1
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Zaid A, Ariel A. Harnessing anti-inflammatory pathways and macrophage nano delivery to treat inflammatory and fibrotic disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 207:115204. [PMID: 38342241 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Targeting specific organs and cell types using nanotechnology and sophisticated delivery methods has been at the forefront of applicative biomedical sciences lately. Macrophages are an appealing target for immunomodulation by nanodelivery as they are heavily involved in various aspects of many diseases and are highly plastic in their nature. Their continuum of functional "polarization" states has been a research focus for many years yielding a profound understanding of various aspects of these cells. The ability of monocyte-derived macrophages to metamorphose from pro-inflammatory to reparative and consequently to pro-resolving effectors has raised significant interest in its therapeutic potential. Here, we briefly survey macrophages' ontogeny and various polarization phenotypes, highlighting their function in the inflammation-resolution shift. We review their inducing mediators, signaling pathways, and biological programs with emphasis on the nucleic acid sensing-IFN-I axis. We also portray the polarization spectrum of macrophages and the characteristics of their transition between different subtypes. Finally, we highlighted different current drug delivery methods for targeting macrophages with emphasis on nanotargeting that might lead to breakthroughs in the treatment of wound healing, bone regeneration, autoimmune, and fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Zaid
- Department of Biology and Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838 Israel
| | - Amiram Ariel
- Department of Biology and Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838 Israel.
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2
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Adamson B, Brittain N, Walker L, Duncan R, Luzzi S, Rescigno P, Smith G, McGill S, Burchmore RJ, Willmore E, Hickson I, Robson CN, Bogdan D, Jimenez-Vacas JM, Paschalis A, Welti J, Yuan W, McCracken SR, Heer R, Sharp A, de Bono JS, Gaughan L. The catalytic subunit of DNA-PK regulates transcription and splicing of AR in advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e169200. [PMID: 37751307 PMCID: PMC10645393 DOI: 10.1172/jci169200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant androgen receptor (AR) signaling drives prostate cancer (PC), and it is a key therapeutic target. Although initially effective, the generation of alternatively spliced AR variants (AR-Vs) compromises efficacy of treatments. In contrast to full-length AR (AR-FL), AR-Vs constitutively activate androgenic signaling and are refractory to the current repertoire of AR-targeting therapies, which together drive disease progression. There is an unmet clinical need, therefore, to develop more durable PC therapies that can attenuate AR-V function. Exploiting the requirement of coregulatory proteins for AR-V function has the capacity to furnish tractable routes for attenuating persistent oncogenic AR signaling in advanced PC. DNA-PKcs regulates AR-FL transcriptional activity and is upregulated in both early and advanced PC. We hypothesized that DNA-PKcs is critical for AR-V function. Using a proximity biotinylation approach, we demonstrated that the DNA-PK holoenzyme is part of the AR-V7 interactome and is a key regulator of AR-V-mediated transcription and cell growth in models of advanced PC. Crucially, we provide evidence that DNA-PKcs controls global splicing and, via RBMX, regulates the maturation of AR-V and AR-FL transcripts. Ultimately, our data indicate that targeting DNA-PKcs attenuates AR-V signaling and provide evidence that DNA-PKcs blockade is an effective therapeutic option in advanced AR-V-positive patients with PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Adamson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Brittain
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Walker
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ruaridh Duncan
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Luzzi
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Pasquale Rescigno
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Smith
- Newcastle University Bioinformatics Support Unit, Medical School, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne McGill
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J.S. Burchmore
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Willmore
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Hickson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Craig N. Robson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Denisa Bogdan
- The Institute for Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alec Paschalis
- The Institute for Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Welti
- The Institute for Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Yuan
- The Institute for Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart R. McCracken
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Sharp
- The Institute for Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johann S. de Bono
- The Institute for Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Gaughan
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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3
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Vogt A, He Y, Lees-Miller SP. How to fix DNA breaks: new insights into the mechanism of non-homologous end joining. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1789-1800. [PMID: 37787023 PMCID: PMC10657183 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is the major pathway for the repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in human cells and is essential for the generation of mature T and B cells in the adaptive immune system via the process of V(D)J recombination. Here, we review how recently determined structures shed light on how NHEJ complexes function at DNA DSBs, emphasizing how multiple structures containing the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) may function in NHEJ. Together, these studies provide an explanation for how NHEJ proteins assemble to detect and protect DSB ends, then proceed, through DNA-PKcs-dependent autophosphorylation, to a ligation-competent complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Vogt
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, U.S.A
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, U.S.A
| | - Yuan He
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, U.S.A
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, U.S.A
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, U.S.A
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University, Chicago, U.S.A
| | - Susan P. Lees-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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4
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DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) drives chronic kidney disease progression in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1334. [PMID: 36906617 PMCID: PMC10008567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney injury initiates epithelial dedifferentiation and myofibroblast activation during the progression of chronic kidney disease. Herein, we find that the expression of DNA-PKcs is significantly increased in the kidney tissues of both chronic kidney disease patients and male mice induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction and unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In vivo, knockout of DNA-PKcs or treatment with its specific inhibitor NU7441 hampers the development of chronic kidney disease in male mice. In vitro, DNA-PKcs deficiency preserves epithelial cell phenotype and inhibits fibroblast activation induced by transforming growth factor-beta 1. Additionally, our results show that TAF7, as a possible substrate of DNA-PKcs, enhances mTORC1 activation by upregulating RAPTOR expression, which subsequently promotes metabolic reprogramming in injured epithelial cells and myofibroblasts. Taken together, DNA-PKcs can be inhibited to correct metabolic reprogramming via the TAF7/mTORC1 signaling in chronic kidney disease, and serve as a potential target for treating chronic kidney disease.
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5
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Merlo D, Mollinari C. The Need for a Break. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 20:523-525. [PMID: 37921166 DOI: 10.2174/0115672050272291231013140116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Merlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Mollinari
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
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6
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Gao Y, Cai W, Zhou Y, Li Y, Cheng J, Wei F. Immunosenescence of T cells: a key player in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:1449-1462. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Xiao H, Li F, Mladenov E, Soni A, Mladenova V, Pan B, Dueva R, Stuschke M, Timmermann B, Iliakis G. Increased Resection at DSBs in G2-Phase Is a Unique Phenotype Associated with DNA-PKcs Defects That Is Not Shared by Other Factors of c-NHEJ. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132099. [PMID: 35805183 PMCID: PMC9265841 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The load of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced in the genome of higher eukaryotes by different doses of ionizing radiation (IR) is a key determinant of DSB repair pathway choice, with homologous recombination (HR) and ATR substantially gaining ground at doses below 0.5 Gy. Increased resection and HR engagement with decreasing DSB-load generate a conundrum in a classical non-homologous end-joining (c-NHEJ)-dominated cell and suggest a mechanism adaptively facilitating resection. We report that ablation of DNA-PKcs causes hyper-resection, implicating DNA-PK in the underpinning mechanism. However, hyper-resection in DNA-PKcs-deficient cells can also be an indirect consequence of their c-NHEJ defect. Here, we report that all tested DNA-PKcs mutants show hyper-resection, while mutants with defects in all other factors of c-NHEJ fail to do so. This result rules out the model of c-NHEJ versus HR competition and the passive shift from c-NHEJ to HR as the causes of the increased resection and suggests the integration of DNA-PKcs into resection regulation. We develop a model, compatible with the results of others, which integrates DNA-PKcs into resection regulation and HR for a subset of DSBs. For these DSBs, we propose that the kinase remains at the break site, rather than the commonly assumed autophosphorylation-mediated removal from DNA ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Xiao
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (H.X.); (F.L.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (V.M.); (B.P.); (R.D.)
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Fanghua Li
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (H.X.); (F.L.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (V.M.); (B.P.); (R.D.)
- Department of Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), West German Cancer Center (WTZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Emil Mladenov
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (H.X.); (F.L.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (V.M.); (B.P.); (R.D.)
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Aashish Soni
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (H.X.); (F.L.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (V.M.); (B.P.); (R.D.)
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Veronika Mladenova
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (H.X.); (F.L.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (V.M.); (B.P.); (R.D.)
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Bing Pan
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (H.X.); (F.L.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (V.M.); (B.P.); (R.D.)
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Rositsa Dueva
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (H.X.); (F.L.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (V.M.); (B.P.); (R.D.)
- Institute of Physiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Stuschke
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Beate Timmermann
- Department of Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), West German Cancer Center (WTZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 45147 Essen, Germany;
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (H.X.); (F.L.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (V.M.); (B.P.); (R.D.)
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-201-723-4152
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Rajavel A, Klees S, Hui Y, Schmitt AO, Gültas M. Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism Underlying African Animal Trypanosomiasis by Means of the 1000 Bull Genomes Project Genomic Dataset. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050742. [PMID: 35625470 PMCID: PMC9138820 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Climate change is increasing the risk of spreading vector-borne diseases such as African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT), which is causing major economic losses, especially in sub-Saharan African countries. Mainly considering this disease, we have investigated transcriptomic and genomic data from two cattle breeds, namely Boran and N‘Dama, where the former is known for its susceptibility and the latter one for its tolerance to the AAT. Despite the rich literature on this disease, there is still a need to investigate underlying genetic mechanisms to decipher the complex interplay of regulatory SNPs (rSNPs), their corresponding gene expression profiles and the downstream effectors associated with the AAT disease. The findings of this study complement our previous results, which mainly involve the upstream events, including transcription factors (TFs) and their co-operations as well as master regulators. Moreover, our investigation of significant rSNPs and effectors found in the liver, spleen and lymph node tissues of both cattle breeds could enhance the understanding of distinct mechanisms leading to either resistance or susceptibility of cattle breeds. Abstract African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a neglected tropical disease and spreads by the vector tsetse fly, which carries the infectious Trypanosoma sp. in their saliva. Particularly, this parasitic disease affects the health of livestock, thereby imposing economic constraints on farmers, costing billions of dollars every year, especially in sub-Saharan African countries. Mainly considering the AAT disease as a multistage progression process, we previously performed upstream analysis to identify transcription factors (TFs), their co-operations, over-represented pathways and master regulators. However, downstream analysis, including effectors, corresponding gene expression profiles and their association with the regulatory SNPs (rSNPs), has not yet been established. Therefore, in this study, we aim to investigate the complex interplay of rSNPs, corresponding gene expression and downstream effectors with regard to the AAT disease progression based on two cattle breeds: trypanosusceptible Boran and trypanotolerant N’Dama. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into the effectors involved in the regulation of several signal transduction pathways, thereby differentiating the molecular mechanism with regard to the immune responses of the cattle breeds. The effectors and their associated genes (especially MAPKAPK5, CSK, DOK2, RAC1 and DNMT1) could be promising drug candidates as they orchestrate various downstream regulatory cascades in both cattle breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Rajavel
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Selina Klees
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yuehan Hui
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
| | - Armin Otto Schmitt
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Gültas
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Lübecker Ring 2, 59494 Soest, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (M.G.)
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9
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Silva GLA, Tosi LRO, McCulloch R, Black JA. Unpicking the Roles of DNA Damage Protein Kinases in Trypanosomatids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:636615. [PMID: 34422791 PMCID: PMC8377203 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To preserve genome integrity when faced with DNA lesions, cells activate and coordinate a multitude of DNA repair pathways to ensure timely error correction or tolerance, collectively called the DNA damage response (DDR). These interconnecting damage response pathways are molecular signal relays, with protein kinases (PKs) at the pinnacle. Focused efforts in model eukaryotes have revealed intricate aspects of DNA repair PK function, including how they direct DDR pathways and how repair reactions connect to wider cellular processes, including DNA replication and transcription. The Kinetoplastidae, including many parasites like Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp. (causative agents of debilitating, neglected tropical infections), exhibit peculiarities in several core biological processes, including the predominance of multigenic transcription and the streamlining or repurposing of DNA repair pathways, such as the loss of non-homologous end joining and novel operation of nucleotide excision repair (NER). Very recent studies have implicated ATR and ATM kinases in the DDR of kinetoplastid parasites, whereas DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) displays uncertain conservation, questioning what functions it fulfills. The wide range of genetic manipulation approaches in these organisms presents an opportunity to investigate DNA repair kinase roles in kinetoplastids and to ask if further kinases are involved. Furthermore, the availability of kinase inhibitory compounds, targeting numerous eukaryotic PKs, could allow us to test the suitability of DNA repair PKs as novel chemotherapeutic targets. Here, we will review recent advances in the study of trypanosomatid DNA repair kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L A Silva
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luiz R O Tosi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Richard McCulloch
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Ann Black
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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10
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Abbasi S, Parmar G, Kelly RD, Balasuriya N, Schild-Poulter C. The Ku complex: recent advances and emerging roles outside of non-homologous end-joining. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4589-4613. [PMID: 33855626 PMCID: PMC11071882 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1981, the Ku complex has been extensively studied under multiple cellular contexts, with most work focusing on Ku in terms of its essential role in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). In this process, Ku is well-known as the DNA-binding subunit for DNA-PK, which is central to the NHEJ repair process. However, in addition to the extensive study of Ku's role in DNA repair, Ku has also been implicated in various other cellular processes including transcription, the DNA damage response, DNA replication, telomere maintenance, and has since been studied in multiple contexts, growing into a multidisciplinary point of research across various fields. Some advances have been driven by clarification of Ku's structure, including the original Ku crystal structure and the more recent Ku-DNA-PKcs crystallography, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) studies, and the identification of various post-translational modifications. Here, we focus on the advances made in understanding the Ku heterodimer outside of non-homologous end-joining, and across a variety of model organisms. We explore unique structural and functional aspects, detail Ku expression, conservation, and essentiality in different species, discuss the evidence for its involvement in a diverse range of cellular functions, highlight Ku protein interactions and recent work concerning Ku-binding motifs, and finally, we summarize the clinical Ku-related research to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Abbasi
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Gursimran Parmar
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Rachel D Kelly
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Nileeka Balasuriya
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Caroline Schild-Poulter
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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11
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Negroni MA, Macit MN, Stoldt M, Feldmeyer B, Foitzik S. Molecular regulation of lifespan extension in fertile ant workers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190736. [PMID: 33678017 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of sociality in insects caused a divergence in lifespan between reproductive and non-reproductive castes. Ant queens can live for decades, while most workers survive only weeks to a few years. In most organisms, longevity is traded-off with reproduction, but in social insects, these two life-history traits are positively linked. Once fertility is induced in workers, e.g. by queen removal, worker lifespan increases. The molecular regulation of this positive link between fecundity and longevity and generally the molecular underpinnings of caste-specific senescence are not well understood. Here, we investigate the transcriptomic regulation of lifespan and reproduction in fat bodies of three worker groups in the ant Temnothorax rugatulus. In a long-term experiment, workers that became fertile in the absence of the queen showed increased survival and upregulation of genes involved in longevity and fecundity pathways. Interestingly, workers that re-joined their queen after months exhibited intermediate ovary development, but retained a high expression of longevity and fecundity genes. Strikingly, the queen's presence causes a general downregulation of genes in worker fat bodies. Our findings point to long-term consequences of fertility induction in workers, even after re-joining their queen. Moreover, we reveal longevity genes and pathways modulated during insect social evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?'
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Antoine Negroni
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maide Nesibe Macit
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marah Stoldt
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Barbara Feldmeyer
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susanne Foitzik
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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12
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Hu S, Hui Z, Lirussi F, Garrido C, Ye XY, Xie T. Small molecule DNA-PK inhibitors as potential cancer therapy: a patent review (2010-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:435-452. [PMID: 33347360 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1866540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) plays a crucial role in the repair of DSBs via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Several DNA-PK inhibitors are being investigated for potential anticancer treatment in clinical trials.Area covered: This review aims to give an overview of patents published since 2010 by analyzing the patent space and structure features of scaffolds used in those patents. It also discusses the recent clinical developments and provides perspectives on future challenges and directions in this field.Expert opinion: As a key component of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, DNA-PK appears to be a viable drug target for anticancer therapy. The clinical investigation of a DNA-PK inhibitor employs both a monotherapy and a combination strategy. In the combination strategy, a DNA-PK inhibitor is typically combined with a DSB inducer, radiation, a chemotherapy agent, or a PARP inhibitor, etc. Patent analyses suggest that diverse structures comprising different scaffolds from mono-heteroaryl to bicyclic heteroaryl to tricyclic heteroaryl are capable to achieve good DNA-PK inhibitory activity and good DNA-PK selectivity over other closely related enzymes. Several DNA-PK inhibitors are currently being evaluated in clinics, with the hope to get approval in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Hu
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;cCollaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;dKey Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;eHangzhou Huadong Medicine Group, Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co. Ltd, Hanzhou City, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Hui
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;cCollaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Frédéric Lirussi
- ;fINSERM, U1231, Label LipSTIC, and Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Dijon, France.,;gUniversité De Bourgogne-Franche Comté, I-SITE, France.,;hDepartment of Pharmacology-Toxicology & Metabolomics, University hospital of Besançon (CHU), 2 Boulevard Fleming, 25030 BESANCON, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- ;INSERM, U1231, Label LipSTIC, and Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Dijon, France.,;Université De Bourgogne-Franche Comté, I-SITE, France.,;iAnti-cancer Center George-François Leclerc, CGFL, Dijon, France
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;cCollaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Xie
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;cCollaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Structural insights into the role of DNA-PK as a master regulator in NHEJ. GENOME INSTABILITY & DISEASE 2021; 2:195-210. [PMID: 34723130 PMCID: PMC8549938 DOI: 10.1007/s42764-021-00047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit DNA-PKcs/PRKDC is the largest serine/threonine protein kinase of the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase-like protein kinase (PIKK) family and is the most highly expressed PIKK in human cells. With its DNA-binding partner Ku70/80, DNA-PKcs is required for regulated and efficient repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks via the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. Loss of DNA-PKcs or other NHEJ factors leads to radiation sensitivity and unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), as well as defects in V(D)J recombination and immune defects. In this review, we highlight the contributions of the late Dr. Carl W. Anderson to the discovery and early characterization of DNA-PK. We furthermore build upon his foundational work to provide recent insights into the structure of NHEJ synaptic complexes, an evolutionarily conserved and functionally important YRPD motif, and the role of DNA-PKcs and its phosphorylation in NHEJ. The combined results identify DNA-PKcs as a master regulator that is activated by its detection of two double-strand DNA ends for a cascade of phosphorylation events that provide specificity and efficiency in assembling the synaptic complex for NHEJ.
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Beyond DNA Repair: DNA-PKcs in Tumor Metastasis, Metabolism and Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113389. [PMID: 33207636 PMCID: PMC7698146 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a key component of the DNA-PK complex that has a well-characterized function in the non-homologous end-joining repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Since its identification, a large body of evidence has demonstrated that DNA-PKcs is frequently overexpressed in cancer, plays a critical role in tumor development and progression, and is associated with poor prognosis of cancer patients. Intriguingly, recent studies have suggested novel functions beyond the canonical role of DNA-PKcs, which has transformed the paradigm of DNA-PKcs in tumorigenesis and has reinvigorated the interest to target DNA-PKcs for cancer treatment. In this review, we update recent advances in DNA-PKcs, in particular the emerging roles in tumor metastasis, metabolic dysregulation, and immune escape. We further discuss the possible molecular basis that underpins the pleiotropism of DNA-PKcs in cancer. Finally, we outline the biomarkers that may predict the therapeutic response to DNA-PKcs inhibitor therapy. Understanding the functional repertoire of DNA-PKcs will provide mechanistic insights of DNA-PKcs in malignancy and, more importantly, may revolutionize the design and utility of DNA-PKcs-based precision cancer therapy.
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15
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The role of AMPK in metabolism and its influence on DNA damage repair. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9075-9086. [PMID: 33070285 PMCID: PMC7674386 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the most complex health disproportions in the human body is the metabolic syndrome (MetS). It can result in serious health consequences such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis or insulin resistance. The center of energy regulation in human is AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which modulates cells' metabolic pathways and protects them against negative effects of metabolic stress, e.g. reactive oxygen species. Moreover, recent studies show the relationship between the AMPK activity and the regulation of DNA damage repair such as base excision repair (BER) system, which is presented in relation to the influence of MetS on human genome. Hence, AMPK is studied not only in the field of counteracting MetS but also prevention of genetic alterations and cancer development. Through understanding AMPK pathways and its role in cells with damaged DNA it might be possible to improve cell's repair processes and develop new therapies. This review presents AMPK role in eukaryotic cells and focuses on the relationship between AMPK activity and the regulation of BER system through its main component-8-oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1).
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Anisenko A, Kan M, Shadrina O, Brattseva A, Gottikh M. Phosphorylation Targets of DNA-PK and Their Role in HIV-1 Replication. Cells 2020; 9:E1907. [PMID: 32824372 PMCID: PMC7464883 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a trimeric nuclear complex consisting of a large protein kinase and the Ku heterodimer. The kinase activity of DNA-PK is required for efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). We also showed that the kinase activity of DNA-PK is essential for post-integrational DNA repair in the case of HIV-1 infection. Besides, DNA-PK is known to participate in such cellular processes as protection of mammalian telomeres, transcription, and some others where the need for its phosphorylating activity is not clearly elucidated. We carried out a systematic search and analysis of DNA-PK targets described in the literature and identified 67 unique DNA-PK targets phosphorylated in response to various in vitro and/or in vivo stimuli. A functional enrichment analysis of DNA-PK targets and determination of protein-protein associations among them were performed. For 27 proteins from these 67 DNA-PK targets, their participation in the HIV-1 life cycle was demonstrated. This information may be useful for studying the functioning of DNA-PK in various cellular processes, as well as in various stages of HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Anisenko
- Chemistry Department and Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (O.S.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia;; (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Marina Kan
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia;; (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Olga Shadrina
- Chemistry Department and Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (O.S.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia;; (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Brattseva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia;; (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Marina Gottikh
- Chemistry Department and Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (O.S.); (M.G.)
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17
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DNA-PK in human malignant disorders: Mechanisms and implications for pharmacological interventions. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107617. [PMID: 32610116 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-PK holoenzyme is a fundamental element of the DNA damage response machinery (DDR), which is responsible for cellular genomic stability. Consequently, and predictably, over the last decades since its identification and characterization, numerous pre-clinical and clinical studies reported observations correlating aberrant DNA-PK status and activity with cancer onset, progression and responses to therapeutic modalities. Notably, various studies have established in recent years the role of DNA-PK outside the DDR network, corroborating its role as a pleiotropic complex involved in transcriptional programs that operate biologic processes as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), hypoxia, metabolism, nuclear receptors signaling and inflammatory responses. In particular tumor entities as prostate cancer, immense research efforts assisted mapping and describing the overall signaling networks regulated by DNA-PK that control metastasis and tumor progression. Correspondingly, DNA-PK emerges as an obvious therapeutic target in cancer and data pertaining to various pharmacological approaches have been published, largely in context of combination with DNA-damaging agents (DDAs) that act by inflicting DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Currently, new generation inhibitors are tested in clinical trials. Several excellent reviews have been published in recent years covering the biology of DNA-PK and its role in cancer. In the current article we are aiming to systematically describe the main findings on DNA-PK signaling in major cancer types, focusing on both preclinical and clinical reports and present a detailed current status of the DNA-PK inhibitors repertoire.
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A fully joint Bayesian quantitative trait locus mapping of human protein abundance in plasma. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007882. [PMID: 32492067 PMCID: PMC7295243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses are increasingly popular to explore the genetic architecture of complex traits, but existing studies do not leverage shared regulatory patterns and suffer from a large multiplicity burden, which hampers the detection of weak signals such as trans associations. Here, we present a fully multivariate proteomic QTL (pQTL) analysis performed with our recently proposed Bayesian method LOCUS on data from two clinical cohorts, with plasma protein levels quantified by mass-spectrometry and aptamer-based assays. Our two-stage study identifies 136 pQTL associations in the first cohort, of which >80% replicate in the second independent cohort and have significant enrichment with functional genomic elements and disease risk loci. Moreover, 78% of the pQTLs whose protein abundance was quantified by both proteomic techniques are confirmed across assays. Our thorough comparisons with standard univariate QTL mapping on (1) these data and (2) synthetic data emulating the real data show how LOCUS borrows strength across correlated protein levels and markers on a genome-wide scale to effectively increase statistical power. Notably, 15% of the pQTLs uncovered by LOCUS would be missed by the univariate approach, including several trans and pleiotropic hits with successful independent validation. Finally, the analysis of extensive clinical data from the two cohorts indicates that the genetically-driven proteins identified by LOCUS are enriched in associations with low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia and might therefore act as endophenotypes for metabolic diseases. While considerations on the clinical role of the pQTLs are beyond the scope of our work, these findings generate useful hypotheses to be explored in future research; all results are accessible online from our searchable database. Thanks to its efficient variational Bayes implementation, LOCUS can analyze jointly thousands of traits and millions of markers. Its applicability goes beyond pQTL studies, opening new perspectives for large-scale genome-wide association and QTL analyses. Diet, Obesity and Genes (DiOGenes) trial registration number: NCT00390637. Exploring the functional mechanisms between the genotype and disease endpoints in view of identifying innovative therapeutic targets has prompted molecular quantitative trait locus studies, which assess how genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) affect intermediate gene (eQTL), protein (pQTL) or metabolite (mQTL) levels. However, conventional univariate screening approaches do not account for local dependencies and association structures shared by multiple molecular levels and markers. Conversely, the current joint modelling approaches are restricted to small datasets by computational constraints. We illustrate and exploit the advantages of our recently introduced Bayesian framework LOCUS in a fully multivariate pQTL study, with ≈300K tag SNPs (capturing information from 4M markers) and 100 − 1, 000 plasma protein levels measured by two distinct technologies. LOCUS identifies novel pQTLs that replicate in an independent cohort, confirms signals documented in studies 2 − 18 times larger, and detects more pQTLs than a conventional two-stage univariate analysis of our datasets. Moreover, some of these pQTLs might be of biomedical relevance and would therefore deserve dedicated investigation. Our extensive numerical experiments on these data and on simulated data demonstrate that the increased statistical power of LOCUS over standard approaches is largely attributable to its ability to exploit shared information across outcomes while efficiently accounting for the genetic correlation structures at a genome-wide level.
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Wang A, Toma MA, Ma J, Li D, Vij M, Chu T, Wang J, Li X, Xu Landén N. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0084443 Is Upregulated in Diabetic Foot Ulcer and Modulates Keratinocyte Migration and Proliferation. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2020; 9:145-160. [PMID: 32117579 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.0956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Insufficient knowledge about the molecular pathology of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) impedes the development of effective wound treatment. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel class of RNA recently discovered to be widely expressed and have important biological functions; however, their role in skin wound healing remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the role of circRNAs in DFU. Approach: CircRNA expression was profiled in normal wounds (NWs) and DFUs by microarray analysis, and hsa_circ_0084443 was identified as differentially expressed. The circularity and subcellular localization of hsa_circ_0084443 were characterized by northern blotting, real-time PCR, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cell migration, cell growth, and the transcriptome of human primary keratinocytes were analyzed after overexpression or RNA interference of hsa_circ_0084443. Results: hsa_circ_0084443 is downregulated in NWs compared with intact skin, and its level is higher in DFUs than NWs. We confirmed its circularity and presence in the cytoplasm of human epidermal keratinocytes. We showed that hsa_circ_0084443 reduced motility while enhancing the growth of keratinocytes. Furthermore, we identified a gene network with the potential to mediate the biological effect of hsa_circ_0084443. Innovation: CircRNAs have a functional role and a potential clinical significance in skin wound healing. Conclusions: We identified hsa_circ_0084443, a circRNA downregulated during NW healing, as a negative regulator of keratinocyte migration. Higher levels of hsa_circ_0084443 were detected in DFU samples, suggesting that it plays a role in pathology. These findings pave the way to understanding the functional role of circRNAs in human skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoxue Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Maria A. Toma
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine (Solna), Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jingxin Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dongqing Li
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine (Solna), Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manika Vij
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine (Solna), Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tongbin Chu
- Department of Wound Regeneration, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xi Li
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine (Solna), Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ning Xu Landén
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine (Solna), Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm Node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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DNA-PKcs promotes cardiac ischemia reperfusion injury through mitigating BI-1-governed mitochondrial homeostasis. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:11. [PMID: 31919590 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a novel inducer to promote mitochondrial apoptosis and suppress tumor growth in a variety of cells although its role in cardiovascular diseases remains obscure. This study was designed to examine the role of DNA-PKcs in cardiac ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury and mitochondrial damage. Cardiomyocyte-specific DNA-PKcs knockout (DNA-PKcsCKO) mice were subjected to IR prior to assessment of myocardial function and mitochondrial apoptosis. Our data revealed that IR challenge, hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) or H2O2-activated DNA-PKcs through post-transcriptional phosphorylation in murine hearts or cardiomyocytes. Mice deficient in DNA-PKcs in cardiomyocytes were protected against cardiomyocyte death, infarct area expansion and cardiac dysfunction. DNA-PKcs ablation countered IR- or HR-induced oxidative stress, mPTP opening, mitochondrial fission, mitophagy failure and Bax-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis, possibly through suppression of Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) activity. A direct association between DNA-PKcs and BI-1 was noted where DNA-PKcs had little effect on BI-1 transcription but interacted with BI-1 to promote its degradation. Loss of DNA-PKcs stabilized BI-1, thus offering resistance of mitochondria and cardiomyocytes against IR insult. Moreover, DNA-PKcs ablation-induced beneficial cardioprotection against IR injury was mitigated by concurrent knockout of BI-1. Double deletion of DNA-PKcs and BI-1 failed to exert protection against global IR injury and mitochondrial damage, confirming a permissive role of BI-1 in DNA-PKcs deletion-elicited cardioprotection against IR injury. DNA-PKcs serves as a novel causative factor for mitochondrial damage via suppression of BI-1, en route to the onset and development of cardiac IR injury.
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21
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Wang Y, Lai L, Guo W, Peng S, Liu R, Hong P, Wei G, Li F, Jiang S, Wang P, Li J, Lei H, Zhao W, Xu S. Inhibition of Ku70 in a high-glucose environment aggravates bupivacaine-induced dorsal root ganglion neurotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 2020; 318:104-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wong WW, Jackson RK, Liew LP, Dickson BD, Cheng GJ, Lipert B, Gu Y, Hunter FW, Wilson WR, Hay MP. Hypoxia-selective radiosensitisation by SN38023, a bioreductive prodrug of DNA-dependent protein kinase inhibitor IC87361. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113641. [PMID: 31541630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) plays a key role in repair of radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSB) by non-homologous end-joining. DNA-PK inhibitors (DNA-PKi) are therefore efficient radiosensitisers, but normal tissue radiosensitisation represents a risk for their use in radiation oncology. Here we describe a novel prodrug, SN38023, that is metabolised to a potent DNA-PKi (IC87361) selectively in radioresistant hypoxic cells. DNA-PK inhibitory potency of SN38023 was 24-fold lower than IC87361 in cell-free assays, consistent with molecular modelling studies suggesting that SN38023 is unable to occupy one of the predicted DNA-PK binding modes of IC87361. One-electron reduction of the prodrug by radiolysis of anoxic formate solutions, and by metabolic reduction in anoxic HCT116/POR cells that overexpress cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR), generated IC87361 efficiently as assessed by LC-MS. SN38023 inhibited radiation-induced Ser2056 autophosphorylation of DNA-PK catalytic subunit and radiosensitised HCT116/POR and UT-SCC-54C cells selectively under anoxia. SN38023 was an effective radiosensitiser in anoxic HCT116 spheroids, demonstrating potential for penetration into hypoxic tumour tissue, but in spheroid co-cultures of high-POR and POR-null cells it showed no evidence of bystander effects resulting from local diffusion of IC87361. Pharmacokinetics of IC87361 and SN38023 at maximum achievable doses in NIH-III mice demonstrated sub-optimal exposure of UT-SCC-54C tumour xenografts and did not provide significant tumour radiosensitisation. In conclusion, SN38023 has potential for exploiting hypoxia for selective delivery of a potent DNA-PKi to the most radioresistant subpopulation of cells in tumours. However, prodrugs providing improved systemic pharmacokinetics and that release DNA-PKi that elicit bystander effects are needed to maximise therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Way Wua Wong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rosanna K Jackson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lydia P Liew
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin D Dickson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gary J Cheng
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Lipert
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yongchuan Gu
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Francis W Hunter
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - William R Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Michael P Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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Li Y, Xie L, Huang T, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Qi B, Wang X, Chen Z, Li P. Aging Neurovascular Unit and Potential Role of DNA Damage and Repair in Combating Vascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:778. [PMID: 31440124 PMCID: PMC6694749 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive neurological deterioration poses enormous burden on the aging population with ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative disease patients, such as Alzheimers’ disease and Parkinson’s disease. The past two decades have witnessed remarkable advances in the research of neurovascular unit dysfunction, which is emerging as an important pathological feature that underlies these neurological disorders. Dysfunction of the unit allows penetration of blood-derived toxic proteins or leukocytes into the brain and contributes to white matter injury, disturbed neurovascular coupling and neuroinflammation, which all eventually lead to cognitive dysfunction. Recent evidences suggest that aging-related oxidative stress, accumulated DNA damage and impaired DNA repair capacities compromises the genome integrity not only in neurons, but also in other cell types of the neurovascular unit, such as endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes. Combating DNA damage or enhancing DNA repair capacities in the neurovascular unit represents a promising therapeutic strategy for vascular and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we focus on aging related mechanisms that underlie DNA damage and repair in the neurovascular unit and introduce several novel strategies that target the genome integrity in the neurovascular unit to combat the vascular and neurodegenerative disorders in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lv Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueman Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Maurer M, Lammerding J. The Driving Force: Nuclear Mechanotransduction in Cellular Function, Fate, and Disease. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2019; 21:443-468. [PMID: 30916994 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular behavior is continuously affected by microenvironmental forces through the process of mechanotransduction, in which mechanical stimuli are rapidly converted to biochemical responses. Mounting evidence suggests that the nucleus itself is a mechanoresponsive element, reacting to cytoskeletal forces and mediating downstream biochemical responses. The nucleus responds through a host of mechanisms, including partial unfolding, conformational changes, and phosphorylation of nuclear envelope proteins; modulation of nuclear import/export; and altered chromatin organization, resulting in transcriptional changes. It is unclear which of these events present direct mechanotransduction processes and which are downstream of other mechanotransduction pathways. We critically review and discuss the current evidence for nuclear mechanotransduction, particularly in the context of stem cell fate, a largely unexplored topic, and in disease, where an improved understanding of nuclear mechanotransduction is beginning to open new treatment avenues. Finally, we discuss innovative technological developments that will allow outstanding questions in the rapidly growing field of nuclear mechanotransduction to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Maurer
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; ,
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; ,
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Shao L. DNA Damage Response Signals Transduce Stress From Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Factors Into T Cell Dysfunction. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3055. [PMID: 30619377 PMCID: PMC6306440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune-mediated disease that is associated with significant cartilage damage and immunosenescence. Despite decades of research, the major signal pathways that initiate RA are still unclear. The DNA damage response (DDR) is a specific and hierarchical network that includes cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair, and DNA-damage tolerance pathways. Recent studies suggest that this condition is associated with deficits in telomere maintenance and overall genomic instability in the T cells of RA patients. Analysis of the underlying mechanisms has revealed defects in DDR pathways. Particularly, the DNA repair enzyme, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), is downregulated, which leaves the damaged DNA breaks in RA-associated T cells unrepaired and pushes them to apoptosis, exhausts the T cell pool, and promotes the arthritogenesis effector function of T cells. This review discusses recent advancements and illustrates that risk factors for RA, such as viral infections, environmental events, and genetic risk loci are combat with DDR signals, and the impaired DDR response of RA-associated T cells, in turn, triggers disease-related phenotypes. Therefore, DDR is the dominant signal that converts genetic and environmental stress to RA-related immune dysfunction. Understanding the orchestration of RA pathogenesis by DDR signals would further our current knowledge of RA and provide novel avenues in RA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Shao
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Leysen H, van Gastel J, Hendrickx JO, Santos-Otte P, Martin B, Maudsley S. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Systems as Crucial Regulators of DNA Damage Response Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2919. [PMID: 30261591 PMCID: PMC6213947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their associated proteins represent one of the most diverse cellular signaling systems involved in both physiological and pathophysiological processes. Aging represents perhaps the most complex biological process in humans and involves a progressive degradation of systemic integrity and physiological resilience. This is in part mediated by age-related aberrations in energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, protein folding and sorting, inflammatory activity and genomic stability. Indeed, an increased rate of unrepaired DNA damage is considered to be one of the 'hallmarks' of aging. Over the last two decades our appreciation of the complexity of GPCR signaling systems has expanded their functional signaling repertoire. One such example of this is the incipient role of GPCRs and GPCR-interacting proteins in DNA damage and repair mechanisms. Emerging data now suggest that GPCRs could function as stress sensors for intracellular damage, e.g., oxidative stress. Given this role of GPCRs in the DNA damage response process, coupled to the effective history of drug targeting of these receptors, this suggests that one important future activity of GPCR therapeutics is the rational control of DNA damage repair systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Leysen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
- Translational Neurobiology Group, Center of Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jhana O Hendrickx
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
- Translational Neurobiology Group, Center of Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Paula Santos-Otte
- Institute of Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
- Translational Neurobiology Group, Center of Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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