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Ban Y, Yang H, Jiang J, Wang C, Lv B, Feng Y. A α-L-rhamnosidase from Echinacea purpurea endophyte Simplicillium sinense EFF1 and its application in production of Calceorioside B. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132090. [PMID: 38705322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Calceorioside B, a multifunctional phenylethanol glycosides (PhGs) derivative, exhibits a variety of notable properties, such as antithrombotic, anti-tumorigenic, anti-neocoronavirus, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. However, the large-scale production of calceorioside B is routinely restricted by its existence as an intermediary compound derived from plants, and still unachieved through excellent and activity chemical synthesis. Here, a total of 51 fungal endophytes were isolated from four PhGs-producing plants, and endophyte Simplicillium sinense EFF1 from Echinacea purpurea was identified with the ability to de-rhamnosing isoacteoside to generate calceorioside B. According to the RNA-transcription of EFF1 under the various substrates, a key gene CL1206.Contig2 that undertakes the hydrolysis function was screened out and charactered by heterologous expression. The sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree construction and substrate specificity analysis revealed that CL1206 was a novel α-L-rhamnosidase that belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase family 78 (GH78). The optimum catalytic conditions for CL1206 were at pH 6.5 and 55 °C. Finally, the enzyme-catalyzed approach to produce calceorioside B from 50 % crude isoacteoside extract was explored and optimized, with the maximum conversion rate reaching 69.42 % and the average producing rate reaching 0.37 g-1.L-1.h-1, which offered a great biocatalyst for potential industrial calceorioside B production. This is the first case for microorganism and rhamnosidase to show the hydrolysis ability to caffeic acid-modified PhGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Ban
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongwang Yang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jixuan Jiang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chengbin Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Lv
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yongjun Feng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Cui Y, Riley M, Moreno MV, Cepeda MM, Perez IA, Wen Y, Lim LX, Andre E, Nguyen A, Liu C, Lerno L, Nichols PK, Schmitz H, Tagkopoulos I, Kennedy JA, Oberholster A, Siegel JB. Discovery of Potent Glycosidases Enables Quantification of Smoke-Derived Phenolic Glycosides through Enzymatic Hydrolysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11617-11628. [PMID: 38728580 PMCID: PMC11117406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
When grapes are exposed to wildfire smoke, certain smoke-related volatile phenols (VPs) can be absorbed into the fruit, where they can be then converted into volatile-phenol (VP) glycosides through glycosylation. These volatile-phenol glycosides can be particularly problematic from a winemaking standpoint as they can be hydrolyzed, releasing volatile phenols, which can contribute to smoke-related off-flavors. Current methods for quantitating these volatile-phenol glycosides present several challenges, including the requirement of expensive capital equipment, limited accuracy due to the molecular complexity of the glycosides, and the utilization of harsh reagents. To address these challenges, we proposed an enzymatic hydrolysis method enabled by a tailored enzyme cocktail of novel glycosidases discovered through genome mining, and the generated VPs from VP glycosides can be quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The enzyme cocktails displayed high activities and a broad substrate scope when using commercially available VP glycosides as the substrates for testing. When evaluated in an industrially relevant matrix of Cabernet Sauvignon wine and grapes, this enzymatic cocktail consistently achieved a comparable efficacy of acid hydrolysis. The proposed method offers a simple, safe, and affordable option for smoke taint analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youtian Cui
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- VinZymes,
LLC, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Mary Riley
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Microbiology
Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Marcus V. Moreno
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Mateo M. Cepeda
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ignacio Arias Perez
- Department
of Viticulture & Enology, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yan Wen
- Department
of Viticulture & Enology, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lik Xian Lim
- Department
of Food Science & Technology, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- UC Davis
Coffee Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Eric Andre
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - An Nguyen
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Cody Liu
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Larry Lerno
- Department
of Viticulture & Enology, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Food
Safety and Measurement Facility, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | - Harold Schmitz
- March
Capital US, LLC, Davis, California 95616, United States
- T.O.P.,
LLC, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Graduate School of Management, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ilias Tagkopoulos
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Computer Science, USDA/NSF
AI Institute for Next Generation
Food Systems (AIFS), University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- PIPA, LLC, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | - Anita Oberholster
- Department
of Viticulture & Enology, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Justin B. Siegel
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Microbiology
Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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3
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Waizumi R, Hirayama C, Tomita S, Iizuka T, Kuwazaki S, Jouraku A, Tsubota T, Yokoi K, Yamamoto K, Sezutsu H. A major endogenous glycoside hydrolase mediating quercetin uptake in Bombyx mori. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011118. [PMID: 38232119 PMCID: PMC10824415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a common plant flavonoid which is involved in herbivore-plant interactions. Mulberry silkworms (domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori, and wild silkworm, Bombyx mandarina) take up quercetin from mulberry leaves and accumulate the metabolites in the cocoon, thereby improving its protective properties. Here we identified a glycoside hydrolase, named glycoside hydrolase family 1 group G 5 (GH1G5), which is expressed in the midgut and is involved in quercetin metabolism in the domestic silkworm. Our results suggest that this enzyme mediates quercetin uptake by deglycosylating the three primary quercetin glycosides present in mulberry leaf: rutin, quercetin-3-O-malonylglucoside, and quercetin-3-O-glucoside. Despite being located in an unstable genomic region that has undergone frequent structural changes in the evolution of Lepidoptera, GH1G5 has retained its hydrolytic activity, suggesting quercetin uptake has adaptive significance for mulberry silkworms. GH1G5 is also important in breeding: defective mutations which result in discoloration of the cocoon and increased silk yield are homozygously conserved in 27 of the 32 Japanese white-cocoon domestic silkworm strains and 12 of the 30 Chinese ones we investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusei Waizumi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chikara Hirayama
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Tomita
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Iizuka
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seigo Kuwazaki
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akiya Jouraku
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsubota
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kakeru Yokoi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yamamoto
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Křen V, Bojarová P. Rutinosidase and other diglycosidases: Rising stars in biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108217. [PMID: 37481095 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Diglycosidases are a special class of glycosidases (EC 3.2.1) that catalyze the separation of intact disaccharide moieties from the aglycone part. The main diglycosidase representatives comprise rutinosidases that cleave rutinose (α-l-Rha-(1-6)-β-d-Glc) from rutin or other rutinosides, and (iso)primeverosidases processing (iso)primeverosides (d-Xyl-(1-6)-β-d-Glc), but other activities are known. Notably, some diglycosidases may be ranked as monoglucosidases with enlarged substrate specificity. Diglycosidases are found in various microorganisms and plants. Diglycosidases are used in the food industry for aroma enhancement and flavor modification. Besides their hydrolytic activity, they also possess pronounced synthetic (transglycosylating) capabilities. Recently, they have been demonstrated to glycosylate various substrates in a high yield, including peculiar species like inorganic azide or carboxylic acids, which is a unique feature in biocatalysis. Rhamnose-containing compounds such as rutinose are currently receiving increased attention due to their proven activity in anti-cancer and dermatological experimental studies. This review demonstrates the vast and yet underrated biotechnological potential of diglycosidases from various sources (plant, microbial), and reveals perspectives on the use of these catalysts as well as of their products in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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5
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Kotik M, Kulik N, Valentová K. Flavonoids as Aglycones in Retaining Glycosidase-Catalyzed Reactions: Prospects for Green Chemistry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14890-14910. [PMID: 37800688 PMCID: PMC10591481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids and their glycosides are abundant in many plant-based foods. The (de)glycosylation of flavonoids by retaining glycoside hydrolases has recently attracted much interest in basic and applied research, including the possibility of altering the glycosylation pattern of flavonoids. Research in this area is driven by significant differences in physicochemical, organoleptic, and bioactive properties between flavonoid aglycones and their glycosylated counterparts. While many flavonoid glycosides are present in nature at low levels, some occur in substantial quantities, making them readily available low-cost glycosyl donors for transglycosylations. Retaining glycosidases can be used to synthesize natural and novel glycosides, which serve as standards for bioactivity experiments and analyses, using flavonoid glycosides as glycosyl donors. Engineered glycosidases also prove valuable for the synthesis of flavonoid glycosides using chemically synthesized activated glycosyl donors. This review outlines the bioactivities of flavonoids and their glycosides and highlights the applications of retaining glycosidases in the context of flavonoid glycosides, acting as substrates, products, or glycosyl donors in deglycosylation or transglycosylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kotik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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6
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Haluz P, Kis P, Cvečko M, Mastihubová M, Mastihuba V. Acuminosylation of Tyrosol by a Commercial Diglycosidase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065943. [PMID: 36983015 PMCID: PMC10059904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A commercial glycosidase mixture obtained from Penicillium multicolor (Aromase H2) was found to comprise a specific diglycosidase activity, β-acuminosidase, alongside undetectable levels of β-apiosidase. The enzyme was tested in the transglycosylation of tyrosol using 4-nitrophenyl β-acuminoside as the diglycosyl donor. The reaction was not chemoselective, providing a mixture of Osmanthuside H and its counterpart regioisomer 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenyl β-acuminoside in 58% yield. Aromase H2 is therefore the first commercial β-acuminosidase which is also able to glycosylate phenolic acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Haluz
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Kis
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matej Cvečko
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Mastihubová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Mastihuba
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
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7
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Koseki T, Ishida N, Hirota R, Shiono Y, Makabe K. Mutational analysis of the effects of N-glycosylation sites on the activity and thermal stability of rutinosidase from Aspergillus oryzae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 161:110112. [PMID: 35988320 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Purified recombinant rutinosidase from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Pichia pastoris (rAoRutM) exhibits increase in thermal stability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (endo-H). In this study, the role of N-glycosylation in the activity and thermal stability of rAoRutM was analyzed via site-directed mutagenesis. Based on the crystal structure of AoRutM, five N-glycosylation sites (N32, N128, N176, N288, and N359) were identified in the AoRut protein. Among five single variants constructed for these sites, the N128D, N176D, and N359D variants exhibited similar mobility bands compared to that of the wild-type enzyme based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereas the N32D and N288D variants exhibited slightly and considerably increasing mobility bands, respectively. The N128D and N288D variants showed increasing and decreasing rutinosidase activity, respectively, compared to the case for the wild-type, without and with endo-H treatments. While the N128D and N176D variants had lower Km values, the N288D and N359D variants had higher Km values, compared to the wild-type, without and with endo-H treatments. Surprisingly, the N32D and N176D variants exhibited considerably greater thermal stability than the wild-type, without or with the endo-H treatments, whereas the N128D and N359D variants exhibited drastically decreased thermal stability. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the N128D and N359D variants showed a similar CD profile to that of the wild-type treated with endo-H; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm in the above variants varied from those of the intact wild-type and other variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Koseki
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan.
| | - Naoki Ishida
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Ruka Hirota
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiono
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Koki Makabe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
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Kotik M, Javůrková H, Brodsky K, Pelantová H. Two fungal flavonoid-specific glucosidases/rutinosidases for rutin hydrolysis and rutinoside synthesis under homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction conditions. AMB Express 2021; 11:136. [PMID: 34661772 PMCID: PMC8523606 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosidases within GH5-23 cleave the glycosidic bond of β-glucosylated or rutinosylated flavonoids. Moreover, by virtue of their transglycosylation activity, glycoconjugates with glucosyl and rutinosyl moieties are accessible. Here we report the biochemical characterization and biotechnological assessment of two heterologously expressed members of GH5-23—McGlc from Mucor circinelloides and PcGlc from Penicillium chrysogenum. Both enzymes exhibited the highest hydrolytic activities with quercetin-3-β-O-glucopyranoside, whereas lower specificity constants were determined with the rutinosides narcissin, rutin and hesperidin. High stabilities against thermal, ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide-induced inactivation, a very limited secondary hydrolysis of the formed transglycosylation products, and no detectable product inhibition were additional features appropriate for biotechnological applications. The enzymes were compared in their efficiencies to hydrolyze rutin and to synthesize 2-phenylethyl rutinoside under homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction conditions using high rutin concentrations of 100 and 300 mM. Highest transglycosylation efficiencies were achieved with fully dissolved rutin in reaction mixtures containing 25% dimethyl sulfoxide. Molecular docking and multiple sequence alignments suggest that the hydrophobic environment of aromatic residues within the + 1 subsite of GH5-23 glycosidases is very important for the binding of flavonoid glucosides and rutinosides.
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Established tools and emerging trends for the production of recombinant proteins and metabolites in Pichia pastoris. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:293-307. [PMID: 33956085 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Besides bakers' yeast, the methylotrophic yeast Komagataella phaffii (also known as Pichia pastoris) has been developed into the most popular yeast cell factory for the production of heterologous proteins. Strong promoters, stable genetic constructs and a growing collection of freely available strains, tools and protocols have boosted this development equally as thorough genetic and cell biological characterization. This review provides an overview of state-of-the-art tools and techniques for working with P. pastoris, as well as guidelines for the production of recombinant proteins with a focus on small-scale production for biochemical studies and protein characterization. The growing applications of P. pastoris for in vivo biotransformation and metabolic pathway engineering for the production of bulk and specialty chemicals are highlighted as well.
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Peculiarities and systematics of microbial diglycosidases, and their applications in food technology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2693-2700. [PMID: 33745010 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Diglycosidases are endo-β-glucosidases that hydrolyze the heterosidic linkage of diglycoconjugates, thereby releasing in a single reaction the disaccharide and the aglycone. Plant diglycosidases belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 1 and are associated with defense mechanisms. Microbial diglycosidases exhibit higher diversity-they belong to the families 3, 5, and 55-and play a catabolic role. As diglycoconjugates are widespread in the environments, so are the microbial diglycosidases, which allow their utilization as nutritional source and carbon recycling. In the last 10 years, six microbial diglycosidases have been sequenced, and for two of them, the three-dimensional structure has been elucidated. This knowledge allowed the identification of their diverse phylogenetic origin, and gave insights into the understanding of the substrate specificity. Here, the last advances and the applications of microbial diglycosidases are reviewed. KEY POINTS: • Substrate specificity and phylogenetic relationships of diglycosidases are reviewed. • On-going and potential applications of diglycosidases are discussed.
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11
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Aspergillus oryzae Rutinosidase: Biochemical and Structural Investigation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02438-20. [PMID: 33218993 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02438-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rutinosidase (Rut)-encoding gene Aorut has been expressed in Pichia pastoris with its native signal sequence from Aspergillus oryzae Biochemical and structural investigation of the purified recombinant mature A. oryzae Rut (AoRut), designated rAoRutM, was performed in this study. A 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of rAoRutM was determined, which is an essential step forward in the utilization of AoRut as a potential catalyst. The crystal structure of rAoRutM was represented by a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold with structural similarity to that of rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) and an exo-β-(1,3)-glucanase from Candida albicans The crystal structure revealed that the catalytic site was located in a deep cleft, similarly to AnRut, and that internal cavities and water molecules were also present. Purified rAoRutM hydrolyzed not only 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid rutinosides but also 7-O-linked and 3-O-linked flavonoid glucosides. rAoRutM displayed high catalytic activity toward quercetin 3-O-linked substrates such as rutin and isoquercitrin, rather than to the 7-O-linked substrate, quercetin-7-O-glucoside. Unexpectedly, purified rAoRutM exhibited increased thermostability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purified intact rAoRutM and of the enzyme after N-deglycosylation showed a typical α-helical CD profile; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm differed. The Km and k cat values for the substrates modified by rutinose were higher than those for the substrates modified by β-d-glucose.IMPORTANCE Flavonoid glycosides constitute a class of secondary metabolites widely distributed in nature. These compounds are involved in bitter taste or clouding in plant-based foods or beverages, respectively. Flavonoid glycoside degradation can proceed through two alternative enzymatic pathways: one that is mediated by monoglycosidases and another that is catalyzed by a diglycosidase. The present report on the biochemical and structural investigation of A. oryzae rutinosidase provides a potential biocatalyst for industrial applications of flavonoids.
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12
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Kotik M, Brodsky K, Halada P, Javůrková H, Pelantová H, Konvalinková D, Bojarová P, Křen V. Access to both anomers of rutinosyl azide using wild-type rutinosidase and its catalytic nucleophile mutant. CATAL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2020.106193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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13
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Dual Substrate Specificity of the Rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger and the Role of Its Substrate Tunnel. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165671. [PMID: 32784723 PMCID: PMC7460883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rutinosidases (α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-6)-β-d-glucopyranosidases, EC 3.2.1.168, CAZy GH5) are diglycosidases that cleave the glycosidic bond between the disaccharide rutinose and the respective aglycone. Similar to many retaining glycosidases, rutinosidases can also transfer the rutinosyl moiety onto acceptors with a free -OH group (so-called transglycosylation). The recombinant rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger (AnRut) is selectively produced in Pichia pastoris. It can catalyze transglycosylation reactions as an unpurified preparation directly from cultivation. This enzyme exhibits catalytic activity towards two substrates; in addition to rutinosidase activity, it also exhibits β-d-glucopyranosidase activity. As a result, new compounds are formed by β-glucosylation or rutinosylation of acceptors such as alcohols or strong inorganic nucleophiles (NaN3). Transglycosylation products with aliphatic aglycones are resistant towards cleavage by rutinosidase, therefore, their side hydrolysis does not occur, allowing higher transglycosylation yields. Fourteen compounds were synthesized by glucosylation or rutinosylation of selected acceptors. The products were isolated and structurally characterized. Interactions between the transglycosylation products and the recombinant AnRut were analyzed by molecular modeling. We revealed the role of a substrate tunnel in the structure of AnRut, which explained the unusual catalytic properties of this glycosidase and its specific transglycosylation potential. AnRut is attractive for biosynthetic applications, especially for the use of inexpensive substrates (rutin and isoquercitrin).
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