1
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Martin CG, Bent JS, Hill T, Topalidou I, Singhvi A. Epithelial UNC-23 limits mechanical stress to maintain glia-neuron architecture in C. elegans. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1668-1688.e7. [PMID: 38670103 PMCID: PMC11233253 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
For an organ to maintain correct architecture and function, its diverse cellular components must coordinate their size and shape. Although cell-intrinsic mechanisms driving homotypic cell-cell coordination are known, it is unclear how cell shape is regulated across heterotypic cells. We find that epithelial cells maintain the shape of neighboring sense-organ glia-neuron units in adult Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Hsp co-chaperone UNC-23/BAG2 prevents epithelial cell shape from deforming, and its loss causes head epithelia to stretch aberrantly during animal movement. In the sense-organ glia, amphid sheath (AMsh), this causes progressive fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-dependent disruption of the glial apical cytoskeleton. Resultant glial cell shape alteration causes concomitant shape change in glia-associated neuron endings. Epithelial UNC-23 maintenance of glia-neuron shape is specific both spatially, within a defined anatomical zone, and temporally, in a developmentally critical period. As all molecular components uncovered are broadly conserved across central and peripheral nervous systems, we posit that epithelia may similarly regulate glia-neuron architecture cross-species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia G Martin
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James S Bent
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tyler Hill
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Irini Topalidou
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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2
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Ray S, Gurung P, Manning RS, Kravchuk AA, Singhvi A. Neuron cilia restrain glial KCC-3 to a microdomain to regulate multisensory processing. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113844. [PMID: 38421867 PMCID: PMC11296322 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glia interact with multiple neurons, but it is unclear whether their interactions with each neuron are different. Our interrogation at single-cell resolution reveals that a single glial cell exhibits specificity in its interactions with different contacting neurons. Briefly, C. elegans amphid sheath (AMsh) glia apical-like domains contact 12 neuron-endings. At these ad-neuronal membranes, AMsh glia localize the K/Cl transporter KCC-3 to a microdomain exclusively around the thermosensory AFD neuron to regulate its properties. Glial KCC-3 is transported to ad-neuronal regions, where distal cilia of non-AFD glia-associated chemosensory neurons constrain it to a microdomain at AFD-contacting glial membranes. Aberrant KCC-3 localization impacts both thermosensory (AFD) and chemosensory (non-AFD) neuron properties. Thus, neurons can interact non-synaptically through a shared glial cell by regulating microdomain localization of its cues. As AMsh and glia across species compartmentalize multiple cues like KCC-3, we posit that this may be a broadly conserved glial mechanism that modulates information processing across multimodal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ray
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Pralaksha Gurung
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - R Sean Manning
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alexandra A Kravchuk
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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3
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Huang TT, Mori I. Analyses of Neural Circuits Governing Behavioral Plasticity in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2794:321-330. [PMID: 38630241 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3810-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Behavioral plasticity is subjected to various sensory stimuli, experiences, and physiological states, representing the temporal and spatial patterns of neural circuit dynamics. Elucidation of how genes and neural circuits in our brain actuate behavioral plasticity requires functional imaging during behavioral assays to manifest temporal and spatial neural regulation in behaviors. The exploration of the nervous systems of Caenorhabditis elegans has catalyzed substantial scientific advancements in elucidating the mechanistic link between circuit dynamics and behavioral plasticity. The analyses of the nervous system of C. elegans have technologically flourished owing to the development of optogenetic instruments and fluorescent protein-based imaging compatible with its optically transparent body and the understanding of its completely revealed neural connectome and gene expression profiles at single-neuron resolution (The C. elegans Neuronal Gene Expression Map & Network, CeNGEN project). Using examples of the two temperature learning behaviors in C. elegans, this chapter delves into a selection of pivotal imaging tools, including genetically encoded calcium indicators, biosensors for second messenger imaging, and their usage in freely moving worms that have propelled our grasp of sensory representation in C. elegans neural circuits. To further connect the circuit dynamics to behavioral plasticity, this chapter will focus on technological advancements enabling simultaneous imaging and tracking system together with methodologies to quantify multiple behavioral elements of freely behaving C. elegans in a dynamic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ting Huang
- Neuroscience Institute, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ikue Mori
- Neuroscience Institute, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing (CIBR), Zhongguancun Life Science Park Changping District, Beijing, China.
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4
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Ray S, Gurung P, Manning RS, Kravchuk A, Singhvi A. Neuron cilia constrain glial regulators to microdomains around distal neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.18.533255. [PMID: 36993507 PMCID: PMC10055228 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.18.533255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Each glia interacts with multiple neurons, but the fundamental logic of whether it interacts with all equally remains unclear. We find that a single sense-organ glia modulates different contacting neurons distinctly. To do so, it partitions regulatory cues into molecular microdomains at specific neuron contact-sites, at its delimited apical membrane. For one glial cue, K/Cl transporter KCC-3, microdomain-localization occurs through a two-step, neuron-dependent process. First, KCC-3 shuttles to glial apical membranes. Second, some contacting neuron cilia repel it, rendering it microdomain-localized around one distal neuron-ending. KCC-3 localization tracks animal aging, and while apical localization is sufficient for contacting neuron function, microdomain-restriction is required for distal neuron properties. Finally, we find the glia regulates its microdomains largely independently. Together, this uncovers that glia modulate cross-modal sensor processing by compartmentalizing regulatory cues into microdomains. Glia across species contact multiple neurons and localize disease-relevant cues like KCC-3. Thus, analogous compartmentalization may broadly drive how glia regulate information processing across neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ray
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Pralaksha Gurung
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - R. Sean Manning
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Alexandra Kravchuk
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- University of Washington School of Medicine, WA 98195
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, WA 98195
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5
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Aoki I, Jurado P, Nawa K, Kondo R, Yamashiro R, Matsuyama HJ, Ferrer I, Nakano S, Mori I. OLA-1, an Obg-like ATPase, integrates hunger with temperature information in sensory neurons in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010219. [PMID: 35675262 PMCID: PMC9176836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals detect changes in both their environment and their internal state and modify their behavior accordingly. Yet, it remains largely to be clarified how information of environment and internal state is integrated and how such integrated information modifies behavior. Well-fed C. elegans migrates to past cultivation temperature on a thermal gradient, which is disrupted when animals are starved. We recently reported that the neuronal activities synchronize between a thermosensory neuron AFD and an interneuron AIY, which is directly downstream of AFD, in well-fed animals, while this synchrony is disrupted in starved animals. However, it remained to be determined whether the disruption of the synchrony is derived from modulation of the transmitter release from AFD or from the modification of reception or signal transduction in AIY. By performing forward genetics on a transition of thermotaxis behavior along starvation, we revealed that OLA-1, an Obg-like ATPase, functions in AFD to promote disruption of AFD-AIY synchrony and behavioral transition. Our results suggest that the information of hunger is delivered to the AFD thermosensory neuron and gates transmitter release from AFD to disrupt thermotaxis, thereby shedding light onto a mechanism for the integration of environmental and internal state to modulate behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Aoki
- Group of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Paola Jurado
- Group of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Cancer Area, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kanji Nawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rumi Kondo
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Riku Yamashiro
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hironori J. Matsuyama
- Group of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Neuroscience Area, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shunji Nakano
- Group of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ikue Mori
- Group of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
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6
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Raiders S, Klein M, Singhvi A. Multiplexing Thermotaxis Behavior Measurement in Caenorhabditis elegans. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4370. [PMID: 35530512 PMCID: PMC9018438 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermotaxis behaviors in C. elegans exhibit experience-dependent plasticity of thermal preference memory. This behavior can be assayed either at population level, on linear temperature gradients, or at the individual animal level, by radial isothermal or microfluidic tracking of orientation. These behaviors are low-throughput as well as variable, due to the inherent sensitivity to environmental perturbations. To facilitate reproducible studies, we describe an updated apparatus design that enables simultaneous runs of three thermal preference assays, instead of single-run assays described previously. By enabling parallel runs of control and experimental conditions, this set-up enables more throughput and rigorous assessment of behavioral variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Raiders
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, USA
| | - Mason Klein
- Department of Physics and Department of Biology, University of Miami, USA
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, USA
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, USA
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7
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Glauser DA. Temperature sensing and context-dependent thermal behavior in nematodes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 73:102525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Raiders S, Han T, Scott-Hewitt N, Kucenas S, Lew D, Logan MA, Singhvi A. Engulfed by Glia: Glial Pruning in Development, Function, and Injury across Species. J Neurosci 2021; 41:823-833. [PMID: 33468571 PMCID: PMC7880271 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1660-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic activity of glial cells is essential for proper nervous system sculpting, maintenance of circuitry, and long-term brain health. Glial engulfment of apoptotic cells and superfluous connections ensures that neuronal connections are appropriately refined, while clearance of damaged projections and neurotoxic proteins in the mature brain protects against inflammatory insults. Comparative work across species and cell types in recent years highlights the striking conservation of pathways that govern glial engulfment. Many signaling cascades used during developmental pruning are re-employed in the mature brain to "fine tune" synaptic architecture and even clear neuronal debris following traumatic events. Moreover, the neuron-glia signaling events required to trigger and perform phagocytic responses are impressively conserved between invertebrates and vertebrates. This review offers a compare-and-contrast portrayal of recent findings that underscore the value of investigating glial engulfment mechanisms in a wide range of species and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Raiders
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Taeho Han
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Nicole Scott-Hewitt
- F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Deborah Lew
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
| | - Mary A Logan
- Jungers Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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9
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Park C, Sakurai Y, Sato H, Kanda S, Iino Y, Kunitomo H. Roles of the ClC chloride channel CLH-1 in food-associated salt chemotaxis behavior of C. elegans. eLife 2021; 10:e55701. [PMID: 33492228 PMCID: PMC7834019 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of animals to process dynamic sensory information facilitates foraging in an ever-changing environment. However, molecular and neural mechanisms underlying such ability remain elusive. The ClC anion channels/transporters play a pivotal role in cellular ion homeostasis across all phyla. Here, we find a ClC chloride channel is involved in salt concentration chemotaxis of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetic screening identified two altered-function mutations of clh-1 that disrupt experience-dependent salt chemotaxis. Using genetically encoded fluorescent sensors, we demonstrate that CLH-1 contributes to regulation of intracellular anion and calcium dynamics of salt-sensing neuron, ASER. The mutant CLH-1 reduced responsiveness of ASER to salt stimuli in terms of both temporal resolution and intensity, which disrupted navigation strategies for approaching preferred salt concentrations. Furthermore, other ClC genes appeared to act redundantly in salt chemotaxis. These findings provide insights into the regulatory mechanism of neuronal responsivity by ClCs that contribute to modulation of navigation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhyun Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yuki Sakurai
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Shinji Kanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of TokyoChibaJapan
| | - Yuichi Iino
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hirofumi Kunitomo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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10
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Lago-Baldaia I, Fernandes VM, Ackerman SD. More Than Mortar: Glia as Architects of Nervous System Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:611269. [PMID: 33381506 PMCID: PMC7767919 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are an essential component of the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, glia are as numerous as neurons, yet the importance of glia to nearly every aspect of nervous system development has only been expounded over the last several decades. Glia are now known to regulate neural specification, synaptogenesis, synapse function, and even broad circuit function. Given their ubiquity, it is not surprising that the contribution of glia to neuronal disease pathogenesis is a growing area of research. In this review, we will summarize the accumulated evidence of glial participation in several distinct phases of nervous system development and organization-neural specification, circuit wiring, and circuit function. Finally, we will highlight how these early developmental roles of glia contribute to nervous system dysfunction in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Lago-Baldaia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vilaiwan M. Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah D. Ackerman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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11
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Duan D, Zhang H, Yue X, Fan Y, Xue Y, Shao J, Ding G, Chen D, Li S, Cheng H, Zhang X, Zou W, Liu J, Zhao J, Wang L, Zhao B, Wang Z, Xu S, Wen Q, Liu J, Duan S, Kang L. Sensory Glia Detect Repulsive Odorants and Drive Olfactory Adaptation. Neuron 2020; 108:707-721.e8. [PMID: 32970991 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glia are typically considered as supporting cells for neural development and synaptic transmission. Here, we report an active role of a glia in olfactory transduction. As a polymodal sensory neuron in C. elegans, the ASH neuron is previously known to detect multiple aversive odorants. We reveal that the AMsh glia, a sheath for multiple sensory neurons including ASH, cell-autonomously respond to aversive odorants via G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) distinct from those in ASH. Upon activation, the AMsh glia suppress aversive odorant-triggered avoidance and promote olfactory adaptation by inhibiting the ASH neuron via GABA signaling. Thus, we propose a novel two-receptor model where the glia and sensory neuron jointly mediate adaptive olfaction. Our study reveals a non-canonical function of glial cells in olfactory transduction, which may provide new insights into the glia-like supporting cells in mammalian sensory procession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Duan
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China; Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Xiaomin Yue
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Yuedan Fan
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Yadan Xue
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Jiajie Shao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Gang Ding
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Du Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Shitian Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Hankui Cheng
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Wenjuan Zou
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Linmei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Bingzhen Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Suhong Xu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Quan Wen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Shumin Duan
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China; Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China.
| | - Lijun Kang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
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12
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Fung W, Wexler L, Heiman MG. Cell-type-specific promoters for C. elegans glia. J Neurogenet 2020; 34:335-346. [PMID: 32696701 PMCID: PMC7855602 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1781851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glia shape the development and function of the C. elegans nervous system, especially its sense organs and central neuropil (nerve ring). Cell-type-specific promoters allow investigators to label or manipulate individual glial cell types, and therefore provide a key tool for deciphering glial function. In this technical resource, we compare the specificity, brightness, and consistency of cell-type-specific promoters for C. elegans glia. We identify a set of promoters for the study of seven glial cell types (F16F9.3, amphid and phasmid sheath glia; F11C7.2, amphid sheath glia only; grl-2, amphid and phasmid socket glia; hlh-17, cephalic (CEP) sheath glia; and grl-18, inner labial (IL) socket glia) as well as a pan-glial promoter (mir-228). We compare these promoters to promoters that are expressed more variably in combinations of glial cell types (delm-1 and itx-1). We note that the expression of some promoters depends on external conditions or the internal state of the organism, such as developmental stage, suggesting glial plasticity. Finally, we demonstrate an approach for prospectively identifying cell-type-specific glial promoters using existing single-cell sequencing data, and we use this approach to identify two novel promoters specific to IL socket glia (col-53 and col-177).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fung
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115
| | - Leigh Wexler
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115
| | - Maxwell G. Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115
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13
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Zimanyi CM, Guo M, Mahmood A, Hendrickson WA, Hirsh D, Cheung J. Structure of the Regulatory Cytosolic Domain of a Eukaryotic Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter. Structure 2020; 28:1051-1060.e4. [PMID: 32679039 PMCID: PMC8408865 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) regulate the movement of chloride across membranes, controlling physiological processes from cell volume maintenance to neuronal signaling. Human CCCs are clinical targets for existing diuretics and potentially additional indications. Here, we report the X-ray crystal structure of the soluble C-terminal regulatory domain of a eukaryotic potassium-chloride cotransporter, Caenorhabditis elegans KCC-1. We observe a core α/β fold conserved among CCCs. Using structure-based sequence alignment, we analyze similarities and differences to the C-terminal domains of other CCC family members. We find that important regulatory motifs are in less-structured regions and residues important for dimerization are not widely conserved, suggesting that oligomerization and its effects may vary within the larger family. This snapshot of a eukaryotic KCC is a valuable starting point for the rational design of studies of cellular chloride regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Zimanyi
- New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Mo Guo
- New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Arshad Mahmood
- New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Wayne A Hendrickson
- New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David Hirsh
- New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jonah Cheung
- New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
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14
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Takeishi A, Takagaki N, Kuhara A. Temperature signaling underlying thermotaxis and cold tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurogenet 2020; 34:351-362. [DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1734001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Takeishi
- Neural Circuit of Multisensory Integration RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN Center for Brain Science (CBS), Wako, Japan
| | - Natsune Takagaki
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuhara
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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How Caenorhabditis elegans Senses Mechanical Stress, Temperature, and Other Physical Stimuli. Genetics 2019; 212:25-51. [PMID: 31053616 PMCID: PMC6499529 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans lives in a complex habitat in which they routinely experience large fluctuations in temperature, and encounter physical obstacles that vary in size and composition. Their habitat is shared by other nematodes, by beneficial and harmful bacteria, and nematode-trapping fungi. Not surprisingly, these nematodes can detect and discriminate among diverse environmental cues, and exhibit sensory-evoked behaviors that are readily quantifiable in the laboratory at high resolution. Their ability to perform these behaviors depends on <100 sensory neurons, and this compact sensory nervous system together with powerful molecular genetic tools has allowed individual neuron types to be linked to specific sensory responses. Here, we describe the sensory neurons and molecules that enable C. elegans to sense and respond to physical stimuli. We focus primarily on the pathways that allow sensation of mechanical and thermal stimuli, and briefly consider this animal’s ability to sense magnetic and electrical fields, light, and relative humidity. As the study of sensory transduction is critically dependent upon the techniques for stimulus delivery, we also include a section on appropriate laboratory methods for such studies. This chapter summarizes current knowledge about the sensitivity and response dynamics of individual classes of C. elegans mechano- and thermosensory neurons from in vivo calcium imaging and whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology studies. We also describe the roles of conserved molecules and signaling pathways in mediating the remarkably sensitive responses of these nematodes to mechanical and thermal cues. These studies have shown that the protein partners that form mechanotransduction channels are drawn from multiple superfamilies of ion channel proteins, and that signal transduction pathways responsible for temperature sensing in C. elegans share many features with those responsible for phototransduction in vertebrates.
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16
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Abstract
Glia are abundant components of animal nervous systems. Recognized 170 years ago, concerted attempts to understand these cells began only recently. From these investigations glia, once considered passive filler material in the brain, have emerged as active players in neuron development and activity. Glia are essential for nervous system function, and their disruption leads to disease. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans possesses glial types similar to vertebrate glia, based on molecular, morphological, and functional criteria, and has become a powerful model in which to study glia and their neuronal interactions. Facile genetic and transgenic methods in this animal allow the discovery of genes required for glial functions, and effects of glia at single synapses can be monitored by tracking neuron shape, physiology, or animal behavior. Here, we review recent progress in understanding glia-neuron interactions in C. elegans. We highlight similarities with glia in other animals, and suggest conserved emerging principles of glial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
| | - Shai Shaham
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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17
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Aoki I, Tateyama M, Shimomura T, Ihara K, Kubo Y, Nakano S, Mori I. SLO potassium channels antagonize premature decision making in C. elegans. Commun Biol 2018; 1:123. [PMID: 30272003 PMCID: PMC6123717 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals must modify their behavior with appropriate timing to respond to environmental changes. Yet, the molecular and neural mechanisms regulating the timing of behavioral transition remain largely unknown. By performing forward genetics to reveal mechanisms that underlie the plasticity of thermotaxis behavior in C. elegans, we demonstrated that SLO potassium channels and a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, CNG-3, determine the timing of transition of temperature preference after a shift in cultivation temperature. We further revealed that SLO and CNG-3 channels act in thermosensory neurons and decelerate alteration in the responsiveness of these neurons, which occurs prior to the preference transition after a temperature shift. Our results suggest that regulation of sensory adaptation is a major determinant of latency before animals make decisions to change their behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Aoki
- Neuroscience Institute of the Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Group of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Science, Nnagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Michihiro Tateyama
- Division of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takushi Shimomura
- Division of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kunio Ihara
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kubo
- Division of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shunji Nakano
- Neuroscience Institute of the Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Group of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Science, Nnagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Ikue Mori
- Neuroscience Institute of the Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
- Group of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Science, Nnagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
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18
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Cao J, Packer JS, Ramani V, Cusanovich DA, Huynh C, Daza R, Qiu X, Lee C, Furlan SN, Steemers FJ, Adey A, Waterston RH, Trapnell C, Shendure J. Comprehensive single-cell transcriptional profiling of a multicellular organism. Science 2017; 357:661-667. [PMID: 28818938 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 822] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To resolve cellular heterogeneity, we developed a combinatorial indexing strategy to profile the transcriptomes of single cells or nuclei, termed sci-RNA-seq (single-cell combinatorial indexing RNA sequencing). We applied sci-RNA-seq to profile nearly 50,000 cells from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans at the L2 larval stage, which provided >50-fold "shotgun" cellular coverage of its somatic cell composition. From these data, we defined consensus expression profiles for 27 cell types and recovered rare neuronal cell types corresponding to as few as one or two cells in the L2 worm. We integrated these profiles with whole-animal chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data to deconvolve the cell type-specific effects of transcription factors. The data generated by sci-RNA-seq constitute a powerful resource for nematode biology and foreshadow similar atlases for other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyue Cao
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan S Packer
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vijay Ramani
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Chau Huynh
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Riza Daza
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaojie Qiu
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Choli Lee
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott N Furlan
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Andrew Adey
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert H Waterston
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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19
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The extraordinary AFD thermosensor of C. elegans. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:839-849. [PMID: 29218454 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nematode C. elegans exhibits complex thermal experience-dependent navigation behaviors in response to environmental temperature changes of as little as 0.01°C over a > 10°C temperature range. The remarkable thermosensory abilities of this animal are mediated primarily via the single pair of AFD sensory neurons in its head. In this review, we describe the contributions of AFD to thermosensory behaviors and temperature-dependent regulation of organismal physiology. We also discuss the mechanisms that enable this neuron type to adapt to recent temperature experience and to exhibit extraordinary thermosensitivity over a wide dynamic range.
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20
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Cao J, Packer JS, Ramani V, Cusanovich DA, Huynh C, Daza R, Qiu X, Lee C, Furlan SN, Steemers FJ, Adey A, Waterston RH, Trapnell C, Shendure J. Comprehensive single-cell transcriptional profiling of a multicellular organism. Science 2017. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8940 order by 10746--] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyue Cao
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Packer
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vijay Ramani
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Chau Huynh
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Riza Daza
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaojie Qiu
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Choli Lee
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott N. Furlan
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Andrew Adey
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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21
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Glauser DA, Goodman MB. Molecules empowering animals to sense and respond to temperature in changing environments. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 41:92-98. [PMID: 27657982 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adapting behavior to thermal cues is essential for animal growth and survival. Indeed, each and every biological and biochemical process is profoundly affected by temperature and its extremes can cause irreversible damage. Hence, animals have developed thermotransduction mechanisms to detect and encode thermal information in the nervous system and acclimation mechanisms to finely tune their response over different timescales. While temperature-gated TRP channels are the best described class of temperature sensors, recent studies highlight many new candidates, including ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Here, we review recent findings in vertebrate and invertebrate models, which highlight and substantiate the role of new candidate molecular thermometers and reveal intracellular signaling mechanisms implicated in thermal acclimation at the behavioral and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam B Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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22
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Receptor-type Guanylyl Cyclases Confer Thermosensory Responses in C. elegans. Neuron 2016; 90:235-44. [PMID: 27041501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Thermosensation is critical for optimal regulation of physiology and behavior. C. elegans acclimates to its cultivation temperature (Tc) and exhibits thermosensitive behaviors at temperatures relative to Tc. These behaviors are mediated primarily by the AFD sensory neurons, which are extraordinarily thermosensitive and respond to thermal fluctuations at temperatures above a Tc-determined threshold. Although cGMP signaling is necessary for thermotransduction, the thermosensors in AFD are unknown. We show that AFD-specific receptor guanylyl cyclases (rGCs) are instructive for thermosensation. In addition to being necessary for thermotransduction, ectopic expression of these rGCs confers highly temperature-dependent responses onto diverse cell types. We find that the temperature response threshold is determined by the rGC and cellular context, and that multiple domains contribute to their thermosensory properties. Identification of thermosensory rGCs in C. elegans provides insight into mechanisms of thermosensation and thermal acclimation and suggests that rGCs may represent a new family of molecular thermosensors.
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23
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Maruyama IN. Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases in Sensory Processing. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:173. [PMID: 28123378 PMCID: PMC5225109 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrate models have generated many new insights into transmembrane signaling by cell-surface receptors. This review focuses on receptor guanylyl cyclases (rGCs) and describes recent advances in understanding their roles in sensory processing in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. A complete analysis of the C. elegans genome elucidated 27 rGCs, an unusually large number compared with mammalian genomes, which encode 7 rGCs. Most C. elegans rGCs are expressed in sensory neurons and play roles in sensory processing, including gustation, thermosensation, olfaction, and phototransduction, among others. Recent studies have found that by producing a second messenger, guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, some rGCs act as direct sensor molecules for ions and temperatures, while others relay signals from G protein-coupled receptors. Interestingly, genetic and biochemical analyses of rGCs provide the first example of an obligate heterodimeric rGC. Based on recent structural studies of rGCs in mammals and other organisms, molecular mechanisms underlying activation of rGCs are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro N. Maruyama
- Information Processing Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ichiro N. Maruyama,
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