1
|
Brickman S, Darby H, Ruhl L, Adair EC. Nitrous oxide emissions are driven by environmental conditions rather than nitrogen application methods in a perennial hayfield. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2024; 53:133-146. [PMID: 38127325 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural best management practices (BMPs) intended to solve one environmental challenge may have unintended climate impacts. For example, manure injection is often promoted for its potential to reduce runoff and nitrogen (N) loss as NH3 , but the practice has been shown to increase N2 O, a powerful greenhouse gas, compared to surface application. Urease inhibitor application with N fertilizer is another BMP that can enhance N retention by reducing NH3 emissions, but its impact on N2 O emissions is mixed. Thus, we measured N2 O, CO2 , soil mineral N availability, soil moisture, soil temperature, and yield in a 2-year perennial hayfield trial with four fertilization treatments (manure injection, manure broadcast, synthetic urea, and control) applied with or without a urease inhibitor in Alburgh, VT. We used linear models to examine treatment effects on daily and cumulative N2 O emissions and a boosted regression tree (BRT) model to identify the most important drivers of daily N2 O fluxes in our trial. While fertilization type had a significant impact on N2 O fluxes (p < 0.05), our treatments explained an unexpectedly small amount of the variation in emissions (R2 = 0.042), and urease inhibitor had no effect. Instead, soil moisture was the most important predictor of daily N2 O fluxes (39.7% relative influence in BRT model), followed by CO2 fluxes, soil inorganic N, and soil temperature. Soil moisture and temperature interacted to produce the largest daily N2 O fluxes when both were relatively high, suggesting that injecting manure during dry periods or during wet but cool periods could reduce its climate impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Brickman
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Heather Darby
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Lindsey Ruhl
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - E Carol Adair
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Measuring the Supply of Ecosystem Services from Alternative Soil and Nutrient Management Practices: A Transdisciplinary, Field-Scale Approach. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131810303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Farmers and policy makers pursue management practices that enhance water quality, increase landscape flood resiliency, and mitigate agriculture’s contribution to climate change, all while remaining economically viable. This study presents a holistic assessment of how two practices influence the supply of these ecosystem services—the use of an aerator prior to manure application in haylands, and the stacked use of manure injection, cover crops, and reduced tillage in corn silage production. Field data are contextualized by semi-structured interviews that identify influences on adoption. Causal loop diagrams then illustrate feedbacks from ecosystem services onto decision making. In our study, unseen nutrient pathways are the least understood, but potentially the most important in determining the impact of a practice on ecosystem services supply. Subsurface runoff accounted for 64% to 92% of measured hydrologic phosphorus export. Average soil surface greenhouse gas flux constituted 38% to 73% of all contributions to the equivalent CO2 footprint of practices, sometimes outweighing carbon sequestration. Farmers identified interest in better understanding unseen nutrient pathways, expressed intrinsic stewardship motivations, but highlighted financial considerations as dominating decision making. Our analysis elevates the importance of financial supports for conservation, and the need for comprehensive understandings of agroecosystem performance that include hard-to-measure pathways.
Collapse
|
3
|
Cardador MJ, Reyes-Palomo C, Díaz-Gaona C, Arce L, Rodríguez-Estévez V. Review of the Methodologies for Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Livestock Farming: Pig Farms as a Case of Study. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:1029-1047. [PMID: 33369510 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1855410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The global emission and accumulation of gases due to livestock farming is estimated to contribute to about 14.5% of the global warming effect due to greenhouse gases (GHG). Pig farming represents 9% of global livestock GHG emissions, without considering other activities of pork production process, such as feed production. Most of information about pig farms GHG emissions is based on theoretical calculations with not too much accuracy. Hence, there is a critical need to study the best sampling and analytical techniques (portable or not) that can be used to map their contribution to GHG emissions. The selection of the best analytical detection method becomes important for public policies on climate change, and in order to evaluate animal and manure handling practices to reduce GHG and to combat global warming. In this article, different techniques, which could be used to measure the emissions of GHG from livestock, are reviewed, showing the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, with special emphasis on those already used in studies about GHG from pig farms and those that allow the simultaneous determination of several species of gases. Open chambers equipped with photoacoustic multi-gas monitor have been the techniques most employed in intensive pig farms studies. Gas Chromatography coupled to different detectors has been only widely used in pig farms to monitor simultaneously several GHG species using previous sampling devices. However, there are no studies in the literature based on extensive pig farms. In these systems, micrometeorological techniques could be a promising strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José Cardador
- Dept. Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | - Lourdes Arce
- Dept. Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dittmer KM, Darby HM, Goeschel TR, Adair EC. Benefits and tradeoffs of reduced tillage and manure application methods in a Zea mays silage system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:1236-1250. [PMID: 33016461 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A critical question is whether there are agricultural management practices that can attain the multiple management goals of increasing yields, preventing nutrient losses, and suppressing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. No-till and manure application methods, such as manure injection, can enhance nutrient retention, but both may also enhance emissions of nitrous oxide (N2 O), a powerful GHG. We assessed differences in soil N2 O and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions, nitrate and ammonium retention, and crop yield and protein content under combinations of vertical-till, no-till, manure injection, and manure broadcast without incorporation in a corn (Zea mays L.) silage system. During the growing seasons of 2015-2017, GHG emissions and soil mineral nitrogen (N) were measured every other week or more frequently after management events. Crop yield and protein content were measured annually at harvest. No-till reduced CO2 emissions but had no impact on N2 O emissions relative to vertical-till. Manure injection increased N2 O and CO2 emissions, with the magnitude of this effect being greatest for 1 mo post-application. Manure injection also increased soil ammonium and nitrate but did not increase yield or crop quality relative to broadcast application. Similarly, tillage did not affect crop yield or protein content. Despite the tradeoffs between mineral N retention and elevated GHG emissions, manure injection in no-till systems benefits farmers by reducing soil carbon losses as CO2 , retaining mineral N, and maintaining crop yields and quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Dittmer
- Global Change Biogeochemistry Lab., Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | | | - Tyler R Goeschel
- Global Change Biogeochemistry Lab., Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- Little Blue Natural Resources District, Davenport, NE, 68335, USA
| | - E Carol Adair
- Global Change Biogeochemistry Lab., Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Harvey MJ, Sperlich P, Clough TJ, Kelliher FM, McGeough KL, Martin RJ, Moss R. Global Research Alliance N 2 O chamber methodology guidelines: Recommendations for air sample collection, storage, and analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:1110-1125. [PMID: 33016464 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Certain aspects in the collection, handling, storage, and subsequent analysis of discrete air samples from non-steady-state flux chambers are critical to generating accurate and unbiased estimates of nitrous oxide (N2 O) fluxes. The focus of this paper is on air sample collection and storage in small vials (<12 ml) primarily for gas chromatography (GC) analysis. Sample integrity is assured through following simple procedures including storage under pressure and analysis within a few months of collection. Concurrent storage of standards in an identical manner to samples is recommended and allows the storage period to be reliably extended. In the laboratory, an autosampler is typically used in batch analysis of ∼200 sequentially analyzed samples by GC with an electron capture detector (ECD). Some comparisons are given between GC and alternatives including optical N2 O detectors that are increasingly being used for high-precision N2 O measurement. The importance of calibration and traceability of gas standards is discussed, where high-quality standards ensure the most accurate assessment of N2 O concentration and comparability between laboratories. The calibration allows a consistent and best estimate of flux to be derived.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Harvey
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 14-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, 6241, New Zealand
| | - P Sperlich
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 14-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, 6241, New Zealand
| | - T J Clough
- Dep. of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln Univ., PO Box 84, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - F M Kelliher
- Dep. of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln Univ., PO Box 84, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - K L McGeough
- Agri-Environment Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland
| | - R J Martin
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 14-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, 6241, New Zealand
| | - R Moss
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 14-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, 6241, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ribas A, Mattana S, Llurba R, Debouk H, Sebastià MT, Domene X. Biochar application and summer temperatures reduce N 2O and enhance CH 4 emissions in a Mediterranean agroecosystem: Role of biologically-induced anoxic microsites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:1075-1086. [PMID: 31390698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biochar applications have been proposed for mitigating some soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, results can range from mitigation to no effects. To explain these differences, mechanisms have been proposed but their reliability depends on biochar type, soil and climatic conditions. Furthermore, it is found that the mitigation capacity is dependent on how the biochar is aging under field conditions. The effects on N2O, CH4 and CO2 emission rates of a gasification pine biochar (applied as 0, 5, and 30 t ha-1) were studied between 8 and 21 months of the application in an alkaline soil cropped to barley under Mediterranean climate. Together with GHG, soil chemical and biological properties were assessed, namely, changes in labile organic matter content and nutrient status, and pH, as well as microbial abundance, activity, and functional composition. During the 2 years of the application, significant changes were observed at the highest rate of biochar application such as higher contents of water, K+, Mg2+, SO42-, higher basal respiration, and with non-significant changes in microbial community, though with some temporal effects. Regarding GHG, N2O decreases coupled with CH4 increases in the summer sampling were measured, although only for the highest application rate scenario. Such effects were unrelated to pH, bioavailable nitrogen status, or bulk soil microbial community shifts. We hypothesized that the key is the porous structure of our wood biochar, which is able to provide more and diversified microbial microhabitats in comparison to bulk soil. At higher temperatures in summer, biologically-induced anoxic conditions in biochar pores acting as microsites may be promoted, where total denitrification to N2 occurs which leads to N2O uptake, while CH4 production is promoted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ribas
- CREAF, E08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain; Univ Autònoma Barcelona, E08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - S Mattana
- CREAF, E08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - R Llurba
- GAMES group & Dep HBJ, ETSEA, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain; Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Global Change, Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia, Solsona 25280, Spain
| | - H Debouk
- GAMES group & Dep HBJ, ETSEA, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain; Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Global Change, Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia, Solsona 25280, Spain
| | - M T Sebastià
- GAMES group & Dep HBJ, ETSEA, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain; Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Global Change, Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia, Solsona 25280, Spain
| | - X Domene
- CREAF, E08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain; Univ Autònoma Barcelona, E08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effect of Biochar on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the Laboratory and Field Scales. SOIL SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems3010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Biochar application to soil has been proposed as a means for reducing soil greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change. The effects, however, of interactions between biochar, moisture and temperature on soil CO2 and N2O emissions, remain poorly understood. Furthermore, the applicability of lab-scale observations to field conditions in diverse agroecosystems remains uncertain. Here we investigate the impact of a mixed wood gasification biochar on CO2 and N2O emissions from loess-derived soils using: (1) controlled laboratory incubations at three moisture (27, 31 and 35%) and three temperature (10, 20 and 30 °C) levels and (2) a field study with four cropping systems (continuous corn, switchgrass, low diversity grass mix and high diversity grass-forb mix). Biochar reduced N2O emissions under specific temperatures and moistures in the laboratory and in the continuous corn cropping system in the field. However, the effect of biochar on N2O emissions was only significant in the field and no effect on cumulative CO2 emissions was observed. Cropping system also had a significant effect in the field study, with soils in grass and grass-forb cropping systems emitting more CO2 and less N2O than corn cropping systems. Observed biochar effects were consistent with previous studies showing that biochar amendments can reduce soil N2O emissions under specific but not all, conditions. The disparity in N2O emission responses at the lab and field scales suggests that laboratory incubation experiments may not reliably predict the impact of biochar at the field scale.
Collapse
|
8
|
Debouk H, Altimir N, Sebastià MT. Maximizing the information obtained from chamber-based greenhouse gas exchange measurements in remote areas. MethodsX 2018; 5:973-983. [PMID: 30181960 PMCID: PMC6120723 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, particularly methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in mountain ecosystems are scarce due to the complexity and unpredictable behavior of these gases, in addition to the remoteness of these ecosystems. In this context, we measured CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes in four semi-natural pastures in the Pyrenees to investigate their magnitude and range of variability. Our interest was to study GHG phenomena at the patch-level, therefore we chose to measure the gas-exchange using a combination of a gas analyzer and manual chambers. The analyzer used is a photoacoustic field gas-monitor that allows multi-gas instantaneous measurements. After implementing quality control and corrections, data was of variable quality. We tackled this by categorizing data as to providing quantitative or only qualitative information: •50% and 59% of all CH4 and N2O data, respectively, provided quantitative information above the detection limit.•We chose not to discard data providing only qualitative information, because they identify highest- and lowest-flux peak periods and indicate the variability of the fluxes, along different altitudes and under different climatic conditions.•We chose not to give fluxes below detection limit a quantitative value but to acknowledge them as values identifying periods with low fluxes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Debouk
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Global Change, Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia, Carretera de St. Llorenç de Morunys km 2, 25280 Solsona, Spain
- GAMES Group & HBJ Dept., ETSEA, University of Lleida, Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Maria-Teresa Sebastià
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Global Change, Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia, Carretera de St. Llorenç de Morunys km 2, 25280 Solsona, Spain
- GAMES Group & HBJ Dept., ETSEA, University of Lleida, Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Soil Media CO2 and N2O Fluxes Dynamics from Sand-Based Roadside Bioretention Systems. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
10
|
Iqbal J, Necpalova M, Archontoulis SV, Anex RP, Bourguignon M, Herzmann D, Mitchell DC, Sawyer JE, Zhu Q, Castellano MJ. Extreme weather-year sequences have nonadditive effects on environmental nitrogen losses. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e303-e317. [PMID: 28805279 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and intensity of extreme weather years, characterized by abnormal precipitation and temperature, are increasing. In isolation, these years have disproportionately large effects on environmental N losses. However, the sequence of extreme weather years (e.g., wet-dry vs. dry-wet) may affect cumulative N losses. We calibrated and validated the DAYCENT ecosystem process model with a comprehensive set of biogeophysical measurements from a corn-soybean rotation managed at three N fertilizer inputs with and without a winter cover crop in Iowa, USA. Our objectives were to determine: (i) how 2-year sequences of extreme weather affect 2-year cumulative N losses across the crop rotation, and (ii) if N fertilizer management and the inclusion of a winter cover crop between corn and soybean mitigate the effect of extreme weather on N losses. Using historical weather (1951-2013), we created nine 2-year scenarios with all possible combinations of the driest ("dry"), wettest ("wet"), and average ("normal") weather years. We analyzed the effects of these scenarios following several consecutive years of relatively normal weather. Compared with the normal-normal 2-year weather scenario, 2-year extreme weather scenarios affected 2-year cumulative NO3- leaching (range: -93 to +290%) more than N2 O emissions (range: -49 to +18%). The 2-year weather scenarios had nonadditive effects on N losses: compared with the normal-normal scenario, the dry-wet sequence decreased 2-year cumulative N2 O emissions while the wet-dry sequence increased 2-year cumulative N2 O emissions. Although dry weather decreased NO3- leaching and N2 O emissions in isolation, 2-year cumulative N losses from the wet-dry scenario were greater than the dry-wet scenario. Cover crops reduced the effects of extreme weather on NO3- leaching but had a lesser effect on N2 O emissions. As the frequency of extreme weather is expected to increase, these data suggest that the sequence of interannual weather patterns can be used to develop short-term mitigation strategies that manipulate N fertilizer and crop rotation to maximize crop N uptake while reducing environmental N losses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javed Iqbal
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Magdalena Necpalova
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Universitätstrasse 2, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert P Anex
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Daryl Herzmann
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - John E Sawyer
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Qing Zhu
- Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fungo B, Lehmann J, Kalbitz K, Tenywa M, Thionģo M, Neufeldt H. Emissions intensity and carbon stocks of a tropical Ultisol after amendment with Tithonia green manure, urea and biochar. FIELD CROPS RESEARCH 2017; 209:179-188. [PMID: 28775654 PMCID: PMC5473158 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been shown to reduce soil emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O in short-term incubation and greenhouse experiments. Such controlled experiments failed to represent variable field conditions, and rarely included crop growth feedback. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of biochar, in comparison to green manure and mineral nitrogen, on greenhouse gas Emissions Intensity (EI = emissions in CO2 equivalents per ton of grain yield) in a low-fertility tropical Ultisol. Using a field trial in western Kenya, biochar (0 and 2.5 t ha-1; made from Eucalyptus wood) was integrated with urea (0 and 120 kg N ha-1) and green manure (Tithonia diversifolia; 0, 2.5 and 5 t ha-1) in a factorial design for four consecutive seasons from October 2012 to August 2014. Compared to the control, biochar increased soil CO2 emissions (9-33%), reduced soil CH4 uptake (7-59%) and reduced soil N2O emissions (1-42%) in each season, with no seasonal differences. N2O emissions increased following amendment with T. diversifolia (6%) and urea (13%) compared to the control. Generally, N2O emissions decreased where only biochar was applied. The greatest decrease in N2O (42%) occurred where all three amendments were applied compared to when they were added separately. EI in response to any of the amendments was lower than the control, ranging from 9 to 65% (33.0 ± 3.2 = mean ± SE). The amendments increased SOC stocks by 0.1-1.2 t ha-1 year-1 (mean ± SE of 0.8 ± 0.09 t ha-1 year-1). The results suggest decreased net EI with biochar in low fertility soils mainly through greater net primary productivity (89% of the decrease).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Fungo
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), P.O. Box 1752, Kampala, Uganda
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), P.O. Box 30667, UN, Avenue-Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Karsten Kalbitz
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Soil Resources and Land Use, Institute of Soil Science and Site Ecology, Dresden University of Technology, Pienner Strasse 19, 01737 Tharandt, Germany
| | - Moses Tenywa
- Collage of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret Thionģo
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), P.O. Box 30667, UN, Avenue-Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Henry Neufeldt
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), P.O. Box 30667, UN, Avenue-Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fidel RB, Laird DA, Parkin TB. Impact of Biochar Organic and Inorganic Carbon on Soil CO 2 and N 2O Emissions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:505-513. [PMID: 28724102 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.09.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been shown to influence soil CO and NO emissions following application to soil, but the presence of carbonates in biochars has largely confounded efforts to differentiate among labile and recalcitrant C pools in biochar and establish their timeframe of influence. Understanding the mechanism, magnitude, and duration of biochar C pools' influence on C and N dynamics is imperative to successful implementation of biochar for C sequestration. Here we therefore aim to assess biochar organic and inorganic C pool impacts on CO and NO emissions from soil amended with two untreated biochars, inorganic carbon (as NaCO), acid (HCl) and bicarbonate (NaHCO) extracts of the biochars, and acid and bicarbonate/acid-washed biochars during a 140-d soil incubation. We hypothesized that (i) both biochar labile organic carbon (LOC) and inorganic carbon (IC) pools contribute significantly to short-term (<1 mo) CO emissions from biochar-amended soil, (ii) biochars will influence the size of soil NH and NO pools, and (iii) changes in soil inorganic N pools will affect soil NO emissions. All biochar, biochar extract, and carbonate treatments (12 total) increased CO produced during the initial ≤48 h of the incubation relative to controls, indicating that both biochar LOC and IC contribute to CO emissions. Of these treatments, only bicarbonate extracts of the biochars increased total C losses significantly. However, treatment impacts on soil NO production were not significant despite significant effects of select treatments on inorganic N pools. Overall, results indicate that biochars contain small LOC and IC pools that are stabilized by a larger recalcitrant organic C pool.
Collapse
|
13
|
Badagliacca G, Ruisi P, Rees RM, Saia S. An assessment of factors controlling N 2O and CO 2 emissions from crop residues using different measurement approaches. BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS 2017; 53:547-561. [PMID: 32025071 PMCID: PMC6979693 DOI: 10.1007/s00374-017-1195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Management of plant residues plays an important role in maintaining soil quality and nutrient availability for plants and microbes. However, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the factors controlling residue decomposition and their effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the soil. This uncertainty is created both by the complexity of the processes involved and limitations in the methodologies commonly used to quantify GHG emissions. We therefore investigated the addition of two soil residues (durum wheat and faba bean) with similar C/N ratios but contrasting fibres, lignin and cellulose contents on nutrient dynamics and GHG emission from two contrasting soils: a low-soil organic carbon (SOC), high pH clay soil (Chromic Haploxerert) and a high-SOC, low pH sandy-loam soil (Eutric Cambisol). In addition, we compared the effectiveness of the use of an infrared gas analyser (IRGA) and a photoacoustic gas analyser (PGA) to measure GHG emissions with more conventional gas chromatography (GC). There was a strong correlation between the different measurement techniques which strengthens the case for the use of continuous measurement approaches involving IRGA and PGA analyses in studies of this type. The unamended Cambisol released 286% more CO2 and 30% more N2O than the Haploxerert. Addition of plant residues increased CO2 emissions more in the Haploxerert than Cambisol and N2O emission more in the Cambisol than in the Haploxerert. This may have been a consequence of the high N stabilization efficiency of the Haploxerert resulting from its high pH and the effect of the clay on mineralization of native organic matter. These results have implication management of plant residues in different soil types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Badagliacca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Ruisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Robert M. Rees
- Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG UK
| | - Sergio Saia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research an Economics (CREA)–Cereal Research Centre (CREA-CER), S.S. 673, km 25,200, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Iqbal J, Mitchell DC, Barker DW, Miguez F, Sawyer JE, Pantoja J, Castellano MJ. Does nitrogen fertilizer application rate to corn affect nitrous oxide emissions from the rotated soybean crop? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2015; 44:711-719. [PMID: 26024252 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2014.09.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Little information exists on the potential for N fertilizer application to corn ( L.) to affect NO emissions during subsequent unfertilized crops in a rotation. To determine if N fertilizer application to corn affects NO emissions during subsequent crops in rotation, we measured NO emissions for 3 yr (2011-2013) in an Iowa, corn-soybean [ (L.) Merr.] rotation with three N fertilizer rates applied to corn (0 kg N ha, the recommended rate of 135 kg N ha, and a high rate of 225 kg N ha); soybean received no N fertilizer. We further investigated the potential for a winter cereal rye ( L.) cover crop to interact with N fertilizer rate to affect NO emissions from both crops. The cover crop did not consistently affect NO emissions. Across all years and irrespective of cover crop, N fertilizer application above the recommended rate resulted in a 16% increase in mean NO flux rate during the corn phase of the rotation. In 2 of the 3 yr, N fertilizer application to corn (0-225 kg N ha) did not affect mean NO flux rates from the subsequent unfertilized soybean crop. However, in 1 yr after a drought, mean NO flux rates from the soybean crops that received 135 and 225 kg N ha N application in the corn year were 35 and 70% higher than those from the soybean crop that received no N application in the corn year. Our results are consistent with previous studies demonstrating that cover crop effects on NO emissions are not easily generalizable. When N fertilizer affects NO emissions during a subsequent unfertilized crop, it will be important to determine if total fertilizer-induced NO emissions are altered or only spread across a greater period of time.
Collapse
|
15
|
Jochum T, Michalzik B, Bachmann A, Popp J, Frosch T. Microbial respiration and natural attenuation of benzene contaminated soils investigated by cavity enhanced Raman multi-gas spectroscopy. Analyst 2015; 140:3143-9. [PMID: 25751376 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00091b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Soil and groundwater contamination with benzene can cause serious environmental damage. However, many soil microorganisms are capable to adapt and are known to strongly control the fate of organic contamination. Innovative cavity enhanced Raman multi-gas spectroscopy (CERS) was applied to investigate the short-term response of the soil micro-flora to sudden surface contamination with benzene regarding the temporal variations of gas products and their exchange rates with the adjacent atmosphere. (13)C-labeled benzene was spiked on a silty-loamy soil column in order to track and separate the changes in heterotrophic soil respiration - involving (12)CO2 and O2- from the natural attenuation process of benzene degradation to ultimately form (13)CO2. The respiratory quotient (RQ) decreased from a value 0.98 to 0.46 directly after the spiking and increased again within 33 hours to a value of 0.72. This coincided with the maximum (13)CO2 concentration rate (0.63 μmol m(-2) s(-1)), indicating the highest benzene degradation at 33 hours after the spiking event. The diffusion of benzene in the headspace and the biodegradation into (13)CO2 were simultaneously monitored and 12 days after the benzene spiking no measurable degradation was detected anymore. The RQ finally returned to a value of 0.96 demonstrating the reestablished aerobic respiration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Jochum
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Maier RM, Gentry TJ. Physiological Methods. Environ Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394626-3.00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
17
|
New approach for sensitive photothermal detection of C60 and C70 fullerenes on micro-thin-layer chromatographic plates. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 863:70-7. [PMID: 25732314 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the pulse thermovision (photothermal) detection and quantification methods of C60 and C70 fullerenes are presented. Quantification results are compared with optical and fluorescence measurements. Target components were separated under isothermal conditions (30 °C) on micro-TLC plates (RP18WF254S) using n-hexane as the mobile phase. The principle of described analytical protocol is based on sensitive measurement of the temperature contrast generated within TLC stationary phase and fullerenes spots after white light pulse excitation. It has been demonstrated that observed temperature contrast is mainly driven by the optical properties of fullerenes (UV-vis absorption spectra). Contrary to the commonly applied optical reflection or transmission techniques the proposed thermovision method involves dissipated light. The results of presented experimental work have revealed that both types of quantitative measurements provide similar outcome despite the key differences in the signal origin. However, it has been found that thermovision method was characterized by smaller value of LOD, particularly for C60 molecule. We demonstrated that application of correlation technique to post-acquisition analysis of the sequence of temperature contrast images significantly increase detection limits of fullerenes, even in comparison to fluorescence quenching detection mode. Moreover, the thermal contrast images and particularly, computed correlation image, allow detection of stationary phase layer nonuniformities, including changes in the adsorbent thickness and thermal conductivity. Therefore, invented pulsed thermovision methodology can be additionally used for fast quality screening of home made and commercially available TLC plates.
Collapse
|
18
|
Iqbal J, Castellano MJ, Parkin TB. Accuracy and precision of no instrument is guaranteed: a reply to Rosenstock et al. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:1363-1365. [PMID: 24151177 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javed Iqbal
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tirol-Padre A, Rai M, Gathala M, Sharma S, Kumar V, Sharma PC, Sharma DK, Wassmann R, Ladha J. Assessing the performance of the photo-acoustic infrared gas monitor for measuring CO(2), N(2)O, and CH(4) fluxes in two major cereal rotations. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:287-99. [PMID: 23929733 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, precise, and globally comparable methods for monitoring greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes are required for accurate GHG inventories from different cropping systems and management practices. Manual gas sampling followed by gas chromatography (GC) is widely used for measuring GHG fluxes in agricultural fields, but is laborious and time-consuming. The photo-acoustic infrared gas monitoring system (PAS) with on-line gas sampling is an attractive option, although it has not been evaluated for measuring GHG fluxes in cereals in general and rice in particular. We compared N2 O, CO2 , and CH4 fluxes measured by GC and PAS from agricultural fields under the rice-wheat and maize-wheat systems during the wheat (winter), and maize/rice (monsoon) seasons in Haryana, India. All the PAS readings were corrected for baseline drifts over time and PAS-CH4 (PCH4 ) readings in flooded rice were corrected for water vapor interferences. The PCH4 readings in ambient air increased by 2.3 ppm for every 1000 mg cm(-3) increase in water vapor. The daily CO2 , N2 O, and CH4 fluxes measured by GC and PAS from the same chamber were not different in 93-98% of all the measurements made but the PAS exhibited greater precision for estimates of CO2 and N2 O fluxes in wheat and maize, and lower precision for CH4 flux in rice, than GC. The seasonal GC- and PAS-N2 O (PN2 O) fluxes in wheat and maize were not different but the PAS-CO2 (PCO2 ) flux in wheat was 14-39% higher than that of GC. In flooded rice, the seasonal PCH4 and PN2 O fluxes across N levels were higher than those of GC-CH4 and GC-N2 O fluxes by about 2- and 4fold, respectively. The PAS (i) proved to be a suitable alternative to GC for N2 O and CO2 flux measurements in wheat, and (ii) showed potential for obtaining accurate measurements of CH4 fluxes in flooded rice after making correction for changes in humidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Tirol-Padre
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), India Office, CG Block, NASC Complex, Pusa Institute, DPS Marg, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rosenstock TS, Diaz-Pines E, Zuazo P, Jordan G, Predotova M, Mutuo P, Abwanda S, Thiong'o M, Buerkert A, Rufino MC, Kiese R, Neufeldt H, Butterbach-Bahl K. Accuracy and precision of photoacoustic spectroscopy not guaranteed. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:3565-3567. [PMID: 23873752 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd S Rosenstock
- World Agroforestry Centre, PO Box 30677 United Nations Avenue, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|