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Playing to the crowd: Using Drosophila to dissect mechanisms underlying plastic male strategies in sperm competition games. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.asb.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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2
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Petrović M, Meštrović A, Andretić Waldowski R, Filošević Vujnović A. A network-based analysis detects cocaine-induced changes in social interactions in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0275795. [PMID: 36952449 PMCID: PMC10035901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction is a multifactorial biological and behavioral disorder that is studied using animal models, based on simple behavioral responses in isolated individuals. A couple of decades ago it was shown that Drosophila melanogaster can serve as a model organism for behaviors related to alcohol, nicotine and cocaine (COC) addiction. Scoring of COC-induced behaviors in a large group of flies has been technologically challenging, so we have applied a local, middle and global level of network-based analyses to study social interaction networks (SINs) among a group of 30 untreated males compared to those that have been orally administered with 0.50 mg/mL of COC for 24 hours. In this study, we have confirmed the previously described increase in locomotion upon COC feeding. We have isolated new network-based measures associated with COC, and influenced by group on the individual behavior. COC fed flies showed a longer duration of interactions on the local level, and formed larger, more densely populated and compact, communities at the middle level. Untreated flies have a higher number of interactions with other flies in a group at the local level, and at the middle level, these interactions led to the formation of separated communities. Although the network density at the global level is higher in COC fed flies, at the middle level the modularity is higher in untreated flies. One COC specific behavior that we have isolated was an increase in the proportion of individuals that do not interact with the rest of the group, considered as the individual difference in COC induced behavior and/or consequence of group influence on individual behavior. Our approach can be expanded on different classes of drugs with the same acute response as COC to determine drug specific network-based measures and could serve as a tool to determinate genetic and environmental factors that influence both drug addiction and social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Petrović
- Department of Informatics, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ana Meštrović
- Department of Informatics, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Rozi Andretić Waldowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory for behavioral genetics, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ana Filošević Vujnović
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory for behavioral genetics, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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York RA, Brezovec LE, Coughlan J, Herbst S, Krieger A, Lee SY, Pratt B, Smart AD, Song E, Suvorov A, Matute DR, Tuthill JC, Clandinin TR. The evolutionary trajectory of drosophilid walking. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3005-3015.e6. [PMID: 35671756 PMCID: PMC9329251 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuits must both execute the behavioral repertoire of individuals and account for behavioral variation across species. Understanding how this variation emerges over evolutionary time requires large-scale phylogenetic comparisons of behavioral repertoires. Here, we describe the evolution of walking in fruit flies by capturing high-resolution, unconstrained movement from 13 species and 15 strains of drosophilids. We find that walking can be captured in a universal behavior space, the structure of which is evolutionarily conserved. However, the occurrence of and transitions between specific movements have evolved rapidly, resulting in repeated convergent evolution in the temporal structure of locomotion. Moreover, a meta-analysis demonstrates that many behaviors evolve more rapidly than other traits. Thus, the architecture and physiology of locomotor circuits can execute precise individual movements in one species and simultaneously support rapid evolutionary changes in the temporal ordering of these modular elements across clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A York
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Luke E Brezovec
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jenn Coughlan
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Steven Herbst
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Avery Krieger
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Su-Yee Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brandon Pratt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ashley D Smart
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eugene Song
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anton Suvorov
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Daniel R Matute
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John C Tuthill
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas R Clandinin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Ferreira CH, Heinemans M, Farias M, Gonçalves R, Moita MA. Social Cues of Safety Can Override Differences in Threat Level. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.885795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals in groups integrate social with directly gathered information about the environment to guide decisions regarding reproduction, foraging, and defence against predatory threats. In the context of predation, usage of social information has acute fitness benefits, aiding the detection of predators, the mounting of concerted defensive responses, or allowing the inference of safety, permitting other beneficial behaviors, such as foraging for food. We previously showed that Drosophila melanogaster exposed to an inescapable visual threat use freezing by surrounding flies as a cue of danger and movement resumption as a cue of safety. Moreover, group responses were primarily guided by the safety cues, resulting in a net social buffering effect, i.e., a graded decrease in freezing behavior with increasing group sizes, similar to other animals. Whether and how different threat levels affect the use of social cues to guide defense responses remains elusive. Here, we investigated this issue by exposing flies individually and in groups to two threat imminences using looms of different speeds. We showed that freezing responses are stronger to the faster looms regardless of social condition. However, social buffering was stronger for groups exposed to the fast looms, such that the increase in freezing caused by the higher threat was less prominent in flies tested in groups than those tested individually. Through artificial control of movement, we created groups composed of moving and freezing flies and by varying group composition, we titrated the motion cues that surrounding flies produce, which were held constant across threat levels. We found that the same level of safety motion cues had a bigger weight on the flies’ decisions when these were exposed to the higher threat, thus overriding differences in perceived threat levels. These findings shed light on the “safety in numbers” effect, revealing the modulation of the saliency of social safety cues across threat intensities, a possible mechanism to regulate costly defensive responses.
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Scott AM, Yan JL, Baxter CM, Dworkin I, Dukas R. The genetic basis of variation in sexual aggression: evolution versus social plasticity. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2865-2881. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.16437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Scott
- Animal Behaviour Group Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Janice L. Yan
- Animal Behaviour Group Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Carling M. Baxter
- Animal Behaviour Group Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Ian Dworkin
- Department of Biology McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Reuven Dukas
- Animal Behaviour Group Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4K1 Canada
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Jezovit JA, Rooke R, Schneider J, Levine JD. Behavioral and environmental contributions to drosophilid social networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:11573-11583. [PMID: 32404421 PMCID: PMC7261129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920642117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals interact with each other in species-specific reproducible patterns. These patterns of organization are captured by social network analysis, and social interaction networks (SINs) have been described for a wide variety of species including fish, insects, birds, and mammals. The aim of this study is to understand the evolution of social organization in Drosophila Using a comparative ecological, phylogenetic, and behavioral approach, the different properties of SINs formed by 20 drosophilids were compared. We investigate whether drosophilid network structures arise from common ancestry, a response to the species' past climate, other social behaviors, or a combination of these factors. This study shows that differences in past climate predicted the species' current SIN properties. The drosophilid phylogeny offered no value to predicting species' differences in SINs through phylogenetic signal tests. This suggests that group-level social behaviors in drosophilid species are shaped by divergent climates. However, we find that the social distance at which flies interact correlated with the drosophilid phylogeny, indicating that behavioral elements of SINs have remained largely unchanged in their evolutionary history. We find a significant correlation of leg length to social distance, outlining the interdependence of anatomy and complex social structures. Although SINs display a complex evolutionary relationship across drosophilids, this study suggests that the ecology, and not common ancestry, contributes to diversity in social structure in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Jezovit
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Rebecca Rooke
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Jonathan Schneider
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Joel D Levine
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
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Brenman-Suttner DB, Yost RT, Frame AK, Robinson JW, Moehring AJ, Simon AF. Social behavior and aging: A fly model. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 19:e12598. [PMID: 31286644 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The field of behavioral genetics has recently begun to explore the effect of age on social behaviors. Such studies are particularly important, as certain neuropsychiatric disorders with abnormal social interactions, like autism and schizophrenia, have been linked to older parents. Appropriate social interaction can also have a positive impact on longevity, and is associated with successful aging in humans. Currently, there are few genetic models for understanding the effect of aging on social behavior and its potential transgenerational inheritance. The fly is emerging as a powerful model for identifying the basic molecular mechanisms underlying neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss these recent advancements, with a focus on how studies in Drosophila melanogaster have provided insight into the effect of aging on aspects of social behavior, including across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dova B Brenman-Suttner
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryley T Yost
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel K Frame
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Wesley Robinson
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda J Moehring
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne F Simon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Holmes A. The neuroscience and genomics of social behavior. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 18:e12551. [PMID: 30666807 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Antennal grooming facilitates courtship performance in a group-living insect, the German cockroach Blattella germanica. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2942. [PMID: 30814635 PMCID: PMC6393502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The antennae of adult male German cockroaches detect a contact sex pheromone embedded in the female’s cuticular lipids. The female pheromone stimulates courtship behavior in males, notably a wing-raising (WR) display. Within aggregations, however, cuticular lipids are disseminated by contact among group members, including nymphs and adults of both sexes, and “contamination” of cockroaches with the cuticular lipids of another stage or sex may interfere with sex discrimination and disrupt courtship. We used behavioral observations, bioassays and chemical analysis to determine how males maintain their sensitivity to sex pheromone in aggregations. Males contaminated with female pheromone displayed lower courtship, because residual female pheromone on their antennae adapted their peripheral sensilla and habituated the central nervous system. Female pheromone that contaminated the male’s antennae also elicited courtship from other non-contaminated males, disrupting their sex discrimination in the group. However, antennal grooming effectively removed female pheromone from males’ antennae and maintained their chemosensory acuity and sexual discrimination among group members. Thus, grooming of the antennae and other sensory appendages is an important strategy to enhance sensory acuity, especially in group-living insects like the German cockroach.
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Shultzaberger RK, Johnson SJ, Wagner J, Ha K, Markow TA, Greenspan RJ. Conservation of the behavioral and transcriptional response to social experience among Drosophilids. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12487. [PMID: 29797548 PMCID: PMC7379240 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
While social experience has been shown to significantly alter behaviors in a wide range of species, comparative studies that uniformly measure the impact of a single experience across multiple species have been lacking, limiting our understanding of how plastic traits evolve. To address this, we quantified variations in social feeding behaviors across 10 species of Drosophilids, tested the effect of altering rearing context on these behaviors (reared in groups or in isolation) and correlated observed behavioral shifts to accompanying transcriptional changes in the heads of these flies. We observed significant variability in the extent of aggressiveness, the utilization of social cues during food search, and social space preferences across species. The sensitivity of these behaviors to rearing experience also varied: socially naive flies were more aggressive than their socialized conspecifics in some species, and more reserved or identical in others. Despite these differences, the mechanism of socialization appeared to be conserved within the melanogaster subgroup as species could cross‐socialize each other, and the transcriptional response to social exposure was significantly conserved. The expression levels of chemosensory‐perception genes often varied between species and rearing conditions, supporting a growing body of evidence that behavioral evolution is driven by the differential regulation of this class of genes. The clear differences in behavioral responses to socialization observed in Drosophilids make this an ideal system for continued studies on the genetic basis and evolution of socialization and behavioral plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Shultzaberger
- Kavli Institute of Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - S J Johnson
- Kavli Institute of Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - J Wagner
- Kavli Institute of Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - K Ha
- Kavli Institute of Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - T A Markow
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genomica de la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - R J Greenspan
- Kavli Institute of Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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