorectal carcinoma tissues. Taken together, our data define a novel link between DAPK and HSF1 and highlight a positive-feedback loop in DAPK regulation under mild inflammatory stress conditions in colorectal tumors. For the first time, we show that under TNF the pro-survival HSF1 protein can be redirected to a pro-apoptotic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Benderska
- Department of Experimental Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Jelena Ivanovska
- Department of Experimental Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Tilman T Rau
- Department of Experimental Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Jan Schulze-Luehrmann
- Department of Experimental Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Suma Mohan
- Faculty of School of Chemical & Biotechnology of the SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Saritha Chakilam
- Department of Experimental Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Muktheshwar Gandesiri
- Department of Experimental Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Fischer
- Center of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Hematology/Oncology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Söder
- Department of Experimental Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Department of Experimental Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Luitpold Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Vijayalakshmi Mahadevan
- Faculty of School of Chemical & Biotechnology of the SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Department of Experimental Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
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27
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Chuang M, Chisholm AD. Insights into the functions of the death associated protein kinases from C. elegans and other invertebrates. Apoptosis 2014; 19:392-7. [PMID: 24242918 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The death associated protein kinases (DAPK) are a phylogenetically widespread family of calcium-regulated serine/threonine kinases, initially identified from their roles in apoptosis. Subsequent studies, principally in vertebrate cells or models, have elucidated the functions of the DAPK family in autophagy and tumor suppression. Invertebrate genetic model organisms such as Drosophila and C. elegans have revealed additional functions for DAPK and related kinases. In the nematode C. elegans, the sole DAPK family member DAPK-1 positively regulates starvation-induced autophagy. Genetic analysis in C. elegans has revealed that DAPK-1 also acts as a negative regulator of epithelial innate immune responses in the epidermis. This negative regulatory role for DAPK in innate immunity may be analogous to the roles of mammalian DAPK in inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Chuang
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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28
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Temmerman K, de Diego I, Pogenberg V, Simon B, Jonko W, Li X, Wilmanns M. A PEF/Y Substrate Recognition and Signature Motif Plays a Critical Role in DAPK-Related Kinase Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:264-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Giant muscle proteins (e.g., titin, nebulin, and obscurin) play a seminal role in muscle elasticity, stretch response, and sarcomeric organization. Each giant protein consists of multiple tandem structural domains, usually arranged in a modular fashion spanning 500 kDa to 4 MDa. Although many of the domains are similar in structure, subtle differences create a unique function of each domain. Recent high and low resolution structural and dynamic studies now suggest more nuanced overall protein structures than previously realized. These findings show that atomic structure, interactions between tandem domains, and intrasarcomeric environment all influence the shape, motion, and therefore function of giant proteins. In this article we will review the current understanding of titin, obscurin, and nebulin structure, from the atomic level through the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan C Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Nathan T Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University Harrisonburg, VA, USA
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30
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Mao P, Hever-Jardine MP, Rahme GJ, Yang E, Tam J, Kodali A, Biswal B, Fadul CE, Gaur A, Israel MA, Spinella MJ. Serine/threonine kinase 17A is a novel candidate for therapeutic targeting in glioblastoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81803. [PMID: 24312360 PMCID: PMC3842963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
STK17A is a relatively uncharacterized member of the death-associated protein family of serine/threonine kinases which have previously been associated with cell death and apoptosis. Our prior work established that STK17A is a novel p53 target gene that is induced by a variety of DNA damaging agents in a p53-dependent manner. In this study we have uncovered an additional, unanticipated role for STK17A as a candidate promoter of cell proliferation and survival in glioblastoma (GBM). Unexpectedly, it was found that STK17A is highly overexpressed in a grade-dependent manner in gliomas compared to normal brain and other cancer cell types with the highest level of expression in GBM. Knockdown of STK17A in GBM cells results in a dramatic alteration in cell shape that is associated with decreased proliferation, clonogenicity, migration, invasion and anchorage independent colony formation. STK17A knockdown also sensitizes GBM cells to genotoxic stress. STK17A overexpression is associated with a significant survival disadvantage among patients with glioma which is independent of age, molecular phenotype, IDH1 mutation, PTEN loss, and alterations in the p53 pathway and partially independent of grade. In summary, we demonstrate that STK17A provides a proliferative and survival advantage to GBM cells and is a potential target to be exploited therapeutically in patients with glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Mao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Mary P. Hever-Jardine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Gilbert J. Rahme
- Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Eric Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Janice Tam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Anita Kodali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Bijesh Biswal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Camilo E. Fadul
- Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Arti Gaur
- Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Israel
- Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Spinella
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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